Differences In Emotional States Research Articles

Application of Multidisciplinary Collaborative Interventions in the Early Rehabilitation of Patients with Hemorrhagic Stroke and Kinesiophobia

Objective: This study aims to explore the role of multidisciplinary collaborative interventions in the early rehabilitation of patients with hemorrhagic stroke and kinesiophobia. Methods: Using a convenience sampling method, 100 patients with hemorrhagic stroke and kinesiophobia admitted to the Department of Neurology at Nantong First People’s Hospital between January 2022 and December 2023 were selected as subjects. Fifty patients admitted between January 2022 and January 2023 were assigned to the control group, while 50 patients admitted between February 2023 and December 2023 were assigned to the experimental group. The control group received conventional care, while the experimental group received multidisciplinary collaborative interventions provided by a team consisting of neurologists, rehabilitation therapists, psychological counselors, and nurses. The study evaluated the differences in emotional state (using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HAD), kinesiophobia level (using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, TSK), functional recovery (using the modified Rankin Scale, mRS), and daily living abilities (using the Barthel Index, BI) before and after intervention. Results: After the intervention, the HAD scores in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). The TSK scores in the experimental group were also significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05), while mRS and BI scores showed significant improvement compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Multidisciplinary collaborative interventions have significant effects in reducing kinesiophobia, promoting functional recovery, and improving the quality of life in patients with hemorrhagic stroke.

A Brief Report Monitoring the Different Emotional States As-sociated with the First and the Fourth Dose of the An-ti-SARS-Cov-2 Vaccine in an Italian Sample of Fragile Patients Aged Over 60 Years

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many researchers have been interested in studying attitudes and behaviors in relation to vaccination, highlighting, through data, the so-called “vaccination hesitancy” (VH) phenomenon. Our aim was to investigate emotional states associated with the fourth dose of the anti-COVID-19 vaccine in individuals from the over 60-year-old and fragile patient category and to compare them with data that were previously recorded when the first vaccine doses were administered. The online questionnaire was created ad hoc and includes different sections: socio-personal data and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y) were used to detect the level of the state of anxiety, understood as a feeling of insecurity and helplessness in the face of perceived damage that can lead to worry or to flight and avoidance. The total sample consisted of 57 participants (61.4% M; mean age 67.23; SD= 6.73). Differences in emotional states in relation to vaccination emerged between Group I and Group IV in which the former were more worried and indecisive, while the latter, although nervous, felt more comfortable. Overall, trust in science appears to be a key determinant of vaccination intention. Additional strategies promoting healthy behavior are needed.

Psychophysiological Responses of Adults According to Cognitive Demand Levels for Horticultural Activities

We aimed to compare psychophysiological responses in adults according to cognitive demand levels for horticultural activities to confirm the feasibility of horticultural activity for improving attention and emotional states. A total of 60 adults in their 20s were included in this crossover design study. Participants performed soil-mixing activities with 2 cognitive demand levels for 2 min each. Electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) were performed during these activities. After each activity, the semantic differential method (SDM) was used to evaluate the emotional states of the participants. EEG results revealed that relative fast alpha and low beta power spectrums in the frontal lobes were high during the activity with high cognitive demand compared to those during the low demand activity, which indicates activation in the prefrontal cortex. ECG results showed that during the high cognitive demand activity, the standard deviation of the RR intervals of male adults was high, indicating a high-stress resistance ability of the autonomic nervous system. However, as a result of the SDM, there were no significant differences in emotional states according to the level of activity difficulty. Therefore, this study confirmed the possibility that the intervention of horticultural activities of an appropriate difficulty did not negatively affect subjective emotional changes and could have a positive effect on the improvement of attention levels and emotional stability in adults.

Does height-induced threat modulate shortening of reaction times induced by a loud stimulus in a lateral stepping and a wrist extension task?

