Dialect Differences Research Articles

Krótki opis długiej historii języka polskiego

The article offers an overview of the history of Polish language from the 9th century up to the present moment. The development of the Polish language was informed by two processes, namely, linguistic diversification, which caused dialectal differences, and integration, which contributed to the constitution of the literary language. The first half of the 16th century constitutes a critical period in the evolution of Polish language. It is then that the inception of the literary language took place. Here, the invention of print turned out to be a communicative breakthrough, predominantly because it facilitated language integration. Consecutive stages in the history of Polish language were connected with historic events, like the loss of Polish independence and its regaining. Such events brought about changes in the status of Polish language. The most recent period in the history of Polish language begins in 1989, when vital socio-political changes, as well as the information technology revolution took place. It is also the time when the integrative processes intensified, and began including geographical, as well as stylistic linguistic variations (predominantly, by the expansion of colloquial Polish into other functional varieties of the language).

Analysis of Dialectal Differences Between Saudi Arabian and Egyptian 'Ammiya Arabic

Dialects are ways of speaking for small groups of people within a larger language community using a particular language. Geographical and anthropological differences cause the emergence of dialects. What distinguishes it is the change of letters, pronunciation deviations, and changes in harakat on several letters in one word or even entirely. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in dialects of Arabic ‘Ammiya Saudi Arabia and Arabic ‘Ammiya Egypt. This research method uses a qualitative approach. the type of research is Library Research. The data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The writing uses the deductive method. The results showed that the differences in Saudi Arabia and Egyptian Arabic dialects are in two aspects; Phonological and Morphological. In the phonological aspect occurs in the alternation of sounds, the addition of sounds, and the elimination of sounds. In the Morphological aspect, there are differences in the word formula (wazan).

Чусовой словарь из архива Г. Ф. Миллера: особенности и его значение для классификации мансийских диалектов

Introduction. The article examines a dictionary of Mansi compiled from lexemes recorded along the Chusovaya River in the early-to-mid eighteenth century. The dictionary was discovered in G. F. Müller’s archives. Other available archives (e.g., those of A. J. Sjögren and P. S. Pallas) contain no mention of the dictionary. So, the only source referring to the latter is a 1958 article by Hungarian linguist J. Gulya that analyzes several Mansi words recorded in the eighteenth century across the Lower Tagil, Lower Tura, and Chusovaya river basins to determine a total of three distinct features inherent to the local Mansi dialects. A comparison of lexemes contained in G. F. Müller’s dictionary of Chusovaya Mansi against the ones published in J. Gulya’s work has yielded a number of discrepancies with the scholar’s conclusions. Goals. So, the paper compares Chusovaya Mansi against other Mansi dialects — Berezovo, Solikamsk, Cherdyn, Kungur, Upper Tura, and Karpinsky ones — recorded during the same period and in the same area. The most extensive description and analysis of the latter sources based on L. Honti’s classification are to be found in J. Normanskaya’s article titled ‘How the Classification of Mansi Dialects Was Changed (On the Material of the First Cyrillic Books and Dictionaries of the 18th and 19th Centuries)’ (2022). Materials and methods. The work employs the comparative and comparative historical methods to examine a variety of Mansi-language archival sources. Results. The paper reconsiders the data contained in J. Normanskaya’s publication for a comparative analysis, and shows that the Chusovaya Mansi dictionary does confirm the Russian researcher’s conclusions: Northern and Western Mansi dialect differences developed by L. Honti were non-existent or had only just appeared in the eighteenth century. However, the proto-Mansi *k>χ transition before back vowels identified by J. Normanskaya as the one and only feature exclusively characteristic of Northern Mansi dialects has not been confirmed in the Chusovaya dialect traditionally clustered within Western Mansi: it happens to contain the traditional Northern transition (chot ‘шесть’, chórom ‘три’).

