Role Of Gender Differences Research Articles

A gender role view of the Dark Triad traits

In two college-student samples from Australia (N=305) and Alabama (N=207), we examined how the Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) were correlated with individual differences in gender roles and whether gender roles can account for sex differences in the Dark Triad traits. In Study 1, the Dark Triad traits were associated with less femininity and more masculinity and sex differences in the traits were mediated by femininity only. In Study 2, psychopathy and Machiavellianism were associated with less femininity and narcissism and psychopathy were associated with more masculinity and we replicated the mediation for psychopathy and Machiavellianism. We discuss how the gender roles may be part of the coordinated systems of adaptations that comprise the Dark Triad traits.

SEXUALITY, CLASS AND FAMILY IN CHILDREN’S SHORT STORIES AFTER EDSA II

This study examines how nine children’s stories which won awards in the Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature in the English category portray and shape children’s view of themselves, their peers, family, community and the world. Using Marxism, Gender, Race and Ethnic Studies as its theoretical framework, the study reveals that the stories underscore the differences in gender roles, institutionalize the school and community as sites for learning and hegemony, contextualize decision making and ethnic identity and expose the vulnerability of women and children as reserved labor force. Furthermore, the child heroes are active participants in their respective social circles and are often enjoined to carry out adult responsibilities such as taking care of a sibling and saving a community. This paper concludes that children’s literature, specifically stories, have powerful influences in shaping the child’s conceptions of his or her sexuality, class consciousness and multiple roles as member of the family, community, and the state.Keywords: Children’s literature, family, gender roles, Post-Edsa II, sexualityCite as: Majul, M.A.M. (2017). Sexuality, class and family in children’s short stories after Edsa II. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 15-28.

A Conceptual Study on Pedagogical Formation Students: Gender

While the biological differences accepted by the individuals themselves are seen as sex differences, at the point of socializing the society culture, the differences in the ways of behavior, emotion, and role which are taught are seen as 'acceptable' according to the sex are seen as gender role differences. This study aimed to investigate the pedagogical formation students' attributions towards gender concept and to determine the definitions oriented to the 'gender' regarding sex. The study was designed in the frame of qualitative research. The study group consisted of 156 participants. As data collection instruments, semi-structured interview form was used and the data evaluated with content analysis. Findings indicated that for both male and female participants the themes like 'work/mother/father', 'traditions' and 'male superiority' came into prominence. For female participants, it went in turn as 'stress/violence' and 'insignificance' themes; for male participants it followed as 'discrimination', 'inequality', 'stress/violence' and 'insignificance' themes.

Communication Strategies Used by Iranian EFL Learners and English Native Speakers: Gender in Focus

<p>This article was intended to explore the frequency and order of communication strategies used by Iranian male and female EFL earners as well as English native speakers while facing communication breakdowns. Furthermore, it was aimed to investigate the difference between native speakers and non-native speakers of English in their use of communication strategies. In addition, it was probed whether gender had any effects on the use of these strategies among native and non-native speakers. To this end, the data were collected through the communication strategy questionnaire distributed among 30 male and female Iranian intermediate EFL learners and 15 English native speakers. The design of this study was a quantitative one in which the questionnaire and thus numerical data were applied. To analyze the data, Cronbach alpha and independent-samples t-tests were used. The results indicated that non-verbal and social affective strategies were the most frequent strategies used by non-native speakers and native speakers of English, respectively. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between male and female Iranian EFL learners, but a significant difference between male and female English native speakers were seen. It can be concluded that language proficiency can contribute to the type and frequency of communications strategies which are used non-native speakers; likewise, it can play a significant role in gender differences in language use.<em></em></p>

Not Just for Men.

The article reports a study on the role of gender differences on drug metabolism, tolerance, side effects, and benefits from prescribed medications. It cites the recommended dose of the common sleep drug Ambien which is cut by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for women due to delayed or adverse reactions. It recommends that researchers and medical practitioners must consider gender differences before providing women with better treatments.

Gender Role and Family Pattern in Kerala

The most important determinants of family size are family structure and fertility. A wide change in the perception towards family has occurred in the minds of people of Kerala. Through demographic transition and the influence of Western culture, the traditional values have been greatly modified. The credit of positive trend observed in Kerala is due to the uniqueness of its culture evolved through the ages. One of the striking and most impressive changes that have taken place in the state during the last three decades is the decline in fertility. In the present context, a study was carried out among the women to analyse the factors that determine family size and the role of gender difference in it. From the study it is seen that the major family planning decisions were taken by the age of ‘35’. It is seen that in old-age, parents give more importance to physical security than financial security.

