Differences In IL-6 Levels Research Articles

Comparison of the activity of IL-6 and IL22 as more inflammatory cytokines related to the pathogenesis of celiac disease between active and gluten-free diet patient

This study aimed to investigate the activity of anti-inflammatory IL-6 (aIL-6) and pro-regenerative IL-22 in celiac disease patients based on their dietary habits. By comparing cytokine levels between patients on active gluten-containing diets and those on gluten-free diets, we sought to elucidate the potential role of diet in modulating inflammatory responses and clinical outcomes in celiac disease. The study made use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the serum levels of interleukins IL6 and IL22. This was performed on three different groups: Group 1, which consisted of 40 recently identified active celiac patients; Group 2, which included 20 patients following a gluten-free diet; and Group 3, which contained 40 apparently healthy individuals .the individuals included in the study had been previously confirmed as celiac patients through serology, specifically by detecting both anti-IgA and IgG antibodies against tTG and gliadin using indirect immunofluorescence. The findings revealed a notable difference in IL6 levels between the patient and control groups, with a P-value of 0.041. However, when the patient groups were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) method, there were no significant differences between Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2) with a P-value of 0.101, and between Group 1 and Group 3 (G3) with a P-value of 0.720. Yet, a more pronounced difference was observed between Group2 and Group3,with a P-value less than 0.015.Regarding IL22 levels, there was a significant difference between the patient and control groups, with a P-value of 0.002. Further comparisons using the LSD method revealed no significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2, with a P-value less than 0.154. However, a highly significant difference was found between Group 1 and Group 3, with a P-value less than 0.01. Also, significant differences were observed between Group 2 and Group 3, with a P-value less than 0.012. In conclusion, there is important role of the inflammatory cytokines il-6 and il-22 in the inflammation of celiac disease and potential role for these cytokines in the pathogenesis and management of the disease. Adherence to a gluten-free diet appears to have a beneficial effect on modulating the inflammatory response and improving clinical outcomes in celiac disease..

Comparison of the Activity of IL-6 and IL22 as More Inflammatory Cytokines Related to the Pathogenesis of celiac Disease Between Active and Gluten-Free Diet Patient

This study aimed to investigate the activity of anti-inflammatory IL-6 (aIL-6) and pro-regenerative IL-22 in celiac disease patients based on their dietary habits. By comparing cytokine levels between patients on active gluten-containing diets and those on gluten-free diets, we sought to elucidate the potential role of diet in modulating inflammatory responses and clinical outcomes in celiac disease. The study made use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to evaluate the serum levels of interleukins IL6 and IL22. This was performed on three different groups: Group 1, which consisted of 40 recently identified active celiac patients; Group 2, which included 20 patients following a gluten-free diet; and Group 3, which contained 40 apparently healthy individuals .the individuals included in the study had been previously confirmed as celiac patients through serology, specifically by detecting both anti-IgA and IgG antibodies against tTG and gliadin using indirect immunofluorescence. The findings revealed a notable difference in IL6 levels between the patient and control groups, with a P-value of 0.041. However, when the patient groups were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) method, there were no significant differences between Group 1 (G1) and Group 2 (G2) with a P-value of 0.101, and between Group 1 and Group 3 (G3) with a P-value of 0.720. Yet, a more pronounced difference was observed between Group2 and Group3,with a P-value less than 0.015.Regarding IL22 levels, there was a significant difference between the patient and control groups, with a P-value of 0.002. Further comparisons using the LSD method revealed no significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2, with a P-value less than 0.154. However, a highly significant difference was found between Group 1 and Group 3, with a P-value less than 0.01. Also, significant differences were observed between Group 2 and Group 3, with a P-value less than 0.012. In conclusion, there is important role of the inflammatory cytokines il-6 and il-22 in the inflammation of celiac disease and potential role for these cytokines in the pathogenesis and management of the disease. Adherence to a gluten-free diet appears to have a beneficial effect on modulating the inflammatory response and improving clinical outcomes in celiac disease.

Effects of the anti-inflammatory drug budesonide on the gut microbiota and cytokine production of 13-lined ground squirrels during prehibernation fattening.