Geografi Dialek Bahasa Dayak di Kecamatan Sepauk Hulu Kabupaten Sintang Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

This research on dialect geography applies a synchronic comparative linguistic approach with interpretations based on historical linguistic differentiation. The study, which focuses on phonological and lexical aspects, was conducted to determine the linguistic distance between the Dayak languages used by the people who identify themselves as Sekubang and Seberuang residing in the Sepauk Hulu District. The data presented and discussed in this study consist of responses from 21 research informants related to 829 lexical question glosses. This data was obtained through interviews conducted by the researcher with research informants in each observation area. The method used in data analysis is the synchronic comparative method, applying dialectometric formulas and inter-village triangles. The results of the data analysis, which disregards phonological differences between observation areas, show differences in dialect, subdialect, and speech. Based on the analysis and findings in this study, it can be concluded that the Sekubang and Seberuang languages are the same. However, locally, they identify themselves as separate languages. Therefore, to affirm the similarity between these two Dayak variants, the term "Seberuang language" is introduced as a replacement for the names of both languages. This designation is based on the schematic depiction of the broader Seberuang language usage area compared to the Sekubang language usage area.

Multilevel Bayesian analysis of monk parakeet contact calls shows dialects between European cities.

Geographic differences in vocalizations provide strong evidence for animal culture, with patterns likely arising from generations of social learning and transmission. Most studies on the evolution of avian vocal variation have predominantly focused on fixed repertoire, territorial song in passerine birds. The study of vocal communication in open-ended learners and in contexts where vocalizations serve other functions is therefore necessary for a more comprehensive understanding of vocal dialect evolution. Parrots are open-ended vocal production learners that use vocalizations for social contact and coordination. Geographic variation in parrot vocalizations typically take the form of either distinct regional variations known as dialects or graded variation based on geographic distance known as clinal variation. In this study, we recorded monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus) across multiple spatial scales (i.e., parks and cities) in their European invasive range. We then compared calls using a multilevel Bayesian model and sensitivity analysis, with this novel approach allowing us to explicitly compare vocalizations at multiple spatial scales. We found support for founder effects and/or cultural drift at the city level, consistent with passive cultural processes leading to large-scale dialect differences. We did not find a strong signal for dialect or clinal differences between parks within cities, suggesting that birds did not actively converge on a group level signal, as expected under the group membership hypothesis. We demonstrate the robustness of our findings and offer an explanation that unifies the results of prior monk parakeet vocalization studies.

Food Never Forgets: Digital Foodprints And Collective Memories Of Vietnamese Facebook Group

To understand how the Vietnamese diasporic community navigates the tensions and conflicts with both home and host countries, in this article, I draw on a study designed to transcend geographical boundaries and follow the community’s digital footprints on Facebook. I describe how participants of the Vietnamese Food Group, as a segment of the Vietnamese diasporic community, have used their online foodways sharing to reclaim collective memories across borders and imprint their collective memories as legitimate historical accounts. I illustrate the potential sociocultural power of food and online foodway sharing to broaden geographic boundaries; overcome dialectal differences, discrimination, and political conflicts; and imagine and connect communities.

One Scribe or Two? On the Copying of Sir Gawayn and the Carl of Carlisle in NLW Brogyntyn ii.1

ABSTRACT National Library of Wales Brogyntyn ii.1 (Porkington 10) is a fifteenth-century miscellany copied by a considerable number of scribes, though there is no consensus on the exact number. In the copying of Sir Gawayn and the Carl of Carlisle, some scholars have identified two scribes, others just one. This paper analyses different language levels within this poem with the objective of determining the likelihoods of having one or two scribes for this section of the codex. This is the first study to offer a detailed comparison between ff. 12r-22v and 23r-6r and other stints undoubtedly copied by the same scribe of 12r-22v. It presents data extracted from the manuscript which ultimately reveal different scribal patterns in the poem with respect to palaeographical and orthographic habits, although these do not signal dialectal differences in the localisation of the fragments.

Performance of an Arabic translation of the patient determined disease steps (PDDS) scale in Saudi patients with multiple sclerosis.

The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is commonly used to measure and quantify disabilities in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The patient-determined disease steps (PDDS) scale is a patient-reported measure of disability that is useful in MS. However, the Arabic version of the PDDS has only been tested in Jordanian patients. Although both populations share similar Arabic languages, it is plausible that differences in dialects and educational systems could alter the generalizability of the tool. In this prospective study, patients with MS were asked to complete a printed translated version of the (PDDS), and the results were compared to their EDSS scores, functional system scores, and walking speed measures. Patients with relapsing or progressive MS were included in the study. Spearman rho rank-order correlation coefficients (P) were used to measure the correlation between the PDDS and other variables. We considered previously reported P values > .1, .3, and .5 as small, moderate, and strong correlations, respectively. A total of 79 patients completed the study. The PDDS showed a strong correlation with the EDSS (P = .69, 95% confidence interval 0.55-0.79, P < .001). PDDS is associated with cerebellar, pyramidal, and bladder dysfunctions. It was also moderately correlated with the timed-25-foot walk test and timed-up-and-go test. The Arabic version of the PDDS performed similarly to English and other languages when tested on a cohort of patients with MS.

