Differences In Personality Traits Research Articles

Metabolic rate does not explain performance on a short-term memory task or personality traits in juvenile chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Metabolic rate determines life processes and the physiological requirements of an individual, and has recently been implicated as a driver of inter-individual variation in behaviour, with positive correlations associated with boldness, exploration and aggressive behaviours being recorded. While the link between metabolism and personality has been explored, little is known about the influence of metabolism on cognitive abilities. Here we used juvenile female chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) to investigate the relationships between metabolic rate at rest, short-term memory, personality, and dominance. Resting metabolic rates of the chicks were measured over a three-week period, concurrently with measures of short-term memory using an analogue of the radial arm maze. We also measured latency to leave the shelter (boldness), neophobia (fear of novel objects) and dominance within a group, both before and after short-term memory trials. We found that metabolic rate did not explain inter-individual differences in short-term memory, personality traits or dominance, suggesting that energy allocated to these traits is independent of individual metabolic rate, and providing evidence for the independent energy-management hypothesis. Differences in short-term memory were also not explained by boldness or neophobia. Variation in behaviour in chicks, therefore, appears to be driven by separate, currently unknown variables.

INNOVATIVE BUSINESS BEHAVIOUR AND PERSONAL FEATURES: AN APPLICATION IN THE HEALTH SECTOR

Purpose- Creativity and innovation in the workplace have been recognized as important determinants of organizational performance and success. In order to fully understand the effect of personality traits of healthcare professionals on job performance, this study aimed to determine the relationship between innovative work behavior and personality traits. Methodology- In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the relationship between innovative work behavior and personality traits. The research was conducted with 120 health managers working in three public hospitals in Istanbul. In the study, data were collected with the Personality Traits Scale developed by Raad et al. (2008) and the Innovative Behavior Scale developed by Scott and Bruce (1994) and adapted into Turkish by Çalışkan et al. (2019). In the study, NCSS (Number Cruncher Statistical System) 2007 (Kaysville, Utah, USA) program was used for statistical analysis. While evaluating the study data, the distribution of the data as well as descriptive statistical methods (Mean, Standard Deviation, Median, Frequency, Ratio, Minimum, Maximum) Shapiro -Assessed with the Wilk Test. Kruskall-Wallis test for comparison of quantitative data of three or more groups; Mann-Whitney U Test was used for comparison of two groups. Spearman's correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between quantitative data. Simple linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors affecting the dependent variable. Cronbach's Alpha values were found to be at a high level of reliability. Findings- Of the participants, 70.3% (n=64) were male, 39.6% (n=36) were 25-29 years old, 73.6% (n=67) were university graduates. When the work experiences of the participants are examined; It was determined that 38.5% (n=35) of them had 10 years or more experience. When examining the differences between personality traits and innovative work behavior; Compatibility personality traits of male participants were found to be higher than female participants (p=0.001;p<0.05). There is a statistically significant difference in extraversion personality traits according to the experience period of the employees (p=0.013;p<0.05). The extraversion personality trait value of employees aged 1-5 years was found to be statistically significant compared to those working between 5-10 years (p=0.001;p<0.05). It was found statistically significant that the value of the extraversion personality trait of employees aged 1-5 years was higher than those of 10 years or more (p=0.001;p<0.05). The fact that the extraversion value of the manager group was higher than that of the department managers was found to be statistically significant (p=0.001;p<0.05). It was found that the extraversion value of department managers was higher than those in charge of clinics (p=0.001;p<0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between personality traits of agreeableness, honesty, emotional stability and gender, work experience, age, education level, and duration of experience (p>0.05). There is a positive and weakly significant relationship between extraversion and innovative behavior (r=.247, p<0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between personality traits of adaptability, honesty, emotional stability and innovative behavior (p>0.05). Conclusion- As a result of the findings obtained based on the analysis in this study; It has been evaluated that innovative behavior is not associated with personality traits of agreeableness, honesty, and emotional stability, but only extroversion personality trait and innovative work behavior. According to the task status, the value of extraversion shows a statistically significant difference. It can be said that the value of extraversion increases as the status of individuals in their duties increases, due to the increase in the quality and quantity of the people they communicate with due to their duties. According to the duration of experience, the value of extraversion shows a statistically significant difference, and as the duration of experience increases, the value of extraversion decreases. In this situation; It can be said that the value of extraversion decreases as the duration of experience increases due to the fact that people have experienced business life more socially and technically. A positive and significant relationship was found between the personality trait of extroversion and innovative work behavior. Keywords: Innovative Behavior, Personality, Personality, Manager, Health Professional JEL Kodlar: J20, M10, L20