The gut microbiome is essential for maintaining organismal health. Gut microbiota may be disrupted through external factors like dietary change, which can lead to gut inflammation, resulting in obesity. Hibernating mammals develop low-grade gut inflammation when they accumulate fat deposits in preparation for hibernation, making them useful models for studying the relationship between the microbiome, inflammation, and weight gain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids are commonly used in humans to target gut inflammation, but how these drugs affect the gut microbiome and its stability is unclear. We investigated the effect of the glucocorticoid drug budesonide on the gut microbiome and cytokine levels of an obligate hibernator, the 13-lined ground squirrel, during the fattening season. We used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize bacterial communities in the lumen and mucosa of the cecum and colon and measured proinflammatory [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)/interleukin 6 (IL-6)] and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine levels. Budesonide affected the microbiome only in the cecum lumen, where bacterial diversity was higher in the control group, and communities significantly differed between treatments. Across gut sections, Marvinbryantia and Enterococcus were significantly higher in the budesonide group, whereas Sarcina was higher in the control group. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were higher in control squirrels compared with the budesonide group, but there was no difference in IL-10 levels. Overall, budesonide treatment affected the microbial community and diversity of 13-lined ground squirrels in the cecum lumen. Our study presents another step toward developing ground squirrels as a model for studying the interaction between the microbiota and host inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Disruptions of gut microbiota can lead to inflammation, resulting in weight gain. Inflammation can be treated with budesonide, but how budesonide affects gut microbiota is unclear. Thirteen-lined ground squirrels experience low-grade gut inflammation during prehibernation fattening, which compares with human inflammation-weight gain mechanisms. We showed that budesonide treatment decreased microbiome diversity and lead to a shift in community in the cecum lumen. Our study supports developing ground squirrels as a model for studying microbiome-inflammation interactions.

The predictive role of Interleukin 6 and Procalcitonin associated with bacterial infection causing sepsis in patients with severe burn

Background. Sepsis is a major contributor to both death and illness on a worldwide scale. Bacteremia characterized by the presence of gram-negative, gram-positive, or mixed growth bacteria has been shown to be associated with a significantly increased risk of septic shock and a bad prognosis. Biomarkers are used to aid in the diagnosis of sepsis and to differentiate between bacterial causes, namely Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and mix growth bacteria. Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the role of PCT and IL-6 in predicting bacterial infection in burn patients with sepsis due to gram-negative, gram positive and mixed growth bacteria. Methods. Forty-four patients with age (1.5–75 years), and nineteen healthy controls with the same age range, were involved in this study during their attendance to Specialized Burns Hospital in the Medical City, Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, and Al-Nasiriyah General Hospital in Thi-Qar province. The study was conducted from 1st December 2023 to 1st April 2024 and approved by ethical committees of Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Postgraduate Studies/ Baghdad University. Blood samples and data were collected to evaluate the level of PCT and IL-6 associated with bacterial infection for burn patients by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. 25 (50%) showed growth for Gram-negative, 13 (26%) for Gram-positive and 12 (24%) for mix growth bacteria. Results appeared a significant increase at (P≤0.01) in each of PCT and IL-6 in burn patients to control group according to gender. Patients exhibiting a combination of bacterial growth have notably elevated levels of procalcitonin (PCT). Levels of PCT were significantly elevated in burn patients with mixed growth sepsis compared to patients with Gram-negative and Gram-positive sepsis. However, there were no significant differences in IL-6 levels between burn patients with mix growth sepsis and patients with gram-negative and gram-positive sepsis (P> 0.05). Measuring PCT levels may assist in selecting the appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. Conclusions. The PCT biomarker demonstrated superior performance in distinguishing between microbial sepsis caused by various kinds of pathogens. This finding has great promise for its use in clinical practice, particularly in burn units.