Comparing Malangan And Mataraman Javanese Dialect: A Case Study in The Border Area of Malang And Blitar

This study aims to observe differences in the Javanese dialect of Malangan and Mataraman and the factors that influence the phenomenon, as both dialects are spoken in the border region of Malang and Blitar. The method used in this research is qualitative, which is to provide a general description of a situation as clearly as possible without any treatment of the object under study. This research is a sociolinguistic study based on the language phenomenon that occurs in the community in the cultural border area of a ​​language, especially regarding the form of dialect differences that occur. The results suggest that the differences lie in the description markers in Ngoko Javanese. Such phenomenon is observed based on various words spoken in various situations in both regions. In addition, despite the differences of the description markers between the two dialects, the meanings behind them are not significantly different. As for the factors that make the differences between the Malangan and Mataraman dialect spoken in the Malang and Blitar border areas, they are divided into four: speakers’ habits, self-identity, region/geography, and feeling of having a different dialect/language.

The Effect of Linguistic Models of a Child's Language on His Environment

This study used a Critical Discourse Analysis approach to examine the kid dialect differences, focusing on how a child distinguishes, reacts to, and develops their model of speech about their surroundings. This paper aims to explore the concept of academic rewriting and its application in transforming user-generated text. The primary focus of this research is to examine the mechanisms by which a kid perceives and responds to variations in dialect, as well as to explore the process by which the child constructs their linguistic framework to represent their surroundings. The initial phase of language acquisition pertains to the linguistic models that children adopt. In the developmental trajectory of several children, a recurring pattern emerges wherein the sequential influence of individuals is observed as follows: first, parents exert the most influence, followed by peers, and subsequently, adults. The concept of "Peers" as role models may be categorized into four distinct life phases: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and maturity. According to Chambers (1995:151ff).

What does it mean to sound Korean-Canadian, eh? A comparative study on Canadian English vowel space

Existing research on Canadian English shows evidence of dialectal differences between regions. Not only are there differences based on region, but groups (e.g., heritage, immigrant) in these respective regions are not participating in the ongoing sound changes of Canadian English (e.g., Canadian Raising) to the same degree. In respect to sound changes, studies have found that some sounds are undergoing more drastic change than others, young female groups are usually more advanced in the progress, and that the largest heritage groups in major Canadian cities (Toronto, Vancouver, Montreal) are participating in sound changes—with some reported differences in vowel quality. This study extends the existing literature on Canadian sound changes by investigating the acoustic vowel quality of Korean heritage speakers in Vancouver. The speech of 11 monolingual Canadian English speakers and 22 Korean heritage speakers were analyzed for specific sound patterns (/u/-fronting, /æ/ raising) as well as overall vowel space area. This study finds that Korean heritage speakers also participate in the ongoing sound changes (e.g., /u/-fronting) but there are also some notable differences in their vowel acoustics, when compared to their monolingual counterparts.

Setting the Bar Behind Bars

As a continent with over 2 000 indigenous languages, Africa is complex regarding linguistic diversity. Whereas fluency in a major language is vital for communication in most bureaucratic, legislative and governmental environments, this skill is sometimes lacking in certain sensitive areas in Africa, such as prison facilities and courts. The term prisoner interpreting refers to the facilitation of communication by an interpreter between a prisoner or detainee and another party who do not share a common language; however, research regarding prisoner interpreting is currently marked by a huge hiatus. The aim of this study was to describe what prisoner interpreting in Nigeria and South Africa may entail; it was undertaken due to the lack of research in this domain. The setting is contextualised by providing background on community interpreting for prisoners and the substandard prison environment, and the necessary communicative competence required of interpreters is investigated. It was found that cultural considerations and dialectal differences are prominent factors to keep in mind when interpreting for prisoners. Power dynamics are examined, the first finding being that language status is problematic if a major language – in this case, English – is privileged above others. Moreover, it was determined that there are often large power gaps between parties. Regarding responsibility and role, it was established that parties in the interaction often have conflicting goals and the interpreter is tasked with deciding whether to comply with norms, or to challenge them. It can be deduced that prisoner interpreting in both Nigeria and in South Africa constitute unique challenges and require the community interpreter to meet a significantly high standard of expectations.