The StartReact (SR) effect is the accelerated release of a prepared movement when a startling acoustic stimulus is presented at the time of the imperative stimulus (IS). SR paradigms have been used to study defective control of balance and gait in people with neurological conditions, but differences in emotional state (e.g. fear of failure) may be a potential confounder when comparing patients to healthy subjects. In this study, we aimed to gain insight in the effects of postural threat on the SR effect by manipulating surface height during a postural (lateral step) task and a non-postural (wrist extension) task. Eleven healthy participants performed a lateral step perpendicular to the platform edge, and 19 participants performed a wrist extension task while standing at the platform edge. Participants initiated the movement as fast as possible in response to an IS that varied in intensity across trials (80dB to 121dB) at both low and high platform height (3.2m). For the lateral step task, we determined anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) and step onset latencies. For the wrist extension task, muscle onset latencies were determined. We used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests on the relative onset latencies between both heights, to identify whether the effect of height was different for IS intensities between 103 and 118dB compared to 121dB. For both tasks, onset latencies were significantly shortened at 121dB compared to 80dB, regardless of height. In the lateral step task, the effect of height was larger at 112dB compared to 121dB. The absolute onset latencies showed that at 112dB there was no such stimulus intensity effect at high as seen at low surface height. In the wrist extension task, no differential effects of height could be demonstrated across IS intensities. Postural threat had a significant, yet modest effect on shortening of RTs induced by a loud IS, with a mere 3dB difference between standing on high versus low surface height. Interestingly, this effect of height was specific to the postural (i.e. lateral stepping) task, as no such differences could be demonstrated in the wrist extension task. This presumably reflects more cautious execution of the lateral step task when standing on height. The present findings suggest that applying stimuli of sufficiently high intensity (≥115dB) appears to neutralize potential differences in emotional state when studying SR effects.

Differential Neural Timecourse of Fast Mapping and Explicit Encoding of Novel Words: EEG and Behavioural Data

The StartReact (SR) effect is the accelerated release of a prepared movement when a startling acoustic stimulus is presented at the time of the imperative stimulus (IS). SR paradigms have been used to study defective control of balance and gait in people with neurological conditions, but differences in emotional state (e.g. fear of failure) may be a potential confounder when comparing patients to healthy subjects. In this study, we aimed to gain insight in the effects of postural threat on the SR effect by manipulating surface height during a postural (lateral step) task and a non-postural (wrist extension) task.Eleven healthy participants performed a lateral step perpendicular to the platform edge, and 19 participants performed a wrist extension task while standing at the platform edge. Participants initiated the movement as fast as possible in response to an IS that varied in intensity across trials (80 dB to 121 dB) at both low and high platform height (3.2 m). For the lateral step task, we determined anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) and step onset latencies. For the wrist extension task, muscle onset latencies were determined. We used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests on the relative onset latencies between both heights, to identify whether the effect of height was different for IS intensities between 103 and 118 dB compared to 121 dB.For both tasks, onset latencies were significantly shortened at 121 dB compared to 80 dB, regardless of height. In the lateral step task, the effect of height was larger at 112 dB compared to 121 dB. The absolute onset latencies showed that at 112 dB there was no such stimulus intensity effect at high as seen at low surface height. In the wrist extension task, no differential effects of height could be demonstrated across IS intensities.Postural threat had a significant, yet modest effect on shortening of RTs induced by a loud IS, with a mere 3 dB difference between standing on high versus low surface height. Interestingly, this effect of height was specific to the postural (i.e. lateral stepping) task, as no such differences could be demonstrated in the wrist extension task. This presumably reflects more cautious execution of the lateral step task when standing on height. The present findings suggest that applying stimuli of sufficiently high intensity (≥115 dB) appears to neutralize potential differences in emotional state when studying SR effects.

Differences in emotional state and autistic symptoms before and during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has generated a global crisis that has affected the emotional health of both the general and the clinical population. MethodThe present study aimed to analyze the differences between the emotional states of a group of individuals with ASD and a neurotypical group both during and after the COVID-19 confinement. The study also examined the changes in autistic symptoms between a group of individuals with ASD who were confined during the COVID-19 pandemic and another group of individuals with ASD who were studied prior to the COVID-19 pandemic period. ResultsHigher levels of aggression, irritability, hyperactivity and impulsivity, lack of attention and anxiety, among other symptoms, were found in individuals with ASD during confinement when compared to healthy controls (p < .05; p < .01). Higher levels of repetitive, restrictive, and stereotyped behaviors were also found in pandemic-era ASD individuals when compared to the group of individuals with ASD who were assessed prior to the pandemic (p < .01). Conclusionsthe confinement is related to an increase in symptomatology and dysfunctional behaviours characteristic of ASD, and therefore it is necessary to implement actions that help to reduce this impact now, as well as in future crisis events.