Who Takes the Clue? Relationships Between Internal and External Factors in Creative Problem Solving1

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between implicit environmental clues in a creativity task and individual differences in state change and personality traits. In two experiments, participants completed a Remote Associates Test. Some solution words were implicitly primed as clues. In Experiment 1, the clue priming effect turned from negative to positive depending on task progress, which is related to arousal state. Clue priming can hinder people's generating ideas depending on arousal. In Experiment 2, considering participants' personality traits as a moderator, we further examined the relationship between sensitivity to environmental clues and arousal measured by heart rate. The results confirmed Experiment 1's outcomes and revealed that the relationship is moderated by extraversion. For extraverted participants, an implicit clue had a negative effect in a high‐arousal state but a positive effect in a low‐arousal state. The facilitative or obstructive influences of external factors can be determined by the interaction of internal factors (i.e., solvers' traits and states). Thus, extraverts and introverts differ in how they receive and utilize external information.

In bot we trust? Personality traits and reciprocity in human-bot trust games

People are increasingly interacting with forms of artificial intelligence (AI). It is crucial to understand whether accepted evidence for human-human reciprocity holds true for human-bot interactions. In a pre-registered online experiment (N = 539) we first replicate recent studies, finding that the identity of a player's counterpart in a one-shot binary Trust Game has a significant effect on the rate of reciprocity, with bot counterparts receiving lower levels of returned amounts than human counterparts. We then explore whether individual differences in a player's personality traits—in particular Agreeableness, Extraversion, Honesty-Humility and Openness—moderate the effect of the identity of the player's counterpart on the rate of reciprocity. In line with literature on human-human interactions, participants exhibiting higher levels of Honesty-Humility, and to a lesser extent Agreeableness, are found to reciprocate more, regardless of the identity of their counterpart. No personality trait, however, moderates the effect of interacting with a bot. Finally, we consider whether general attitudes to AI affect the reciprocity but find no significant relationship.

Primary Psychopathy in Formal Leaders and Job Satisfaction Levels of Employees Working in Family and Non-Family Firms

This paper aims to explore differences in personality traits, focusing on the levels of primary psychopathy, between formal leaders of family and non-family companies as well as assessing differences in the job satisfaction levels of their employees. Moreover, we assess the relationship between the employees’ perception of their formal leader’s primary psychopathy levels and their job satisfaction levels in family firms. The empirical evidence is provided by a sample of 95 Portuguese employees, who responded to a questionnaire that included their perceptions of their formal leader’s primary psychopathy level and job satisfaction measures. All respondents work in small and medium-sized private companies with no management responsibilities and under formal hieratical supervision. The initial idea that family firms’ employees perceive lower levels of primary psychopathy in their formal leaders than non-family firms’ employees was confirmed. However, employees of family and non-family firms did not differ in their job satisfaction levels. The results also support the notion that perceived levels of primary psychopathy in formal leaders are negatively associated with the employees’ job satisfaction levels. These findings contribute to the research literature by addressing two aspects under-addressed in the comparison between family and non-family firms, while offering insights on the relationship between primary psychopathy in formal leaders and job satisfaction levels of employees working in family firms.

Preconception interpersonal personality features predict postpartum maternal parenting behaviors.