Phonological Processes in the Reang Dialect of Kokborok: A Descriptive Study

The Reang, alternatively known as ‘Bru’ is the second largest indigenous community in the north-east Indian state of Tripura. ‘Kaubru’ or ‘Reang’ as spoken by the afore mentioned group of people is one of the eight dialects of Kokborok. As a result of dialectical difference, instances of miscommunication between the native speakers of Reang and that of the other dialects of Kokborok is often noticed. The primary reason of this difference the several phonological processes which are applied by the native speakers while nativizing the actual Kokborok words. The present study promises to factor out the linguistic mechanisms that cause the dialectical differences.

Can readability formulae adapt to the changing demographics of the UK school-aged population? A study on reading materials for school-age bilingual readers

BackgroundDue to the increase bilingual population in the UK, it is imperative that reading materials are made accessible for them in and out of school. This study begins by reviewing literature on bilinguals reading comprehension competence, discussing findings and impact on limiting academic achievement. Much literature criticises readability formulae as a tool for grading reading materials. Readability formulae, for example, do not account for differences in reader's dialects and cultural backgrounds. Therefore, this study looks to identify those discrepancies and assess the effectiveness of two well-known readability formulae. It then compares these to a readability formula for bilinguals to identify any consistencies between outcomes, enabling identification of any categories or factors crucial in identifying the reading difficulty of texts for bilinguals not included in well-known readability formulae, specifically for school-aged children. Method20 randomly selected eBooks available for children aged 7-9 y were quantitatively evaluated using three readability formulae: Spache, Flesch-Kincaid and McAlpine EFLAW. FindingsBased on these results, it is inconclusive if the readability formulae are consistent with each other, as they did not appear to follow the same trend and assessed different criteria. Therefore, the findings suggest no readability formula used in this study can be confidently used on its own to successfully assess the readability of books to deem suitability for bilingual readers as it is paramount that non-text factors need to be incorporated when matching books for students. ConclusionsThis study concludes that a formula or a new set of criteria needs to be created which incorporates the salient factors affecting reading comprehension of bilinguals to best allow educators and authors to select and modify reading materials for this growing population, to increase accessibility academically, enabling best outcomes to be achieved.

&lt;em&gt;¿Va primero el verbo?&lt;/em&gt; OR &lt;em&gt;¿El sujeto va primero?&lt;/em&gt;: Subject-verb order in Latin American Spanish

This paper investigates subject-verb placement for unaccusative and unergative verbs in Spanish, focusing on syntactic, pragmatic, and sociolinguistic factors that predict placement. The study aims to answer three questions: (1) Does the unergative/unaccusative divide influence SV/VS order acceptability?, (2) What are the dialectal differences in subject placement acceptability in Spanish?, and (3) Does sentence context affect subject placement preference? The study collected data from sixty-nine Spanish speakers from the Caribbean, Chile, and Mexico, who provided 1656 acceptability ratings on sentences with different subject-verb orders. The findings indicate that both verb type and pragmatic conditions predict word preferability, with VS order preferred when the verb is unaccusative, and SV order preferred overall. The study adds to the literature by establishing the connection between argument structure and information structure and supporting the Unaccusative Hypothesis.

Preliminary examination of the Latin neuter on inscriptions

AbstractThe main goal of this paper is to provide a preliminary examination of the vulgar Latin grammatical gender system. The inscriptional evidence is studied closely to achieve this goal, this way the broad structure of the loss of the neuter can be observed and previously unknown dialectical differences can be discovered. Having done this groundwork further studies can investigate this material more thoroughly, and with a better understanding of the general features.

