Differences In Frequency Of Use Research Articles

Disclaiming epistemic access with ‘know’ and ‘remember’ in Finnish

This article describes the denial of epistemic access through the use of the verbs tietää ‘to know’ and muistaa ‘to remember’ in Finnish conversation. The authors show that both verbs tend to occur in the first person negative form. Each verb is likely to occur in certain formulaic syntactic formats that are in turn associated with particular sequential and interactional contexts, in which they perform certain functions beyond simple denial of knowing and remembering, such as hedging and rejecting a compliment. We show that the negative-initial format for both verbs is likely to occur in responsive position and to occur without any complements, while the pronoun-initial format is less likely to occur in responsive position and more likely to be followed by complements. Both these tendencies are stronger for the verb tietää ‘to know’ than the verb muistaa ‘to remember’. The verb tietää functions as an epistemic marker and as a projective fragment in our data. The clearest tendency for the verb muistaa emerging from our data is that it often occurs in contexts of reminiscing, involving several instances of use of the verb by different participants in close succession. The formats also manifest different degrees of phonetic reduction, at least partly due to differences in frequency of use. We suggest that the use of these verbs in Finnish conversation manifests the emergent and sequentially sensitive nature of grammar, as its design is motivated by its use in human interaction.

Tailored therapy for aggressive dilatation of systemic veins and arteries may result in improved long-term Fontan circulation

switch procedure. Pulmonary artery banding is not a benign procedure, and mechanical support after surgery can be unpredictable, with the potential for significant bleeding issues as a result of anticoagulation. In this particular case, the presence of a restrictive muscular VSD provided the opportunity to stent the VSD open to allow preparation of the left ventricle. Stenting the VSD obviated the need for initial palliative surgery and allowed easy monitoring of the progress of the left ventricle. One caveat with this technique is that not all VSDs are amenable to stenting, because the risk of inducing heart block is high in the more commonly seen perimembranous type of VSD. In this reported case, the VSD was muscular, however, which made the risk of heart block low. The use of interventional cardiology procedures for initial palliation is a relatively new and promising alternative. Some groups have explored stenting of the right

Resources and Filters - Analysing the Digital Divide in a 1:1 Environment

Digital literacy is a priority of the European Commission and it is a priority for schools [17]. To bridge digital divides, schools have ongoing projects implementing ICT and developing digital skills. One way of implementing the use of ICT in education is through lesson designs that integrate ICT. The findings in this paper come from an intervention study conducted in a Swedish upper secondary school in 2013; a group of teachers designed and implemented an ICT-rich lesson design. The school have an ongoing 1:1 project i.e. every student has an individual laptop. The laptop is identified as a tool for learning in accordance to The Ecology of resource Model [10]. For this paper focus group interviews, teacher interviews and results from two student surveys were used. The results are consistent: there is a difference in frequency of use of the computer between different types of programmes, i.e. between students attending higher education preparatory programmes and vocational programmes. 34% of the students attending a higher education preparatory program answered that they use their computer at school for schoolwork every day, the corresponding percentages for the vocational programs were 3%. These results raise questions about access, use and digital divide.

학령전기 아동 성별에 따른 의미 범주별 동사 사용 비교

Objectives: The effect of gender on the word-usage is controversial. Accordingly, this study looks at the difference of verbs-usage through semantic categories in the spontaneous speech of children. Method: Speech data were collected from 64 children, age 2 to 5, without speech and language delays. And data were selected as 300 representative utterances for analysis. The verbs were divided into semantic categories based on Halliday(2004); categorized as material, mental, relational, existential, behavioral or verbal verbs(processes). We examined the number of different verb types and the frequency of their usage according to gender. Results: The results of the study are as follows: Girls showed a significant difference in frequency of use, but not verb types. Girls used more relational and behavioral verb types than boys. Conclusion: Speech language pathologists or special teacher can consult the verb type and frequency when they prioritize verbs to teach children according to gender.