Individual differences in personality traits affect the quality of social relationships. The parent-child relationship is among the most impactful social relationships in an individual's life, and positive parenting behaviors are known to support positive child development. The present study aimed to identify personality predictors-measured prior to conception at age 16-on later positive parenting behaviors. Young women (n = 207; 83.5% Black or multiracial; 86.9% receiving public assistance) who were followed since childhood as part of a prospective longitudinal study were observed interacting with their infants 4 months postpartum. We tested prospective associations between personality factors relevant to the quality and maintenance of social relationships-empathy, callousness, and rejection sensitivity-and coded dimensions of parenting behavior: maternal warmth, responsiveness, and mental state talk. We additionally examined potential moderating effects of infant affect on the relations between personality and parenting behavior. Results indicated that preconception empathy predicted later maternal warmth and responsivity, whereas preconception callousness was inversely associated with maternal warmth. The association between rejection sensitivity and maternal mental state talk was moderated by infant affect, consistent with a "goodness-of-fit" framework. The present study is the first to our knowledge to report associations between preconception personality and later parenting behaviors. The findings suggest that a woman's personality traits in adolescence, potentially years before she becomes a mother, can predict her behavior during interactions with her infant. Clinically, findings suggest the potential for interventions in adolescence to influence later parenting behavior and ultimately impact children's developmental outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Responsiveness to warning sensations and anxiety-related psychological traits modulate individual differences in preference for vegetable foods with varied sensory properties

The innate aversion to warning sensations is an important barrier to the acceptance of vegetable food often characterized by bitter and sour tastes, and astringency. Large individual variations exist in preference for this food category. The present study aimed at exploring differences in demographics, anthropometrics, taste responsiveness, personality traits and attitudes in consumers differing in their preference for vegetable food with varied levels of warning sensations. A panel of Italian consumers (n = 718; 53.6% women, age 18–74 years) self-reported familiarity with, preference for and choice of vegetables with high and low levels of warning sensations. Two clusters were identified: High Warning-Vegetable Consumers (HWVC, n = 464) and Low-Warning Vegetable Consumers (LWVC, n = 254). HWVC showed higher familiarity with and preference for vegetables as a whole and higher choice of vegetables characterized by warning sensations than LWVC. HWVC were more represented by older and normal weight individuals as compared to LWVC. Differences among clusters in liking for and perception of a phenol-enriched plant-based food model specifically developed to induce different levels of bitterness, sourness and astringency were found. HWVC rated bitterness, sourness, and astringency lower and liking higher than LWVC. Scores in anxiety-related psychological traits were lower while attitudes to healthy and high-quality food choice were higher in HWVC than in LWVC. The results of the present study depicted a coherent interplay among several person-related dimensions in modulating preference for vegetable foods. Higher responsiveness to warning sensations, higher level of anxiety-related traits, lower importance assigned to food healthy/quality aspects and younger age all acted as barriers to exposure and acceptance of vegetable food and call for a multidimensional approach to promote the consumption of this food category.

Do applicants from Generation X, Y, Z differ in personality traits? data from selection procedures in aviation (1987-2019).

The objective of this study is to research personality trait differences across generations and the impact of age, gender and self-presentation on these traits. A total of 82,147 applicants (aged 17-24) for aviation training (pilot, air traffic controller), born between 1965 and 2002, were divided into three cohorts (Generation X, Y, Z). We analysed data from the temperament structure scales (TSS) personality questionnaire, which was collected during selection procedures between 1987 and 2019. Generational differences were analysed by ANCOVAs with generation and gender as group factors, controlled by age and self-presentation (social desirability). Age had no significant impact, but we observed slight gender differences in emotional stability, vitality, empathy, and self-presentation across all generations. The generational differences found exhibited extremely small effect sizes, suggesting that applicants have become more extraverted, controlled (with lower aggression and higher rigidity), and inclined to present themselves in a more favourable manner. We discuss the implications of these findings for the aviation industry and the applicability of Generation theory in personality trait research.