Dialect differences and linguistic divergence

Abstract This article presents a new type of comparative linguistic survey, analyzing (socio)linguistic variation in a database of 1,155 grammatical constructions drawn from 42 diverse languages. We focus in particular on variation in the expression of grammatical meanings, and the extent to which grammatical variation differentiates geographic dialects. This is the first study we know of to present a systematic, crosslinguistic survey of dialect differentiation. We identify three main structural types of grammatical variation—form, order, and omission—and find that in situations of close contact between dialects, where signaling of distinct group identities is more relevant, form variables are more likely to differentiate dialects than the other two types. Order and omission variables usually only differentiate dialects that have minimal contact. Our survey suggests that social signaling may have a substantial role in the divergence of grammars, and provides systematic support for previous proposals regarding convergence and divergence under contact.

The impact of dialect differences on spoken language comprehension

AbstractResearch has suggested that children who speak African American English (AAE) have difficulty using features produced in Mainstream American English (MAE) but not AAE, to comprehend sentences in MAE. However, past studies mainly examined dialect features, such as verbal -s, that are produced as final consonants with shorter durations when produced in conversation which impacts their phonetic saliency. Therefore, it is unclear if previous results are due to the phonetic saliency of the feature or how AAE speakers process MAE dialect features more generally. This study evaluated if there were group differences in how AAE- and MAE-speaking children used the auxiliary verbs was and were, a dialect feature with increased phonetic saliency but produced differently between the dialects, to interpret sentences in MAE. Participants aged 6, 5–10, and 0 years, who spoke MAE or AAE, completed the DELV-ST, a vocabulary measure (PVT), and a sentence comprehension task. In the sentence comprehension task, participants heard sentences in MAE that had either unambiguous or ambiguous subjects. Sentences with ambiguous subjects were used to evaluate group differences in sentence comprehension. AAE-speaking children were less likely than MAE-speaking children to use the auxiliary verbs was and were to interpret sentences in MAE. Furthermore, dialect density was predictive of Black participant’s sensitivity to the auxiliary verb. This finding is consistent with how the auxiliary verb is produced between the two dialects: was is used to mark both singular and plural subjects in AAE, while MAE uses was for singular and were for plural subjects. This study demonstrated that even when the dialect feature is more phonetically salient, differences between how verb morphology is produced in AAE and MAE impact how AAE-speaking children comprehend MAE sentences.

Do Regional Cultural Differences Affects the Effect of Accounting Firms’ Merger: Evidence From China

Using data of the mergers among accounting firms from 2007 to 2018 in China, this paper examines how regional cultural differences between accounting firms in different places affect audit quality after a merger. We found that the greater the regional cultural differences (proxied by dialectal difference in spoken Chinese) between the accounting firms’ registered places before the merger, the greater the improvement in audit quality of the merged accounting firm after the merger. Our research indicates that in the process of accounting firms’ mergers, the utility of cultural capital brought about by regional cultural variations exceeds cultural conflicts. The results imply that cultural differences could be potentially beneficial to firms’ mergers and acquisitions. Therefore, managers should try to make full use of cultural differences to help a newly merged firm to achieve competitive advantage and sustainable development.

An Initial Sociolinguistic Analysis of Aljouf Dialect

This paper presents an initial sociolinguistic analysis of the varieties of Saudi Arabic spoken in the Aljouf region. The main objective of the paper is to uncover some of the sociolinguistic aspects characterizing the Jouf dialect as distinct from other Arabic variants in Saudi Arabic. Word lists and interviews were used for collecting data in Aljouf and four other areas, namely Ha’il, Alhijaz, Jazan, and Alkhubar. Four other dialects were included to provide a comparative dimension for the analysis, which was expected to consolidate the findings. Students enrolled in the sociolinguistics course at Jouf University participated actively in the process of data collection. The main criteria for selecting students were an affiliation with Aljouf and the named comparable regions. Results suggest that there are clear dialectal differences between the Aljouf dialect and the four other dialects. Variations in lexical choice were found to be relatively large between regions. Specifically, the differences between the Aljouf dialect and the Jazan dialect are greater than those between the Aljouf dialect and the Ha’il dialect. Age and gender differences were found to be significant among speakers of the Aljouf dialect. The speech of men and women proved to be slightly different with regard to certain lexical choices. Men and women used certain words that were exclusive to each sex. Speech variants between young men and women were reported by a considerable number of subjects. Slang and swearing, on the other hand, were identified as characterizing the speech of young males, who tended to use these words less as they approached adulthood.