Closeness to friends explains age differences in positive emotional experience during the lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundStudies on age differences in emotional states during the COVID-19 pandemic showed that older adults experienced greater emotional wellbeing compared to younger adults. We hypothesized these age differences to be related to the perception of closeness to family/friends or the engagement in daily activities during the pandemic.AimTo investigate age differences in positive and negative emotional experiences and whether the perception of closeness to family/friends and the engagement in daily activities during pandemic explained such age-related differences.MethodsThrough a cross-sectional study, 1,457 adults aged 18–87 years old completed an online survey assessing positive and negative emotional experiences, the perception of more closeness to family/friends, and daily activities that participants started/re-started during the pandemic.ResultsIncreasing age was associated with more positive and less negative emotional experiences. Age differences in positive emotional experience were explained by the perception of more closeness to friends and not by the engagement in daily activities. For negative emotional experience age, differences remained significant even after accounting for the perception of closeness to family/friends and engagements in daily activities.DiscussionOlder adults’ greater overall level of positive emotional experience was explained by their greater perception of more closeness to friends. We speculate that social closeness provides a coping mechanism to increase emotional wellbeing employed especially in older adults.ConclusionOur findings reinforce the link between perceived social closeness and emotional wellbeing especially in older adults. To cope with stressful situation, it is important to encourage older adults to increase the closeness to their social network.

Temporomandibular disorder subtypes, emotional distress, impaired sleep, and oral health-related quality of life in Asian patients.

This study determined the differences in emotional states, sleep and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) between patients with pain-related and intra-articular Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), and associated emotional symptoms with sleep and OHRQoL. Participants were recruited from a tertiary TMDs referral centre. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Oral Health Impact Profile-TMDs (OHIP-TMDs) were used to assess emotional states, sleep and Oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), respectively. TMD-related and sociodemographic data were also gathered. Patients were divided into pain-related (PT), intra-articular (IT) and combined TMDs (CT) groups based on the Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation and logistic regression analysis with the significance level set at P<.05. Data from 1079 participants with a mean age of 29.6±14.2years were appraised (93.3% response rate). The severity/prevalence of emotional distress, impaired sleep and OHRQoL of the PT/CT groups were higher than the IT group. Moderate-to-strong inter-relationships between emotional, sleep and OHRQoL variables were more explicit for participants with painful TMDs. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that painful TMDs were associated with higher stress and poorer OHRQoL with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.482 (95% CI 1.039-2.114) and 6.502 (95% CI 3.201-13.210), respectively. Painful TMDs are associated with higher levels of emotional distress, sleep and OHRQoL impairments. Routine evaluation of the biopsychosocial distress, especially stress and life quality, is necessary for patients with painful TMDs.

Emotional states associated with being in the community and being with others among individuals with serious mental illnesses.

Individuals with serious mental illnesses generally spend extensive amounts of time at home and alone. The aim of the current study was to examine differences in emotional states between being at home and being in the community, and between being alone and being with others. Ecological momentary assessment was utilized 3 times per day over 14 days with 91 individuals with serious mental illnesses to assess where they were, who they were with, and momentary feeling of depressed mood, loneliness, and happiness. A total of 2,257 data points were analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling. Participants were at home 70.6% of the time and alone 58.6% of the time. After controlling for diagnosis and symptoms, being in the community was associated with lower depressed mood, lower loneliness, and greater happiness, and being with others was associated with lower loneliness and greater happiness. There was no significant interaction effect between being at home and being alone on any emotional states. Being in the community and being with others contributed to more favorable emotional states among individuals with serious mental illnesses. These findings support the need to promote opportunities for community participation and interactions with others outside of one's home. Policies, programs, and clinical practices should align with the goal of supporting people with serious mental illnesses to actively engage in community living to facilitate their emotional well-being. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Multichannel Optimization With Hybrid Spectral- Entropy Markers for Gender Identification Enhancement of Emotional-Based EEGs