Evaluation Serum Levels of Resistin and Interleukins-6 as Predictors of Left Ventricular Remodelling in Patients with Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Objectives: To identify some biochemical parameters that help predict LV remodelling after STEMI. By determining serum levels of Resisten and IL-6 in patients with ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and apparently healthy controls. Patients & Methods: This prospective case-controlled study was conducted from beginning May 2023 to end of October 2023. This study was conducted on 110 individuals, including sixty-two patients (50 males and 12 females) who had undergone a STEMI and forty-eight healthy control subjects. The information about patients in this study was retrieved from patients' hospital records. The samples were collected from Azadi Teaching Hospital/ Kirkuk on patients with STEMI. Forty-eight of apparently healthy sex and age-matched controls were included in this study. The data were collected from the cases group as (G2) means: From the moment the patient arrives to internal resuscitation and up to 48 hours and at the baseline of the STEMI (ST elevation of the myocardial fraction), and (G3) means: After 4-6 months follow up, These states were also compared to the control group composed of (48) individuals who were apparently healthy. About five ml of blood was collected from the antecubital vein for both patients and healthy individuals in an anticoagulant tube to estimate the Resisten and IL-6 levels. Results: The results of the study showed that the serum level of resisten were significantly higher in group G2 (patients group) in comparison to those of the A1 (control group) P <0.01. The current research demonstrated non-significant differences in IL-6 levels between (G1 and G2), while showing highly significant differences between A1 and A3; this was also applicable for G2 and G3. Conclusion: The current study concluded that there are significantly increasing of Resistin levels in patients in matching to control groups. Also, it was noticed that IL-6 mean concentration levels were lower in A2 in comparison to A1 but higher than in A3.

Ameliorating Effect of Apium graveolens (Celery) Extracts on IL-6 Plasma Level and Expression of Caspase 3 on Liver in Animal Model of Lead Intoxication.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Lead poisoning (Pb) is a big problem because it is found in almost all objects in daily life such as vehicle fuel, water pipes, ceramics, cosmetics and others. Continuous lead exposure can increase ROS resulting in an increase in hepatic IL-6 and caspase 3 which replaces hepatic cell apoptosis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of <i>Apium graveolens</i> (celery) extract on plasma IL-6 and hepatic caspase 3 levels. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This study used a post-test control group design. The research subjects were 20 Wistar rats that met the inclusion criteria and were divided into 4 groups randomly, namely (a) Sham group that had no treatment, (b) Negative control group was induced with lead acetate 200 mg kg<sup>1</sup> body weight/day without any treatment (c) Positive control group and (d) Treated group. On the 15th day, blood was taken to check IL-6 levels and tissue was taken for liver caspase 3 examination by immunohistochemical method. Data analysis used the one-way ANOVA test and continued with the <i>post hoc</i> LSD test. <b>Results:</b> The highest mean caspase 3 expression was in the control group 45.84±4.39 pg mL<sup>1</sup>, while the mean of IL-6 plasma level was highest in the P1 641.33±39.72 pg mL<sup>1</sup> group. The Mann-Whitney test showed a significant difference in IL-6 levels between the study groups (p = 0.000). The Mann-Whitney test showed a significant difference in caspase 3 levels between the study groups (p = 0.000). <b>Conclusion:</b> Giving celery extract 300 mg kg<sup>1</sup> body weight/day affects plasma IL-6 and hepatic caspase 3 levels in lead acetate-induced rats.

Correlation of Serum Th1/Th2 Cytokines with Insulin Resistance in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: To investigate the correlation between serum Th1/Th2 cytokines and insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: A total of 50 cases of pregnant women diagnosed with GDM and 50 healthy pregnant women who visited the Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University from January 2019 to December 2022 were recruited and divided into the GDM group and control group. Serum Th1/Th2 cytokines were observed and analyzed. Results: In the GDM group, serum IFN-γ levels were significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.01), while there was no statistically significant difference in IL-4 levels (P > 0.05). Within the GDM group, HOMA-IR showed a positive correlation with IFN-γ (r = 0.67, P < 0.01) and no correlation with IL-4 (r = 0.19, P > 0.05). Within the control group, HOMA-IR did not correlate with either IFN-γ or IL-4 (r = 0.23, P > 0.05; r = 0.15, P > 0.05). Conclusion: The study concludes that the serum Th1 cytokine IFN-γ is correlated with insulin resistance in GDM, providing a novel perspective on the pathogenesis of GDM. Future studies should further explore the mechanisms and interventions to offer improved treatment options for patients with GDM.