Crossing the Great Divide: Changing the Culture of Women Through Gender Equity in Mathematics Teaching and Learning

"Crossing the great divide" (of mathematics) involves a journey not unlike many arduous journeys. Inorder to reach your destination, the traveler must prepare for difficult road conditions and allow foralternate routes. In this presentation, consider gender equity as the destination and imagine there are anumber of routes that we could take while making our journey. Recognizing that there may be differentdefinitions for gender equity and the route you take depends on your definition. In their definition ofgender equity, Grossman and Grossman (1994) state that "gender equity can be viewed in terms oftreatment of students, gender differences in roles for which schools prepare students and genderdisparities in educational outcomes" (p. 119). Koch and Irby (2002) describe gender equity as "to be fairand just toward both men and women, to show preference to neither, and concern for both" (p. 4). Walkerand Foote (2001) define gender equity within a culture to mean "all individuals having freedom fromlimits imposed by self or society that would prohibit both males and females from pursuing the fields ofknowledge and skills suited for them" (p. 101). Others describe gender equity in terms of the educationalenvironment, one in which individuals have not only opportunities, but real efforts are made to equalize,reform, and improve (Nash & Dougherty, 1991). Using these definitions, gender equity can be viewed asa subset of a larger set identified as educational equity.

Influence of Luxury Fashion Brand Index on Purchase Evaluation: Insights from the Consumers' of Indian Market

This research examined the factors that influence consumers' purchase intention behind acquiring luxury fashion brand. The study adapted the priori established scale of brand luxury index [BLI] from the literature and tested whether these dimensions result in purchase evaluation for both male and female consumers on equal grounds. Very limited research has been conducted on the role of gender differences in consumer behaviour in spite of the fact that it is a vital topic. Data was collected from Indian consumers (n =109) and respondents were enquired about their favourite luxury brand in the category of watches, bags, perfumes, sunglasses, belts, tops, shirts, jeans, dresses, and footwear; while examining the dimensions such as perceived hedonism, self-image, quality, uniqueness, and conspicuousness. Hypotheses were tested using one-way ANOVA. The findings from this exploratory research revealed that perceived self-image facet is significantly different for both male and female consumers, thus indicating the vital managerial inference towards the adaption of appropriate brand positioning and marketing communication strategy. The study on the application of brand luxury index for fashion product category keeping in consideration gender differences is a new idea. Moreover, Indian consumer using luxury products is sparsely addressed in the existing literature, thereby providing motivation for this study.

Gender Differences in Resistance to Schooling: The Role of Dynamic Peer-Influence and Selection Processes

Boys engage in notably higher levels of resistance to schooling than girls. While scholars argue that peer processes contribute to this gender gap, this claim has not been tested with longitudinal quantitative data. This study fills this lacuna by examining the role of dynamic peer-selection and influence processes in the gender gap in resistance to schooling (i.e., arguing with teachers, skipping class, not putting effort into school, receiving punishments at school, and coming late to class) with two-wave panel data. We expect that, compared to girls, boys are more exposed and more responsive to peers who exhibit resistant behavior. We estimate hybrid models on 5448 students from 251 school classes in Sweden (14–15 years, 49% boys), and stochastic actor-based models (SIENA) on a subsample of these data (2480 students in 98 classes; 49% boys). We find that boys are more exposed to resistant friends than girls, and that adolescents are influenced by the resistant behavior of friends. These peer processes do not contribute to a widening of the gender gap in resistance to schooling, yet they contribute somewhat to the persistence of the initial gender gap. Boys are not more responsive to the resistant behavior of friends than girls. Instead, girls are influenced more by the resistant behavior of lower status friends than boys. This explains to some extent why boys increase their resistance to schooling more over time. All in all, peer-influence and selection processes seem to play a minor role in gender differences in resistance to schooling. These findings nuance under investigated claims that have been made in the literature.