Antenatal exposure to sulindac and risk of necrotizing enterocolitis

Most studies of tocolytics are underpowered to assess drug effects on rare adverse neonatal outcomes. Our aim was to optimize statistical power to assess the influence of sulindac on the rare but severe outcome of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) by performing a case-control study. A priori sample size of 78 in each group was estimated to detect a 2.5-fold increase in nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug exposure in NEC cases. Maternal-neonatal charts were reviewed from 2007 through 2012 to yield 110 NEC cases: 68 patients with confirmed NEC by Bell's stage II criteria, and 42 with suspected NEC. Cases and controls (N = 131, matched according to gestational age at delivery, plurality, and delivery date) were compared in rates of antenatal exposures to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, other tocolytics, and maternal-neonatal characteristics and complications. Cases and controls were delivered at a mean of 28 weeks. Approximately 52% of the total cohort received tocolytics (26% indomethacin, 15% sulindac, 32% calcium channel blockers, 32% beta-sympathomimetics), with no differences in frequency of use between cases and controls. While there was no difference in indomethacin exposure between cases and controls, antenatal exposure to sulindac was independently associated with increased risk of NEC (adjusted odds ratio, 5.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.38-20.57; P = .02), even after adjustment for other factors significantly associated with NEC. Our data demonstrate an adverse association of sulindac with NEC. These findings deserve further investigation and using sulindac as a tocolytic agent requires caution.

Revisiting pragmatic abilities in autism spectrum disorders

In a 2007 paper, we argued that speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) exhibit pragmatic abilities which are surprising given the usual understanding of communication in that group. That is, it is commonly reported that people diagnosed with an ASD have trouble with metaphor, irony, conversational implicature and other non-literal language. This is not a matter of trouble with knowledge and application of rules of grammar. The difficulties lie, rather, in successful communicative interaction. Though we did find pragmatic errors within literal talk, the transcribed conversations we studied showed many, many successes. A second paper reinforced our finding of a general level of success (de Villiers, Myers, and Stainton 2012). It considered differences within the class of pragmatically-inflected yet literal speech acts. The present paper carries our project forward. It overcomes some of the methodological limitations of the second paper, by increasing sample size, and looking at frequency of use rather than just seeming errors. It also includes a control sample. The emerging results are two-fold. On the one hand, there was a slight, statistically significant difference in frequency of use between our participants and the controls in four sub-categories: indexicals, possessives, polysemy and degree on a scale. In all four, the participants diagnosed with ASDs had fewer occurrences overall, relative to controls. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in error rates between ASDs and controls — not in any of the eight categories of pragmatic determinants of literal content that we coded for. The upshot is that, though there were less-preferred forms for participants with ASDs, they do very well indeed with pragmatic determinants of literal content.

Sitios utilizados por la nutria neotropical en una selva baja caducifolia en la costa de Oaxaca, México

This work was carried out in the river Copalita and Zimatán located in Huatulco within the municipalities of San Pedro Huamelula, Santiago Astata and San Miguel del Puerto in Oaxaca State. The samplings were carried out July 1999 to September 2000, identifying key areas for otters, such as resting sites and sites frequently used for sprainting. This was done by walking down the river banks, looking for any evidence of the presence of otters, such as footprints, food remains and scats, all of them were recorded. Two dens were found on Zimatán; this river was apparently preferred Copalita River, although no significant differences in frequency of use were found between these rivers. There were other organism recorded, such as raccoons, skunks, foxes, jaguaroundi, puma and jaguar. Results emphasizes the importance of protecting these areas, not only for the otter, but also for the others species that are found in this area. Key words: Dens, frequency of use, Neotropical otter, Oaxaca, scats.

Conversation tactics in persons with normal hearing and hearing-impairment

Objectives: To investigate the tactics people use when aural communication fails owing to environmental circumstances or impaired hearing. Design: Persons with different degrees of self-reported hearing impairment completed an online questionnaire constructed from items taken from the literature on communication strategies but reworded to be understood by people with normal hearing. Tactics were examined for frequency of use in two severities of impairment and between genders. All the data were then factor analysed and factor scores related to variables of relevance to communication. Study sample: A large convenience sample (n = 188) with a range of self-assessed hearing impairment from normal to profound. Results: Descriptive data revealed some differences in frequency of use in relation to severity and gender. Factor analysis yielded six clearly interpretable factors, the largest relating to disengagement (avoidance). Self-assessed impairment was chiefly associated with a speech reading tactic, negatively with environmental optimization strategies, and to a small extent with disengagement and conversation repair. Conclusions: Only the tactic of speech reading was closely associated with impaired hearing, with some evidence that females were more inclined to use it. Otherwise, all tactics were commonly employed, regardless of hearing status.