Affective Temperaments in Differentiation Between Melancholic and Nonmelancholic Depression: A Case-Control Study.

The association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and personality traits has been extensively studied. However, differences in personality traits between patients with melancholic MDD (MEL) and nonmelancholic MDD (NMEL) remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine whether neuroticism, which has been associated with MDD, and the five affective temperament subtypes assessed by the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego-autoquestionnaire version (TEMPS-A) can be used to distinguish MEL and NMEL. A total of 106 patients with MDD (MEL, n = 52; NMEL, n = 54) and 212 age- and sex-matched healthy controls answered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-revised and the short version of TEMPS-A. In hierarchical logistic regression analysis, only depressive temperament scores were identified as a statistically significant feature distinguishing NMEL from MEL. Depressive temperament scores assessed by the short version of TEMPS-A were found to be significantly higher in NMEL patients than in MEL patients.

Consumers’ Adoption of Electric Vehicles for Sustainability: Exploring the Role of Personality Traits

This study investigates the influence of the Big Five personality traits which include extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness in molding the adoption intention of consumers regarding electric vehicles (EVs) in India. This study also looks at Behavioral Economics as an explanatory theory on the diffusion of electric vehicles in India. The study comprised two stages. In the first stage, 150 users and non-users of electric vehicles were surveyed. Results pointed to a significant effect of all Big Five personality traits on adoption intention, with the exception of the trait of neuroticism. There was no significant difference in the adoption intention based on the differences in personality traits between men and women. In the second stage, the study used an expert-opinion based survey that was conceptualized based on the Diffusion of Innovation theory combined with the idea of memetics in new product diffusion. The results from the first stage of the research were bolstered by the fact that the second stage indicated that product attributes influencing diffusion would have a negative influence on adoption intentions of persons with high neuroticism. The study provides useful insights into consumer behavior based on personality for marketers of electric vehicles and policymakers interested in bringing about sustainable consumption practices.

Возможности совершенствования профилактики агрессивного поведения у больных параноидной шизофренией

The aim of the study was to identify the individual and personal characteristics of patients with schizophrenia, which determine the commission of violent crimes (murders, causing of grievous bodily harm in victims). The study was conducted on the basis of the psycho-neurological dispensary department No. 2 of the Regional Clinical Psychiatric Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Khabarovsk Krai. As a result of comparing the individual psychological characteristics identified in the group of patients with schizophrenia, it turned out that there are statistically significant differences in personality traits in patients undergoing compulsory treatment after committed violent crimes and patients being treated due to an exacerbation of psychoproductive symptoms. The results obtained can be used to improve the system of prevention of crimes committed by patients with schizophrenia

ЛИЧНОСТНЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА ПОДРОСТКОВ, СКЛОННЫХ К ВИКТИМНОМУ ПОВЕДЕНИЮ В СЕТИ ИНТЕРНЕТ

The paper presents the results of a study of personality traits of adolescents prone to victim behavior on the Internet using the example of cyberbullying. The study is based on theoretical analysis of primary sources and empirical research conducted by the author. Analytical methods used in the study include analysis and compilation of primary sources, empirical data collection (questionnaires, testing), results processing (mathematical statistics). Conclusions drawn by the author describe the differences in personality traits of adolescents with and without experience of victim behavior on the Internet (cyberbullying).

Biological sex influences the contribution of sign-tracking and anxiety-like behavior toward remifentanil self-administration.