Tough Times: Adult Educators, Microaggressions, and the Work Context

This paper examines the roots, types, and effects of microaggressions in the workplace and discusses implications for adult educators who work in a domestic and transnational context. In a domestic context, the literature describes microaggressions as being based on differences in race, gender, sexual orientation, culture, and professional role, which can negatively impact the work and welfare of adult educators. There is little consideration of the transnational work context, but the current scholarship points to difficulties in history and power differentials as being roots of microaggressions. Future directions are discussed that aim to re-shift the workplace culture to one of respect and inclusion for adult educators.

Gender differences and temperaments affective, impulsivity, sensation seeking and traits of schizotypal personality

BackgroundIn the literature, the growing interest to the gender such as variable expression and treatment of psychiatric disorders, it is emerged in a considerable number of fields. Gender differences have become the subject of numerous investigations, in order to verify how the sex variable might affect the psychopathology.AimsWe propose to evaluate the role of gender differences in the development of traits of schizotypal personality, impulsivity, SS and their influence in the definition of temperamental component.MaterialsWe recruited 173 healthy subjects, between 18 and 65 years, who completed the following tests: BIS-11; SPQ; SDS; SAS; HCL-32; TEMPS-A; SSS.ResultsThe bivariate analysis by gender shows scores for the hyperthymic temperament significantly higher among males compared to the scores for the female sex, which, in turn, presents higher scores for cyclothymic. The levels of anxiety and depression are higher among women while levels of sensation seeking are higher among men. Although the male gender is associated with a greater sensation seeking, compared to women, it is not showed a higher correlation with the different types of impulsivity. We can find significant differences to the subscales for the SPQ between the two genders.ConclusionsThe examination of these data may suggest the existence of differential specific features of gender that, in the presence of psychopathology, become more easily detectable; particularly in the male gender, it seems to emerge more impulsive behavior and activation compared to the female gender in which instead it seems to prevail a tendency to emotionality and introversion.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

A "Defender Protective Effect" in Multiple-Role Combinations of Bullying Among Chinese Adolescents.

Although existing research has advanced our understanding of participant roles in bullying, it is limited by its focus on a single participant role and reliance on samples of children or adolescents in Western nations. Under a "multiple participant roles" perspective based on adaptive strategy hypothesis, the current study used a modified version of the Participant Role Scale approach to identify participant roles in 523 Chinese eighth graders (47.0% boys; M = 14.43) based on peer ratings using two role classification methods: single participant role (using standardized scores) and multiple participant role (using raw scores). First, the single-role method was used. Second, primary, secondary, and tertiary roles were assigned to each adolescent according to his or her three highest scores; they also were assigned to various combinations of roles. Associations between variation in bullying roles and peer social preference (i.e., peer acceptance and rejection) were examined. Overall, the results regarding single-role classification showed that the distribution of and gender differences in roles were consistent with previous studies of Western adolescents. Results regarding multiple-role classification revealed wide variation: primary roles, 85.3% of the sample; secondary roles, 54.2%; tertiary roles, 43.2%. Girls tended to occupy only one role, whereas boys occupied multiple roles. Furthermore, 11 role combinations were identified (e.g., probully-defender; probully-defender-outsider) that were dominated by boys, but also included some girls. Youth whose combination included the role of defender had higher peer acceptance and lower rejection, compared with those without the defender role-a "defender protective effect." The findings have important implications for understanding and reducing bullying.

Hong Kong secondary school students’ attitudes towards science: a study of structural models and gender differences

ABSTRACTThis study explored two under-researched areas on students’ attitudes towards science, that is, the structural models representing these attitudes and the role played by school bands in moderating the gender differences in such attitudes. The participants were 360 ninth graders in Hong Kong from 3 school bands. The structural equation modelling method was adopted to compare four hypothetical models for students’ attitudes towards science. Results reflect that (i) the data supported the three-factor structure of the behavioural domain of students’ attitudes towards science; (ii) the four lower level dimensions of the attitudes towards science (i.e. value of science to society, self-concept in science, anxiety towards science and enjoyment of science) could be further integrated into broader categories; (iii) male students demonstrated significantly more positive attitudes towards science in five dimensions (i.e. self-concept in science, enjoyment in science, learning science in and outside the classroom and future participation) and (iv) school bands played a prominent moderating role in gender differences in students’ attitudes towards science. Implications for studying and developing students’ attitudes towards science are discussed in the paper.