Check-all-that-apply questions: Influence of attribute order on sensory product characterization

Interest in methodologies for sensory product characterization by consumers is increasing, and check-all-that-apply questions (CATA or checklists) have gained some popularity. This research studied bias pertaining to: (i) the order in which sensory attributes are placed within a CATA question, and (ii) the order of a sensory CATA question within an extended product assessment ballot (including product-elicited emotions, purchase intention and overall liking). In three studies including 335 consumers and using fresh fruit as samples, evidence of attribute order bias was established. In each study, two ballot versions were used in a between-subjects design. Primacy effects linked to attribute salience could explain some of the results. For example, differences in frequency of use of an attribute would be higher on the ballot version where it was placed nearer to the top of the list. However, this type of bias was not sufficient to explain all observed effects. It was found that a random ordering of sensory attributes in a CATA question reduced the total frequency of usage of terms compared with when attributes were grouped with similar terms (e.g. flavour/taste terms grouped together and texture terms grouped together). Some evidence was obtained to suggest that listing sensory attributes in the order that approximate the time when they would be perceived during the course of consuming the sample is necessary unless consumers are given explicit instructions to recall all sensory perceptions and evaluate attributes on the list from that point of reference. It was also found that conclusions regarding differences between samples depended on which ballot version was used. Few order effects were uncovered when the sensory CATA question was prior to or subsequent to other product evaluations (product-elicited emotions and purchase intention). There was no significant effect on hedonic scores of the tested products linked to the attribute order within the sensory CATA question. This research can help to inform best practices in the design of CATA questions for sensory product characterization.

Longitudinal Links Between Spanking and Children’s Externalizing Behaviors in a National Sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American Families

This study examined whether the longitudinal links between mothers' use of spanking and children's externalizing behaviors are moderated by family race/ethnicity, as would be predicted by cultural normativeness theory, once mean differences in frequency of use are controlled. A nationally representative sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families (n = 11,044) was used to test a cross-lagged path model from 5 to 8 years old. While race/ethnic differences were observed in the frequency of spanking, no differences were found in the associations of spanking and externalizing over time: Early spanking predicted increases in children's externalizing while early child externalizing elicited more spanking over time across all race/ethnic groups.

QSAR in the Pharmaceutical Research Setting: QSAR Models for Broad, Large Problems

The field of quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) has evolved into an integral tool for pharmaceutical discovery. It is presently an accessible technology, as can be shown by the number papers which are easily found through PubMed literature searches. At one level, QSAR is used routinely and invisibly as an aid for the bench chemist for logP, logS, pK(a)/pK(b), metabolic stability and other such properties. Chemoinformaticians and computational chemists develop models from scratch for less routine purposes associated with lead optimization around a single target or library design around a target family such as kinase, ion channel or GPCR inhibitors. Regardless of the differences in frequency of use and the end user, any successful QSAR is successful because it rests on appropriate mathematics linking valid data and relevant descriptors. Though success is defined by the end user, the QSAR originator is well advised to validate his model and understand how it performs in different situations. The present review will cover QSAR from the ground up as it is used in pharmaceutical research environments. It will focus towards larger dataset methodologies (a minimum 100 of compounds) and by consequence will focus on 2D descriptors. It will start with the critical base of data, descriptors, equations and validation methods. It will review the broadly used and invisible QSARs for logP, pKa/pKb and metabolic stability. The review will then present progress in QSARs of broad interest which are under active development: 1) hERG liability models, 2) modeling for 2a) drug-likeness and related properties, 2b) kinase ligand likeness and 2c) GPCR ligand likeness.