Bay Leaf (Syzygium Polyanthum) Extract Effect on IL-10 and IL-6 Gene Expression in Traumatic Ulcer

The aims of this research is to prove the effect of bay leaf extract gel on IL-10 and IL-6 gene expression in traumatic ulcers. The research method using In vivo experimental study with a randomized posttest-only control group design. The total sample was 24 male Wistar rats, divided into four groups. Group K1 (given base gel), group K2 (given Kenalog in Orabase), group K3 (10% bay leaf extract gel), and group K4 (15% bay leaf extract gel) were given treatment for 5 days. IL-6 and IL-10 levels were tested using the One-Way Anova test, followed by the Tamhane Post Hoc test. This study revealed that there was a difference in IL-6 levels in the K4 group compared to the K1 group sig. (p = 0.007) and a significant difference in IL-10 levels in the K4 group compared to the K1 group. (p = 0.003) after being given topical treatment with bay leaf extract gel. The conclusion of this research is treatment with 15% bay leaf gel extract (Syzygium polyanthum) was proven to significantly increase IL-10 gene expression and decrease IL-6 gene expression in Wistar rats model of traumatic ulcers.

Anorexia Nervosa in vivo cytokine production: a systematic review

IntroductionThe underlying psychobiology that contributes to Anorexia Nervosa (AN) onset and disease progression remains unclear. New research is emerging suggesting a possible link between inflammation and a variety of mental illnesses. Alterations of cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of AN. Some studies have found differences in the cytokine profile of those with AN compared to healthy controls, but results are heterogeneous. The aim of this work was to systematically review existing studies investigating in-vivo cytokine production in those with AN before and after weight restoration compared to controls. MethodsA comprehensive literature search of four electronic databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, EMBASE and CINAH) was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to identify human in-vivo studies investigating the relationship between AN and cytokine production. Data extracted from included studies related to population characteristics (e.g. age, gender, mean mBMI/%IBW), cytokine measurement and relevant findings. Confounding factors (e.g. smoking status, co-morbid mental illness, menstruation status) were also collected. Results36 studies were eligible for this systematic review of which the majority were conducted in Europe (77.8%) and involved female subjects (97.2%). Those with AN ranged in age from 13 to 47 years and had an illness duration of 3 months to 24 years. 15 candidate cytokines and 3 receptors were identified (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1B, CRP, IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-R2, IL-1 α, IL-15, TNF-R1, IL-17, IL-18, TGF-B1, IL-12, IL-6R and TGF-B2) exploring in-vivo levels in patients with AN and comparing to controls. TNF-alpha and IL-6 were the most extensively studied with IL-6 being significantly elevated in 4 out of 8 (50%) of longitudinal studies when comparing AN patients at baseline compared to post weight restoration. Following weight restoration, there was no difference in IL-6 levels when comparing to HC in 7 of 8 (87.5%) longitudinal studies examined. ConclusionsThe most promising cytokine potentially involved in the pathogenesis of AN appears to be IL-6, and possibly TNF-alpha pathways. The heterogeneity of clinical and methodology factors impedes the generalizability of results. Future studies may wish to address these methodological shortcomings as alterations in cytokine levels in AN could act as therapeutic targets assisting with weight restoration and psychopathology and may offer diagnostic potential.

The Effect of Coconut Water on Decreasing MDA and IL-6 Levels in Male Wistar Rats Induced with High-Fat Diet

Dyslipidemia is a condition in which there are abnormal levels of lipids in the blood, including increased levels of cholesterol, LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein), and triglyceride levels, as well as decreased HDL levels (High-Density Lipoprotein) which causes oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results in tissue damage which triggers an inflammatory reaction that releases proinflammatory cytokines such asInterleukin-6 (IL-6) which increases in blood endothelial cells and triggers Malondialdehyde (MDA) which increases as a result presence of lipid oxidation in tissues. This condition can be neutralized by consuming antioxidants from outside the body such as young coconut water. This research aims to know the effect of giving young coconut water on the rate of MDA and IL-6 in male Wistar rats who are given a high-fat diet. The research method is a posttest-only control group design. The subjects of the study were 24 male Wistar rats which were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group K1 was given standard feed and distilled water. Group K2 was given a high-fat diet without coconut water. Groups K3 and K4 were given a highfat diet and young coconut water at doses of 4mL/200gBW/day and 8mL/200gBW/day, respectively. The study was conducted for 29 days by taking blood to check MDA levels using the TBARS and IL-6 methods using the ELISA method. The lowest average of MDA level was in the K3 group (0.071 ng/L) and the lowest average of IL-6 level was in the K4 group (4.377 ppm). Kruskal Wallis test result showed the p-value of MDA was 0.004 ppm and at IL-6 levels was 0.020 ng/L. Differences in MDA levels between groups K1-K2 (0.004), K2-K3 (0.004), and -K4 (0.004). Differences in IL-6 levels between groups K2-K3 (0.016), K2-K4 (0.004). The administration of coconut water can significantly reduce the levels of MDA and IL-6 in male Wistar rats induced with a high-fat diet.