Face-ism from an International Perspective: Gendered Self-Presentation in Online Dating Sites Across Seven Countries

The present study analyzed whether the face-ism phenomenon, which argues that the media visually depict men with more facial prominence compared to women (whereas women are shown with greater body prominence), exists for self-selected photographs worldwide. Based on a content analysis of a sample of 6286 profile photos drawn from online dating sites in seven countries (Austria, Denmark, Hungary, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States) in 2013, we did not find any overall gender differences in facial prominence. However, further analysis showed gender differences in facial prominence for certain age groups: whereas there were no gender differences in the 25–41 year-old age group, young women between 18 and 24 had a higher facial prominence than men, and men older than 41 had higher facial prominence than women. These changes by age are driven by a pattern wherein facial prominence generally remains stable for men, but declines for women with age. In short, older users follow more traditional gender depictions in accordance with the face-ism phenomenon, whereas among younger people, women sport an even higher facial prominence than men do. In contrast to this significant interaction between gender and age in facial prominence, we found no significant interaction between culture (as measured by Hofstede’s masculinity dimension) and gender, which indicates that culture plays no discernible role in gender differences in facial prominence, possibly because macro-level sexism (Hofstede’s masculinity dimension) and micro-level sexism (photographs of individuals online) are not the same.

Gender: An Historical Perspective

Social attitudes toward women vary significantly across societies. This chapter reviews recent empirical research on various historical determinants of contemporary differences in gender roles and gender gaps across societies, and how these differences are transmitted from parents to children and therefore persist until today. We review work on the historical origin of differences in female labor-force participation, fertility, education, marriage arrangements, competitive attitudes, domestic violence, and other forms of difference in gender norms. Most of the research illustrates that differences in cultural norms regarding gender roles emerge in response to specific historical situations, but tend to persist even after the historical conditions have changed. We also discuss the conditions under which gender norms either tend to be stable or change more quickly.

Abstract A46: A comprehensive genomic pan-cancer analysis comparing males and females using The Cancer Genome Atlas gene expression data

Abstract The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) has made available comprehensive molecular profiles including gene expression using RNA-seq for many human tumor types and, thereby, provided a great opportunity to use pan-cancer gene expression patterns to identify unique features that can classify tumor types. Those features may serve as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and potential targets for drug development. Because gender differences in cancer susceptibility are one of the most consistent findings in cancer epidemiology, knowing whether the distinguishing features differ between males and females for the same tumor types might enhance their utility as biomarkers. Our goals are: 1) to identify a set of genes whose expression levels can classify pan-cancer tumor types when gender is ignored; and 2) to identify analogous sets of genes for pan-cancer classification in sex non-specific tumors from men and from women separately. Here we analyzed the RNA-seq expression data for 9,096 TCGA tumor samples from 31 tumor types; we selected features for sample classification using a genetic algorithm, GA/KNN, which we developed. We randomly assigned half of all samples into a training set and half into a test set, proportionally allocating samples from each tumor type. We used the training set to obtain 2,000 near-optimal classifiers (each set consisting of 20 genes) from repeated GA/KNN runs. We subsequently applied each resultant near-optimal classifier to the test set. The predicted class was then compared with the true class to calculate both training- and testing-set prediction accuracies. To see if sex non-specific tumors (those that are not related to reproductive organs) differ between males and females, we repeated the analysis for 24 sex non-specific tumor types separately for males and for females. In the analysis ignoring gender, we could accurately classify 88.7% training samples and 88.1% of the testing samples on average. The top 20 genes that separated the 31 tumor types were TCF21, TBX5, EMX20S, EMX2, PA2G4P4, HNF1B, NACA2, SFTPA1, ATP5EP2, PTTG3P, FTHL3, ANXA2P3, GATA3, NAPSA, SFTA3, HSPB1P1, HOXA9, IGBP1P1, RPL19P12, and SFTPB. Not surprisingly, we achieved similar average classification accuracies for testing samples (88.2% for males and 88.4% for females). Seventy four of the 100 top-ranked genes were common between males and females. The main reasons for less than total overlap between males and females are: stochastic nature of the algorithm, training/testing partitioning (only done once) and some intrinsic differences between genders. For example, BNC1, FAT2, and MSX2 ranked 36, 84, and 94 in males but 461, 603, and 1085 in females. Conversely, HPN, POU3F3, and FOXA1 ranked 75, 78, and 91 but 421, 355, and 349, respectively. It remains unclear whether genes likes those play any role in differential cancer susceptibility between genders. In conclusion, we were able to select many sets of 20 genes that can correctly classify ~88% of the tumor samples from 31 different types for a validation set using RNA-seq gene expression alone. This accuracy is remarkable given the number of the tumor types involved. This result was largely replicated in tumors between genders. We were also identified a few genes that might play a role in gender differences among sex non-specific tumors. Citation Format: YuanYuan Li, David M. Umbach, Leping Li. A comprehensive genomic pan-cancer analysis comparing males and females using The Cancer Genome Atlas gene expression data. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr A46.