The Actual Role of CT and Ventilation–Perfusion Scanning in Workup for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism: Evidence From Hospitals

Over the past two decades, CT has been found valuable in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). We sought to ascertain the relative roles of CT and ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scanning, the previously preferred technique, in the diagnosis of PE in recent practice and whether there is variation among hospital types. Using the Medicare anonymized 5% of beneficiaries complete claims file for 2005, we studied the use of relevant CT and V/Q scanning in the evaluation of patients with a diagnosis of PE and of patients with symptoms that might have been due to PE (chest pain, syncope, difficulty breathing). In 2008, we surveyed the radiology departments of Pennsylvania hospitals about the use of CT and V/Q scanning for PE, service availability hours, and what equipment was used. In all data, we found that CT was used approximately six times as frequently as V/Q scanning. In the Medicare data, only small differences in frequency of use of CT and V/Q scanning were associated with hospital characteristics. Academic hospitals did not differ in a major way from other hospitals, nor did small or rural hospitals. In the survey, 97% of radiology departments reported that CT was available for evaluation of PE 24 hours a day 7 days a week. Ninety-three percent of departments reported V/Q scanning was available at some times; 77% reported V/Q available at all times. CT was a fully disseminated and dominant technique for the diagnosis of PE by 2005, and it was readily available at small and rural hospitals. The lack of availability of off-hours V/Q scanning at a substantial fraction of hospitals may be a problem for patients with contraindications to CT.

Drug Use Among Homeless Young People in Los Angeles and Melbourne

Purpose To examine the effect of time spent homeless on young people's substance use and use of drug and alcohol services in two countries with contrasting policy and service environments. Methods A crossnational survey was conducted of recently homeless and experienced homeless young people in Melbourne (N = 674) and Los Angeles (N = 620). Questions were asked about alcohol and drug use in the past 3 months, frequency of use, injecting drug use, drug dependency, and perceived need for, and use of, drug and alcohol services. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Results Substantial numbers of young people reported use of alcohol and drugs. More Australians than Americans and more experienced than newly homeless reported drug use, although there were no differences in frequency of use in the past 3 months. Polydrug use was common, as were injecting drugs and responses that signified drug dependency. All were more common among Australians and experienced homeless young people. A substantial number of young people had “ever” taken part in a drug or alcohol program, but only a minority believed that they needed help from services. Of these, only a minority had sought help. This was particularly so among those who were classified as drug dependent. Reasons for failure to seek help varied. Conclusion Substance use is alarmingly high compared to national samples of young people, especially among those who had been homeless for longer periods. Programs to reduce substance use must take account of the prevailing drug cultures, as well as different subgroups of the population.

The Role of Consultation Clinics in Services for Children and Young People with Learning Disabilities and/or Autism.

Consultation and supervision are familiar to many professionals, and their relevance to those working with children with learning disabilities and autism is discussed. Consultation Clinics for Community Learning Disability Nurses and others were set up by a specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health team servicing an area with a general population of 750,000. They were provided by a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist, and data on their use were collected over a 16 month period. There were differences in frequency of use between nurses based in more rural teams and those in city teams. The number of children discussed increased over time, and approximately half continued to be supported by the discussant, rather than being referred to the Tier 3 service. Suggestions are made as to the possible impact and benefits, with discussion also considering the role of professional responsibilities in consultative services.

Age and gender differences in computer use and attitudes among secondary school students: what has changed?

The present study examined possible changes in the computer experience and attitudes of 11-12-year-old and 15-16-year-old students following a period in which ICT has become much more widely used in the school curriculum. In comparison with findings from a similar study undertaken in the early 1990s, there was some evidence of a reduced gender gap, particularly in the use of computers for applications such as word-processing, graphics, programming and maths. In addition, more recently introduced applications such as e-mail, accessing the internet and using CD-ROMs showed no overall gender difference in frequency of use. However, some gender differences remained, particularly in attitudes. Boys still liked computers more, were more self-confident in their use and, unlike previously, sex-typed them less than girls. They also used computers more frequently out of school, particularly for playing games. There was some evidence that, as found previously, older girls held the least positive attitudes, and it is suggested that their approach to computers may be influenced by the cultural pressures of gender stereotyping. More general age differences in use and attitudes were also found, and these may result from the different computing applications used by Year 7 and Year 11 pupils at school. In summary, although we found evidence of some change since the early 1990s, increased exposure to computes has not closed the gender gap.