Impact of CytoSorb® on interleukin-6 in cardiac surgery.

Cardiac surgery is known to activate a cascade of inflammatory mediators leading to a systemic inflammatory response. Hemadsorption (HA) devices such as CytoSorb® have been postulated to mitigate an overshooting immune response, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and thus improve outcome. We aimed to investigate the effect of CytoSorb® on interleukin (IL)-6 levels in patients undergoing complex cardiac surgery in comparison to a control group. A total of 56 patients (28 CytoSorb®, 28 control) undergoing acute and elective cardiac surgery between January 2020 and February 2021 at the Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Clinic Floridsdorf, Vienna, were retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoint was the difference in IL-6 levels between the CytoSorb® and control group. Secondary endpoint was periprocedural mortality. CytoSorb®, installed in the bypass circuit, had no significant effect on IL-6 levels. IL-6 peaked on the first postoperative day (HA: 775.3 ± 838.4 vs. control: 855.5 ± 1,052.9 pg/ml, p = 0.856). In total, three patients died in the HA group, none in the control (logistic regression model, p = 0.996). Patients with an increased Euroscore II of 7 or more showed a reduced IL-6 response compared to patients with an Euroscore II below 7 (178.3 ± 63.1 pg/ml vs. 908.6 ± 972.6 pg/ml, p-value = 0.00306). No significant reduction of IL-6 levels or periprocedural mortality through intraoperative HA with CytoSorb® in patients undergoing cardiac surgery was observed. However, this study was able to show a reduced immunologic response in patients with a high Euroscore II. The routine application of CytoSorb® in cardiac surgery to reduce inflammatory mediators has to be scrutinized in future prospective randomized studies.

Expression and Prognostic Value of Cytokines in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

To investigate the expression and prognostic value of cytokines in patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Clinical data of 62 patients diagnosed with DLBCL in the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province from June 2017 to November 2018 were collected. The differences in expression levels of 14 serum cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-β] in patients with different survival outcomes, and the impact of the cytokines on 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) and 3-year overall survival (OS) of patients with DLBCL were analyzed retrospectively. Among the 14 cytokines, only the expression of IL-10 was significantly different in patients with different survival outcomes (P =0.007). According to the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the optimal cut-off value for IL-10 was 11.74 pg/ml. Serum IL-10 was positively correlated with infection markers procalcitonin (PCT) (r =0.321, P =0.029), C-reactive protein (CRP) (r =0.320, P =0.013) and tumor burden index lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (r =0.439, P <0.001) in newly diagnosed DLBCL patients. The level of IL-10 in patients with pulmonary infection was significantly higher than that in patients without pulmonary infection (P =0.012). However, there was no statistically significant difference on the 3-year survival outcomes between patients with or without pulmonary infection. There was no significant difference in IL-10 level in patients with different Ann Arbor stages (P >0.05). Patients with high IL-10 level (IL-10>11.74 pg/ml) had significantly higher LDH level than those with low IL-10 level (IL-10≤11.74 pg/ml) (P <0.001). The 3-year PFS rate and 3-year OS rate of DLBCL patients with high IL-10 level were significantly lower than those of low IL-10 level group [(44.4±11.7)% vs (81.8±5.8)%, P <0.001; (61.6±11.5)% vs (93.2±3.8)%, P =0.001]. Serum IL-10 level in newly diagnosed DLBCL patients can reflect the inflammatory state of the body, which may be related to tumor load. Newly diagnosed DLBCL patients with serum IL-10>11.74 pg/ml have higher early mortality and worse prognosis.

The relationship of fetal sex and maternal race and ethnicity with early and late pregnancy C-reactive protein and interleukin-8.