Investigating gender differences based on emotional changes supports automatic interpretation of human intentions and preferences. This allows emotion applications to respond better to requirements and customize interactions based on affective responses. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a tool that potentially can be used to detect gender differences. The main purpose of this paper is twofold. Firstly, it aims to use both linear and nonlinear features of EEG signals to identify emotional influences on gender behavior. Secondly, it aims to develop an automatic gender recognition model by employing optimization algorithms to identify the most effective channels for gender identification from emotional-based EEG signals. The EEGs of thirty healthy students from the University of Vienna were recorded while they were watched four short video clips depicting the emotions of anger, happiness, sadness and neutral. In this study, the wavelet transform (WT) de-noising technique, linear spectral mean frequency ( meanF) and nonlinear multiscale fuzzy entropy ( MFE) features were used. The individual performance of these attributes was statistically examined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) to represent the gender behavior in the brain-emotion in females and males. Then, these two features were fused into a set of hybrid spectral-entropy attributes ( SEA). Consequently, optimization algorithms including binary gravitation search algorithm (BGSA) and binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO), were employed to identify the optimal channels for gender classification. Finally, the k-nearest neighbors ( kNN) classification technique was used for automatic gender identification of an emotional-based EEG dataset. The results show linear and nonlinear features are remarkable neuromarkers for investigating gender-based differences in emotional states. Moreover, the results show significant enhancement in the overall accuracy of classification achieved by using the BGSA optimization algorithm with the proposed hybrid SEA set when compared to individual features. Therefore, the proposed methods were effective in improving the process of automatic gender recognition from the emotional-based EEG signals.

Effects of mental toughness training on the emotional state and quality of life of patients in department of respiratory medicine

Objective To study the impact of mental toughness training on the emotional state and life quality of patients in respiratory department. Methods A total of 90 patients admitted to the respiratory department of Changhai Hospital from May 2016 to May 2018 were selected and randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, with 45 cases each.The control group received routine nursing intervention, while the experimental group received mental toughness training intervention on the basis of the control group.Both groups received nursing intervention for 4 weeks.Both groups received nursing interventions for 4 weeks.The differences in emotional state, quality of life and satisfaction before and after the intervention were compared. Results After intervention, the SAS and SDS scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than that of the control group, while the SF-36 scores were significantly higher than that of the control group, with statistically significant differences( P<0.05). The satisfaction of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant( P<0.05). Conclusions Mental toughness training can significantly improve the emotional state of patients in department of respiratory medicine, improve their quality of life and satisfaction, and is worthy of clinical application. Key words: Mental toughness training; Emotional state; Quality of life

Emotional state, cognitive functioning and quality of life of adult women with Turner syndrome in Lithuania

AimThe aim was to analyze emotional state, cognitive functioning and quality of life (QoL) of adult women with Turner syndrome (TS) in Lithuania. Patients and methodsOf all invited adult TS patients from Lithuanian TS database (n = 150), 68 (age 18–60, average 30.2 ± 9.0 years) agreed and were recruited for the study, as well as 68 age-matched healthy control women. Emotional state was evaluated by Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire, cognitive functioning by Trail Making Test and Digit Span Test (DST) of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and QoL by WHO Brief Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO QoL). ResultsPatients with TS were of a significantly shorter stature (p < .001) than age-matched control women and than the 3rd percentile of the National Standards of Lithuania.After the adjustment for height, weight and body mass index (BMI), no significant differences in emotional state were detected, though without the adjustment, depression-dejection (p = .004) score was significantly higher in TS women than in age-matched controls. Significantly worse cognitive functioning (attention capacity, visual scanning abilities, executive function and psychomotor speed, p < .001), as well as worse psychological (p = .002) and social (p = .006) aspects of QoL were found after the adjustment for height, weight and BMI in adult women with TS than in age-matched controls. ConclusionIn conclusion, after the adjustment for height, weight and BMI, adult women with Turner syndrome in Lithuania have impaired cognitive functioning and worse psychological and social aspects of QoL, but not emotional state and physical and environmental aspects of QoL in comparison to age-matched healthy women.