Doctors' use of electronic medical records systems in hospitals: cross sectional survey

Objectives: To compare the use of three electronic medical records systems by doctors in Norwegian hospitals for general clinical tasks.Design: Cross sectional questionnaire survey. Semistructured telephone interviews with key staff...

Ethnic and gender differences in request for and use of low/non-fat foods in bag lunches.

This study examined ethnic and gender differences in frequency of use and request for low-fat or non-fat foods in bag lunches, while controlling for socioeconomic status. Questionnaires were completed by 1,678 middle school students and their parents (72% response). Ethnic distribution included White (51%), Latino (17%), Asian (11%), Multi-ethnic (11%), and African American (8%). Forty-five percent of students (N = 712, 59% female) brought lunch to school a mean of 3.6 (SD = 1.5) days per week. Boys brought lunch more often (M = 3.8 days/week vs. 3.4, respectively), yet requested less low-fat foods than girls. Whites brought lunches with the most low/non-fat items. Ethnic differences also were found in the use of seven specific bag lunch foods and whether these items were regular or low-fat. Because of ethnic and gender differences, different strategies for reducing fat in bag lunches are needed for different groups.

Measures of technology transfer effectiveness: key dimensions and differences in their use by sponsors, developers and adopters

Federally funded R&D has been viewed as a key source of advanced technologies that, if successfully transferred to the private sector, could help rebuild America's global competitiveness. The growing perception that the nation is not getting an adequate return from its federal R&D budget is accompanied by a growing demand for more measurable technology transfer results. Yet measures of technology transfer effectiveness are neither well defined nor universally accepted. This exploratory study focused on defining and describing the measures or metrics used in the process of transferring government-funded technologies to private sector firms. The paper presents an initial conceptual framework and an exploratory, empirically based taxonomy of metrics used in technology transfer. This taxonomy and specific measures were used to help determine which technology transfer metrics were used by various players across the federal technology transfer process. Individuals who played roles as either sponsors, developers or adopters of federally funded technologies were surveyed on their roles and the measures of transfer effectiveness used in their work units. The data showed statistically significant differences in frequency of use of the transfer measures by the three roles. Secondly, a broad set of measures were used in varying degrees by all roles. Most importantly, all three roles used most measures rather infrequently. Recommendations to guide future research are included. Recommendations are also made for technology transfer practitioners. >

European Management Selection Methods: A Comparison of Five Countries

There is some disagreement in the recent literature on how similar or different are the methods used to select employees in different European countries. The confusion comes about in part because different samples and questions have been used in different countries to investigate this issue, making comparison between countries very difficult. This study investigates managerial selection methods in three members of the European Community, Belgium, Germany and Italy, using the same questionnaire and sample characteristics previously used in Britain and France. This allows a direct comparison between the five countries. The samples comprised 250 companies randomly drawn from the top 1,000 in each country. Questionnaires sent to the companies asked a range of questions concerning the frequency of use of selection methods and attitudes towards their use. Results show major differences in frequency of use of different methods. Some of these differences are: British and German companies tend to use assessment centres much more often than other countries, while Germany and Italy are relatively infrequent users of psychological tests. Companies in the Flemish (Dutch speaking) part of Belgium are the most likely to use biodata, while their French speaking compatriots are similar to the French in their liking for graphology. Both Belgium and France make much less use of references than do Britain, Germany and Italy. Results suggest that harmonization of selection practice in Europe is a long way off. Habit, tradition and culture determine the choice of selection method much more than do the relative predictive validities of the techniques.

Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change

ABSTRACTWhen one form replaces another over time in a changing language, the new form does not occur equally often in all linguistic contexts. Linguists have generally assumed that those contexts in which the new form is more common are those in which the form first appears and in which it advances most rapidly. However, evidence from several linguistic changes (most importantly the rise of the periphrastic auxiliarydoin late Middle English) shows that the general assumption is false. Instead, at least for syntactic cases, change seems to proceed at the same rate in all contexts. Contexts change together because they are merely surface manifestations of a single underlying change in grammar. Differences in frequency of use of a new form across contexts reflect functional and stylistic factors, which are constant across time and independent of grammar.