Promotion of a healthy pregnancy is dependent on a coordinated immune response that minimizes inflammation at the maternal-fetal interface. Few studies investigated the effect of fetal sex on proinflammatory biomarkers during pregnancy and whether maternal race could impact this association. We aimed to examine whether fetal sex could, independently of maternal race/ethnicity and the condition of pregnancy (normal vs. complicated), impact inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP] and interleukin-8 [IL-8] levels) in early and late pregnancy. This study was a cohort analysis using prospectively collected data from pregnant women who participated in the Vitamin Antenatal Asthma Reduction Trial (VDAART, N=816). Maternal serum CRP and IL-8 levels were measured in early and late pregnancy (10-18 and 32-38weeks of gestation, respectively). Five hundred and twenty-eight out of 816 pregnant women who participated in the trial had available CRP and IL-8 measurements at both study time points. We examined the association of fetal sex with early and late CRP and IL-8 levels and their paired sample difference. We further investigated whether maternal race/ethnicity, pregnancy complications (i.e., preeclampsia and gestational diabetes), and early pregnancy body mass index (BMI) could affect the association between these two biomarkers and fetal sex adjusting for potential confounders. For this purpose, we used generalized linear and logistic regression models on log-normalized early and late CRP and IL-8 levels as well as their split at median to form high and low groups. Women pregnant with male fetuses (266/528=56.5%) had higher CRP levels in early to mid-pregnancy (β=.18: 95% confidence interval [CI]: CI=0.03-0.32; p=.02). Twenty-seven percent (143/528) of the study subjects were Hispanic. Hispanic African American [AA] women and women of races other than White and AA had higher levels of CRP at early to mid-pregnancy compared with White women (β=.57; 95% CI: 0.17-0.97; p<.01 and β=.27; 95% CI: 0.05-0.48; p=.02, respectively). IL-8 levels were not associated with fetal sex in early and late pregnancy (p's>.05). Other factors such as gestational diabetes and early pregnancy BMI were associated with higher CRP levels and higher CRP and IL-8 levels, respectively. Dichotomizing log-normalized cytokine levels at the median in a sensitivity analysis, women with male fetuses had lower odds of high (above-median) IL-8 levels at early pregnancy. Also, women with races other than AA and White carrying male fetuses had higher odds of having high (above-median) late-pregnancy CRP and early-pregnancy IL-8 levels (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=3.80, 95% CI: 0.24-1.23; p=.02 and aOR=3.57; 95% CI: 0.23-1.03; p=.02, respectively). Of the pregnancy complications, women with gestational diabetes mellitus had a higher paired difference of early and late pregnancy CRP levels (β=.38; 95% CI: 0.09-0.68; p=.01), but no difference in IL-8 levels (p's>.05). No associations between the inflammatory markers and preeclampsia were found. Fetal sex is associated with CRP in early pregnancy and an association with IL-8 in early pregnancy is implied. Our study further indicates that maternal race/ethnicity could be a contributing factor in the relationship between fetal sex and inflammatory responses during pregnancy. However, the specificity and level of the contribution might vary by type of cytokine, pregnancy stage, and other confounding factors such as BMI that may impact these associations.

Association of interleukin-4 in patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis

Abstract Background: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a frequent ulcerative inflammatory disorder of the mouth. Various localized, systemic, and immunologic factors have quite a function in oral tolerance, although the etiology of RAS remains unexplained. The previous studies suggest that there is a significant association (interleukin-4—IL-4) level between in case and control group with RAS in saliva, and no significant difference between IL-4 rs 2243266 gene polymorphism with RAS. Objectives: To determine the level of IL-4 in saliva and the association of IL-4 gene polymorphism with the incidence of RAS. Materials and Methods: The subjects enrolled in the present study were (80) subjects of both genders. The age range was from 20 to 60 years. This study is carried out to detect the association of IL-4 level with RAS by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in Babylon Province, Iraq. The study sample consists of (80) subjects of both genders. The samples were divided into two groups including the patient group, (40) samples (female 21 and male 19) with RAS, and the control group (C) included (40) samples (20 females and males 20). Results: The results of the association between IL-4 level with RAS showed a significant association while the result of PCR sequencing found that there was no significant association of AG genotype of rs 2243266 with RAS with odd ratio 1.169 (0.54–2.54) 0.855 (0.39–1.86) and P-value 0.693. Conclusion: Females were more affected by RAS than males. There was a significant difference in IL-4 levels between the case and control groups.