Age differences in negative emotional responses to daily stressors depend on time since event.

Research on age differences in the experience of negative emotional states have produced inconsistent results, particularly when emotion is examined in the context of daily stress. Strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI; Charles, 2010) theory postulates that age differences in emotional states are contingent upon whether a stressor occurred, and whether sufficient time has passed since the stressor to allow older adults to benefit from theorized strengths. The present study uses an ecological momentary assessment design to examine how timing of daily stressors relates to age differences in negative emotional responses. Participants (N = 199, aged 25-65) completed mobile surveys up to 5 times daily for 14 days. They reported current mood and stressor exposure, as well as how long ago the stressor occurred. As expected, no age differences were observed in current negative affect (NA) for stressors which occurred in the previous 0-10 min. As predicted, older age was associated with less of a stressor-related increase in NA when a greater time had passed (i.e., 10 min to 2.5 hours) since stressor exposure. Consistent with previous results, there were no age differences in the effects of more distal stressors that occurred 2.5 to 5 hr ago, although NA remained significantly elevated. The present findings are consistent with SAVI's predictions and advance understanding age differences in the time course relating everyday stressors to emotional responses. (PsycINFO Database Record

P-611 - Differences in emotional states of anxiety, depression and stress between patients with diabetes mellitus and psychiatric outpatients to the general population in Greece

Introduction Managing diabetes is an overwhelming task, particularly for the newly diagnosed patient. Many diabetics struggle to cope with the requirements of the disease and the complications that it causes. As a result, many diabetics suffer from depression which is the most common psychiatric disorder witnessed in the diabetic population. Objectives To compare the levels the emotional states of anxiety, depression and stress in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) to the general population and chronic patients with psychological problems. Aims To reveille the significant differences between those patients. Methods We conducted a survey in a random sample of 279 patients with diabetes Mellitus (DM), 109 psychiatric outpatients (PO) and 383 healthy adults (C), using the Depression Anxiety Stress scale (DASSI-42). Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 16 for windows. ANOVA test was used to reveille the statistical significance between the groups in anxiety, stress, depression and total Scale. Results Patients with DM had a significant difference to the PO patients and C in anxiety (MD PO = −12.251 p C = 1.303 p PO = −11.465 p PO = −15.751 p PO = −39.566 p Conclusions Analysis shows that patient with DM who are under medical treatment experience anxiety in a greater level than the general population, but in terms of stress and depression they are in the same level to the general population.

Dyadic interracial interactions: A meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis examined over 40 years of research on interracial interactions by exploring 4 types of outcomes: explicit attitudes toward interaction partners, participants' self-reports of their own emotional state, nonverbal or observed behavior, and objective measures of performance. Data were collected from 108 samples (N = 12,463) comparing dyadic interracial and same-race interactions, predominantly featuring Black and White Americans. Effect sizes were small: Participants in same-race dyads tended to express marginally more positive attitudes about their partners (r = .07), reported feeling less negative affect (r = .10), showed more friendly nonverbal behavior (r = .09), and scored higher on performance measures (r = .07) than those in interracial dyads. Effect sizes also showed substantial heterogeneity, and further analyses indicated that intersectional, contextual, and relational factors moderated these outcomes. For example, when members of a dyad were the same sex, differences between interracial and same-race dyads in negative affect were reduced. Structured interactions led to more egalitarian performance outcomes than did free-form interactions, but the effects of interaction structure on nonverbal behavior depended on participant gender. Furthermore, benefits of intergroup contact were apparent: Differences in emotional state across dyadic racial composition disappeared in longer term interactions, and racial minorities, who often have greater experience with intergroup contact, experienced less negative affect in interracial interactions than did majority group members. Finally, there was a significant historical trend toward more egalitarian outcomes across dyadic racial composition for explicit attitudes and for nonverbal behavior; however, participants' emotional responses and performance have remained consistent.