Most people sample addictive drugs, but use becomes disordered in only a small minority. Two important factors that influence susceptibility to addiction are individual differences in personality traits and biological sex. The influence of traits on addiction-like behavior is well-characterized in preclinical models of cocaine self-administration, but less is understood in regards to opioids. How biological sex influences trait susceptibility to opioid self-administration is likewise less studied than psychostimulants. Thus, we sought to elucidate how biological sex and several addiction-relevant traits interact with the propensity to self-administer the opioid remifentanil. We first screened female (n = 19) and male (n = 19) rats for four addiction-relevant traits: impulsivity, novelty place-preference, anxiety-like behavior, and attribution of incentive value to reward cues. Rats were then trained to self-administer remifentanil in a "conflict model" of drug self-administration. Rats had to endure an electric shock to access the response manipulandum that triggered an intravenous infusion of remifentanil. In male rats, high anxiety-like behavior was positively correlated with the number of drug infusions if the shock level was low or completely absent. In females, sign-tracking was predictive of greater resistance to punishment during drug seeking; an effect that was mediated by anxiety-like behavior. Females consumed more remifentanil under all conditions, and their drug seeking persisted in the face of significantly greater current than males. These findings demonstrate that the influence of behavioral traits over the propensity to self-administer opioids is dependent upon biological sex. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Individual differences in antisocial personality traits are associated with distinct patterns of emotional somatosensation and natural body posture

Individual differences in antisocial personality traits are associated with distinct patterns of emotional somatosensation and natural body posture

Proses Posttraumatic Growth pada Perempuan Dewasa Awal dengan Melihat Sifat Kepribadian dan Ruminasi Kedukaan

The Covid-19 pandemic and the changing circumstances that followed can disrupt grieving process and lead to maladaptive grief. Emerging adults who experience parental death are vulnerable since loss at this age tends to be unanticipated and potentially disrupt the development process. Nevertheless, a loss can produce positive changes called posttraumatic growth (PTG) as a result of the struggle facing adversity. This study examines the process of PTG by looking at personality traits and grief rumination and using a qualitative approach. Three emerging adults aged 25-26 years who experienced parental death during the pandemic were involved and selected using purposive sampling. Data was collected mainly by semi-structured interviews and analyzed by thematic analysis. Results indicated that PTG is a complex process, unique to each individual, and involving substantial cognitive processing. The dynamics of personality traits and grief rumination also play a role. Positive and reinforcing personality traits, such as conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, and agreeableness, can help participants overcome grief and experience positive changes after loss. Meanwhile, neuroticism was found to hinder PTG. Furthermore, meaning in grief rumination plays the most prominent role to determine the process of PTG in the participants of this study. The ability to see a positive meaning from the loss helps to achieve PTG and conversely the tendency to think of the negative meaning can inhibit PTG. Thus, intervention given to emerging adults who have lost their parents should target grief rumination, especially aspect of meaning, and take into account differences in individual personality traits.

Structural and Inter-individual Differentiation in Personality Traits Across the Adult Lifespan

The concept of differentiation describes increasing or decreasing similarities between inter-individual differences on psychological constructs, reflecting processes of specialization or adaptation. In this study, we studied age-differentiation in personality traits in (1) the trait domain and facet loadings, (2) the correlations between trait domains, and (3) trait domain, facet, and item (residual) variances. We used three large cross-sectional samples (Ns > 3000) covering 16–90 years of age with broad measures of the Big Five, Five-Factor, and HEXACO models. We examined age effects on the model parameters using local structural equation modeling. We found a high stability of the trait domain loadings, suggesting relatively stable trait domain compositions across age. Extraversion-Openness correlations increased across age for all three measures, whereas an increase in the Extraversion-Agreeableness and decrease in the absolute Neuroticism-Extraversion correlations only replicated across the five-dimensional models. Inter-individual differences in personality were similar across age in the trait domains and facets but differed substantially for item residuals. In summary, the structure and individual differences in broad personality traits is relatively stable across the adult lifespan, with most age-differences only affecting the item level.