Systemic review and meta-analysis of the association between interleukin-10 and Takayasu arteritis.

The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate the relationship between interleukin (IL)-10 levels and its polymorphism and Takayasu arteritis (TAK). Five databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, Sinomed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were gone through from inception to March 31, 2022. Studies were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was applied to assess study quality. Strengths of association were evaluated by odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI. The T v. t (allele contrast), TT v. tt (homozygous contrast), Tt vs tt (heterozygous contrast), TT + Tt vs tt (dominant contrast) and TT vs Tt + tt (recessive contrast) models were adopted. Seven studies were included. No significant relationship between IL-10 and TAK was detected in the included patients (P > 0.05). The levels of IL-10 were lower in the active group than those in the stable group, which was -0.47 (95% CI: -0.93, 0.00) (P = 0.05). No significant relationships between IL-10 and TAK were found under all contrasts for polymorphisms rs1800871, rs1800872 and rs1800896 (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in IL-10 levels between TAK patients and control subjects. The levels of IL-10 were lower in TAK patients in the active stage. There was no significant association between IL-10 gene polymorphisms and TAK. Further well-designed studies with larger sample sizes in patients with different stages are needed.

Consequences of Co-Administration of Propofol with Clonidine and Ketamine throughout Colon Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Trial

Objective: Analgesic effects can be further augmented with the addition of clonidine and ketamine to the TIVA propofol, providing an even more effective anesthetic without compromising patient safety. This study aims to determine whether propofol infusion combined with clonidine and ketamine is more efficient in lowering the level of IL-8, preserving operation stability, and dropping post-operative pain and morphine intake. Methods: We conducted a study in which two groups of 60 patients were scheduled for colorectal cancer surgery. The treated group, (group T), received premedication with clonidine, intraoperative ketamine, and propofol for sedation. As a control group, a normal saline solution was administered to the group (Group C). Results: Group T reported lower levels of post-operative pain than the control group (P&lt;0.05). This suggests that group T was more effective at reducing pain than the control group. A significant difference in mean arterial blood pressure was observed between groups (P&lt;0.05). It is worth noting that there was no statistically significant difference in IL-8 levels between the two groups postoperatively (P&gt;0.05). There was also a lower consumption of morphine (4.09±1.78) in group T postoperatively. Conclusion: It was found that TIVA using propofol with clonidine and ketamine was more effective than propofol infusion alone in maintaining hemodynamic stability, reducing postoperative pain, and decreasing morphine consumption over conventional propofol infusion. As a combination, propofol, clonidine, and ketamine provide and manage the pain of patients in a synergistic manner. Clinical Trial: Registration no.: The trial was registered under the clinical trials registery NCTU5536362 at ClinicalTrials.gov.

IL-1β and IL-6 as predictors of ypN and early response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced GC and GEJ cancer.

454 Background: Perioperative chemotherapy remains a standard of care in locally advanced gastric cancer. About 10-15% patients do not respond to such therapy and there are currently no biomarkers which could be used to predict early response to the neoadjuvant treatment. Methods: This prospective biomarker study aimed at identification of serum biomarkers of early response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Here we report only the results for serum cytokine assessments. It was an academic, nonrandomized, prospective study, conducted in MSCNRIO. Between January 2018 and November 2019 we analysed 42 patients aged 30-77 (median 63 years, 52.5% male and 47.5% female) with histologically confirmed GC or GEJ cancer qualified by MDT for perioperative FLOT. Exclusion criteria were: inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, other cancers, chronic steroid and immunosuppressive therapy. Blood sample was collected a.c. prior to the administration of cycle one (C1), two (C2) and three (C3) FLOT regimen. Serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were measured twice using ELISA. Results: All patients with pre-treatment IL-1β levels above 0.5 ng/ml on the postoperative histopathological report had positive lymph nodes (ypN+). There was a statistically significant difference in the level of IL-1β in the blood serum of patients before the start of treatment in the subgroups ypN0 vs ypN+ vs unresectable tumor (p = 0.003), ypN0 vs ypN+ (p = 0.002) as well as ypN+ vs unresectable tumor (p = 0.075). There was a trend for change in IL-1β level between cycles C1 and C3 in the ypN0 vs ypN+ subgroups (p = 0.056). The difference in IL-1β level before C1 between the groups TGR-G1-2/ypN0 vs TGR-G1-2/ypN+ vs TGR-G3/ypN0 vs TGR-G3/ypN+ was statistically significant (p = 0.017). The difference in IL-6 level between C3 and C1 in the subgroups TGR-G1-2/ypN0 vs TGR-G1-2 / ypN + vs TGR-G3 / ypN0 vs TGR-G3 / ypN + vs unresectable tumor was statistically significant (p = 0.009). Among the analyzed factors, only the difference in serum IL-6 level between C3 and C1 may be a predictor of ypN+ response to preoperative FLOT regimen. Among ypN0 patients, 76% had an IL-6 difference between C3 and C1&gt; 1.1, i.e. C3 greater than C1 by at least 1.1 (specificity), and among ypN+ patients 83% had an IL-6 difference between C3 and C1 &lt;1.1 (specificity). Conclusions: Low IL-1β levels before starting treatment is a prognostic factor while an early decrease in IL-6 could be considered a predictive marker of response to FLOT.