What makes a face memorable? The relationship between face memory and emotional state reasoning

Face processing models suggest a neural and functional dissociation exists between processing facial identity and expressive states. This may explain why the relationship between the ability to read emotional meaning from expressive cues and the ability to remember faces based on appearance cues remains a relatively uncharted area of inquiry. One of the fundamental ways that the human face differs from other visual objects is that people read complex social meaning into faces. Thus, we hypothesized that an important part of face memory is the extent to which people read such meaning into faces. Specifically, we predicted that (a) individual differences in the ability to decode emotional messages from expressive faces would be positively associated with the ability to encode and subsequently remember a separate set of neutral faces in the same participants, and (b) that stimulus-level differences in the extent to which a separate group of raters ascribed emotionality to these same neutral faces would also be positively associated with face memory. We report evidence supporting both of these hypotheses. These findings suggest that individual differences in emotional state reasoning from faces, on both the decoder and encoder levels, are meaningfully associated with the ability to remember facial identity.

Associations of emotional state and quality of life with lipid concentration, duration of the disease, and the way of treating the disease in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of the study was to evaluate associations of emotional state and quality of life with lipid concentration, duration of the disease, and the way of treating the disease in males and females with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 53 persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus (27 males and 26 females; mean age, 58.7+/-8.9 years) and 56 healthy persons (26 males and 30 females; mean age, 54.7+/-8.3 years) participated in the study. Emotional state was evaluated by means of Profile of Mood State and quality of life by means of WHO Brief Quality of Life Questionnaire. Emotional state and quality of life were significantly worse, tension-anxiety and fatigue-inertia were significantly higher, vigor-activity was significantly lower in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus than in healthy males. In females, no significant differences in emotional state and quality of life comparing type 2 diabetes mellitus group and controls were detected. In females with type 2 diabetes mellitus, emotional state and quality of life were significantly better, scores of tension-anxiety, depression dejection, anger-hostility, and fatigue-inertia were significantly lower, and score of vigor-activity was significantly higher than in males with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Some significant correlations were found. In males, vigor-activity correlated with total cholesterol level and negatively correlated with triglyceride level. In females, significant correlations were found between scores of emotional state (tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, confusion-bewilderment, and total score of emotional state) and lipid levels (total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels). There were no significant associations of emotional state and quality of life with duration of the disease in males and females with type 2 diabetes mellitus. No significant differences in emotional state and quality of life were found between males and females with type 2 diabetes mellitus, who were treated with oral antidiabetic preparations and insulin preparations.

Hormonal and behavioral correlates of emotional states in sexually trained boars.

Physiological and behavioral traits of sexually mature boars were compared between episodes of copulation and sexual frustration in order to determine reliable indicators of the differences in emotional states. Ten boars, approximately 6 mo of age, were trained to mount a stationary artificial sow (ArtSow) and to ejaculate when digital pressure was applied to the extended penis. This method of semen collection is the typical procedure of the industry. All 10 boars used in this study were fully trained to this procedure before the onset of the study. Each boar was subjected to trials in which one of the following two treatments was applied. In the control (CTRL) treatment, boars were treated the same as during their training (i.e., allowed to complete ejaculation). In the frustration (FRUS) treatment, boars were allowed to mount the ArtSow, but because no manual pressure was applied to the extended penis, ejaculation never occurred. Blood was collected via indwelling catheters before onset of the trial, during exposure to the ArtSow, and after returning to their home pen. Concentrations of testosterone, cortisol, and beta-endorphin were quantified. Behavior of the boars was recorded during exposure to the ArtSow and for 30 min after return to their home pen. Relative to preexposure levels, serum cortisol increased (P<.05) during CTRL exposure and after exposure to both treatments (CTRL; P<.04 and FRUS; P<.06). Serum testosterone did not change during and after either treatment. Serum concentrations of beta-endorphin did not change during or after CTRL trials, but serum beta-endorphin was greater (P<.05) during FRUS than during CTRL trials. Behavioral analysis revealed that boars spent less time lying down and more time moving about their home pen (P<.05) after a FRUS than after a CTRL trial. In summary, serum cortisol did not allow us to distinguish between the excitement of copulation and the negative affect associated with sexual frustration, whereas increases in serum beta-endorphin and motor activity seemed to be indicators of the negative emotional state of sexual frustration in trained boars.