Personality Functioning in Current Epilepsy Patients and People Recovered from Epilepsy

The aim of the current study is to examine the effect of epilepsy recovery on personality traits by analyzing data from a large representative cohort from the United Kingdom. This study used data from Understanding Society: the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS). A predictive normative modelling approach along with one-sample t-tests were used to analyze the personality trait differences between 190 current epilepsy patients (40% male) with a mean age of 43.95 ± 15.68 years and 102 previous epilepsy patients (45.1% male) with a mean age of 47.50 ± 15.27 years. People who recovered from epilepsy had lower Neuroticism but higher Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion scores than people who did not recover from epilepsy after controlling for demographic covariates, which can be potentially explained by the psychophysiological pathways. Health professionals can make better post-discharge plans based on personality traits as a result of epilepsy recovery.

Financial risk tolerance of individuals from the lens of big five personality traits – a multigenerational perspective

PurposeThis study aims to analyse the impact of the big five personality traits on the financial risk tolerance of individuals. Furthermore, it also examines the differences in personality traits and financial risk tolerance across four generations: baby boomers, Generation X, millennials and Generation Z.Design/methodology/approachThe data constituted 869 responses from Indian individuals, collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire using a convenience sampling technique.FindingsStructural equation modelling analysis showed that openness to experience, extraversion and neuroticism had a significant impact on financial risk tolerance. Multivariate analysis revealed the role of specific personality traits in predicting the financial risk tolerance of generational cohorts. Mean difference showed that millennials and Generation Z had the greatest risk tolerance, whereas the tolerance levels were lower for Generation X and baby boomers.Research limitations/implicationsThis research provides insights into the role of personality on financial risk-taking among generational cohorts in India. Thus, these results cannot be generalised for other risk-taking domains or outside the Indian context.Originality/valueThis study’s results align with the pulse rate hypothesis of generational theory and contribute to the growing field of behavioural economics and finance. It provides a perspective of the emerging economy of India, where behavioural finance studies are still at a nascent stage.

Personality and Risk-Perception Profiles with Regard to Subjective Wellbeing and Company Management: Corporate Managers during the Covid-19 Pandemic

This study examined the role of the Big Five personality traits and risk perception profiles among a sample of corporate managers concerning their subjective wellbeing (SWB) and corporate management practices during the Covid-19 pandemic. Two hundred and fifty-five chief executive officers (CEOs) and chief financial officers (CFOs) of companies listed on the main market of the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) in Poland participated in the study by completing the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Ten-Item Personality Inventory, Stimulation-Instrumental Risk Inventory, and a business survey on the Covid-19 pandemic’s impact on company management. Latent profile analysis revealed the existence of diverse profiles among the participants regarding personality traits and risk perception, which were variously related to their SWB and managerial practices during the pandemic. It seems that individual differences in personality traits and risk perception not only matter for the individual life satisfaction of managers but may also translate into effective company management in times of crisis. The results of our study may be an adjunct to understanding underlying sources of managerial biases in corporate management as well as to developing more effective methods of psychological counseling of corporate managers, a topic that remains still a highly understudied research area.

Beyond humor styles: the nature of humor types and differences in basic personality traits from Zuckerman's Alternative Five-Factor Model.

Findings show that the complex nature of humor and its personality basis can be more comprehensively understood if humor styles are analyzed simultaneously within humor types, rather than separately. Utilizing two independent samples (N1 = 253, N2 = 353) of self-report responses to the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) and the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire-Short Form, this paper outlines how the HSQ responses result in three humor use types following cluster analysis. Cluster differences in humor styles and personality traits were analyzed using ANOVA. In both samples, a humor type characteristic of individuals who scored lower in the positive and higher in the negative humor styles was revealed. People within this humor type also scored significantly higher in the personality measures of neuroticism and aggressiveness. A second humor type replicated in the two studies described individuals scoring higher for each of the four humor styles. People within this type also scored significantly higher on extraversion and sensation seeking, suggesting a need for cortical arousal. The third humor type members scored lower in each of the humor styles (apart from the affiliative humor style scores for one of the samples). This humor type requires further investigation. In general, humor types provide an additional understanding of humor use as people within the types differ for specific personality dimensions.