Relation between Increased IL-10 Levels and Malaria Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The roles of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of severe malaria have been widely studied, and the role of IL-10 in the pathogenesis of severe malaria remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the difference in IL-10 levels between patients with severe malaria and those with non-severe malaria. The search for relevant studies was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase from 1 February 2022 to 12 February 2022. The quality of the included studies was assessed according to the guidelines of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology. The random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled effect. In all, 1215 studies were identified, and 19 were included in the quantitative syntheses. The results showed that patients with severe malaria had a higher IL-10 level than those with non-severe malaria (p = 0.03, pooled standardized mean difference: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.08-1.40, I2: 97.22%, 19 studies/21 sub studies). The meta-analysis results demonstrated increased IL-10 levels in patients with severe malaria compared with those with non-severe malaria. However, with the heterogeneity of the meta-analysis results, further studies are required to confirm the changes in the IL-10 levels according to the severity of malaria and to investigate whether a combination of other severity parameters with IL-10 levels could be an alternative marker for severe malaria.

Small ruminant lentivirus capsid protein (SRLV-p25) antigenic structural prediction and immunogenicity to recombinant SRLV-rp25-coupled to immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid.

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect sheep and goats resulting in significant economic losses. This study evaluated for the first time the predicted conformational structure of the SRLV-capsid-protein 25 (SRLV-p25) and analyzed the antigenicity of recombinant protein (SRLV-rp25) in mice by coupling to an immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid liposomes (GAL) and tested plasma from goats and sheep naturally infected. Analysis in silico and conformational structure of SRLV-p25 (genotype B-FESC-752) showed similar characteristics to other lentiviral capsids. The efficient expression of SRLV-rp25 was confirmed by Western blot. The humoral immune responses in mice showed an increased level of antibodies from day 21 to 35 of the SRLV-rp25-GAL and SRLV-rp25-ISCOM® groups and the cellular immune response showed no significant difference in IL-10 levels (P>.05), however, a significant difference (P<.001) was observed when comparing SRLV-rp25-GAL with SRLV-rp25 groups. Immunoreactivity toward SRLV-rp25 revealed 61% of positive samples from naturally infected goats and sheep.

Evaluation of cytokine levels as possible predicting elements in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

This study aimed to assess the patterns of serum cytokines in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients at baseline and post-chemotherapy and investigate their association with response to treatment and chronic lymphocytic leukemia prognosis. Blood samples were taken from 32 subjects at their first medical visit after being diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and 1 year after chemotherapy. Then, levels of cytokines and blood parameters in peripheral blood were measured. Correlation analysis was used to assess the indexes before and after chemotherapy as well as at different disease stages. Most of the patients (45.80%) had stages I and III before initiation of treatment and after treatment, respectively. There were significant differences between levels of interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.006) and IL-10 (p=0.009) before and after treatment. Notably, the difference in IL-10 levels before and after treatment was significantly higher in the advanced stages compared to that in the non-advanced stages (p=0.007). IL-6 and IL-10 were also higher in the expired patients compared to the survived cases. Cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10 may be considered predicting factors for chronic lymphocytic leukemia prognosis.