Gender differences in the clinical manifestations and course of schizophrenia: neurobiological and psychosocial aspects

The paper discusses gender differences in the clinic presentations, course and outcomes of schizophrenia from the standpoint of a biopsychosocial approach. It reviews foreign publications on this matter. Neuromorphological and hormonal factors in gender differences are given paramount consideration in foreign countries. The author presents the results of his own empirical studies in this area. It is concluded that psychosocial factors and traditional gender stereotypes play a no less important role in gender differences in schizophrenia rather than hormonal and neuromorphological factors.

Anthropometric differences and gender variations in brainstem auditory evoked responses - A cross-sectional study in North Indian population

Background: Gender is a known physiological variable reported to have influences on brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) latencies irrespective of age. Anatomical differences have been suggested for such variations. Aims and Objectives: The present study was, hence, undertaken to evaluate the influence of gender on BAEP latencies and to assess the role of head size and body mass index (BMI) on BAEP responses and in gender variations. Materials and Methods: BAEP was recorded in 100 healthy adults (50 males and 50 females) in the age group of 18-70 years. Comparisons of absolute and interpeak latencies (IPLs) in the genders and between the groups with different head sizes and BMI were performed by unpaired t-test. Correlations between head size and BMI with BAEP latencies were obtained by Pearson correlation coefficient. P < 0.05 was considered as significant statistically. Results: A statistically significant increase in BAEP absolute latencies I, III, and V and IPLs I-III and I-V was found in males as compared to females. A significant positive correlation of head size was obtained with absolute latency I, III, V and I-V IPL. P 0.05) in males and females of comparable head sizes. Conclusion: Gender has significant influence on BAEP latencies. Head size and BMI are independent physical variables affecting BAEP latencies with the former having important role in gender differences.

From an Arab Queen to a Yiddische Mama: The Travels of Marital Advice around the Medieval Mediterranean

This study explores the travels of a literary anecdote about ten pieces of advice that a mother gave her daughter on the eve of the latter’s marriage. Tracing the various incarnations of the anecdote from its first attestation in ninth-century Arabic works to later versions in Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic, Italian, Catalan, and Yiddish demonstrates the connectivity of the medieval Mediterranean and the porous nature of political, religious, and linguistic borders when it comes to popular ethical literary texts. Studying the changes introduced in each new incarnation allows us to explore the process of translation and adaptation involved in cultural transmission between different linguistic and religious communities. The travels of the anecdote also highlight the commonalities and differences in normative gender roles in different societies across the medieval Mediterranean.

Gender and gender role differences in student–teachers’ commitment to teaching

Low commitment to teaching amongst teachers is a problem facing the teaching profession in many countries. Gender might be an important factor in explaining what kinds of prospective teachers are attracted to teaching. This empirical study examined the relationship between student–teachers’ gender, gender roles and commitment to teaching within the context of a large, university-based teacher education program in Tanzania. A self-report questionnaire was administered, comprising commitment to teaching items, gender as a demographic variable and items from Bem sex role inventory (BSRI). Cluster analysis on the masculine and feminine scale of the BSRI indicated three clusters: (1) highly androgynous students with high scores on both masculine and feminine scales, (2) medium androgynous students with relatively high scores on both masculine and feminine scales, and (3) low androgynous students with low scores in relation to the other two groups on both masculine and feminine scales of the BSRI. More female than male student–teachers reported to be highly androgynous. Covariance analysis showed that gender roles were significantly related to commitment to teaching and to intention to enter the teaching profession. Highly androgynous student–teachers reported significantly more commitment to teaching and higher intentions to enter the teaching profession compared to medium and low androgynous student–teachers. No significant relationships were found between gender, on the one hand, and commitment to teaching and the intention to enter the teaching profession, on the other hand. Findings are discussed in the context of teacher and teacher education in Tanzania.