Differences In Frequency Of Use Research Articles

A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Deception Detection by Neurodiverse Young Adults

Purpose: Differences in social cognition between autistic and nonautistic people may put autistic people at greater risk of being deceived. To inform communication interventions related to deception, the purposes of this mixed-methods study were to examine the deception detection strategies used by young adults with varying levels of autistic traits and to explore whether those strategies differed between groups or in terms of accuracy. Methods: Fifty-one young adults with varying levels of autistic traits watched a series of videos. For each video, the participant judged whether the recorded speaker was truthful and gave the reasoning for their judgment. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify themes in participants' stated reasons, which were used to quantitatively examine (1) between-group differences based on self-reported autistic traits and (2) theme-based differences in accuracy. Results: Thematic analysis of the open-ended responses yielded four major themes: subjective descriptions of the person, nonverbal communication, observable features of the response, and nebulous reasons. Statistical analyses indicated no significant group differences in frequency of use of the four themes. When the four themes were compared with each other, observable response features yielded significantly more accurate judgments than nonverbal communication or subjective descriptions. Discussion: Findings are discussed within the framework of speech–language pathologists' role in helping communicators determine a speaker's truthfulness, with the ultimate goal of avoiding deception and/or manipulation. Suggestions for incorporating research findings into the design of communication interventions are included.

Exploring the intersection of sexual identity and route of administration in relation to cannabis use among young adult females.

Rates of cannabis use continue to increase with sexual minority women (SMW) reporting greater use than heterosexual women. Along with these increasing trends, the routes of administration (ROA) for cannabis are evolving. The current study examined associations between cannabis ROA and frequency of use, as well as differences across sexual identity (heterosexual vs. SMW). Participants were 949 young adult (18-25 years old) women (29.8% SMW) who reported past month cannabis use and were recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Number of cannabis use days and each ROA used (joint, pipe, blunt, bong, vape, edible, and ointment) in the past 30 days were measured. Analysis of covariance models examined if sexual identity moderated the association between each ROA and cannabis use frequency. Among the full sample, joints were the most common ROA (78.6%); cannabis vaping was the most common noncombustible ROA (25.9%). SMW were more likely than heterosexual women to use each ROA except for joints. SMW who used pipes or edibles reported greater cannabis use frequency, compared to those who did not; there were no differences in frequency of use across ROA for heterosexual women. SMW may use a greater variety of ROA, potentially increasing the harms associated with cannabis. Marketing strategies targeting the sexual minority community may increase the likelihood of using various cannabis ROA and subsequent use. Findings further our knowledge about how young adult women are using cannabis, and highlight how ROA may contribute to the disparities observed among SMW.

OBILJEŽJA KORIŠTENJA SNAPCHATA KOD ZAGREBAČKIH SREDNJOŠKOLACA

CHARACTERISTICS OF »SNAPCHAT« USE AMONG ZAGREB HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS ABSTRACT In the last decade, social networks have become one of the most important »technological tools« in the lives of people around the world, used mainly by adolescents (especially girls). Currently, the most widely used ones are Snapchat, Instagram, TikTok and Facebook. This paper aims to explore the characteristics of Snapchat use among high school students in the City of Zagreb, mainly due to its great popularity, the amount of time spent on this social network, and possible psychosocial risks, mainly due to its great popularity, but also due to the lack of domestic literature in this field. A total of 825 students participated in the study (NB=404; NG=418; 3 students did not provide gender information), and the age range was from 14 to 20 years (Mage=16.65; SDage=1.208). The results show that over 80% of high school students use Snapchat, and the differences in frequency of use were found in terms of gender, age, i.e., grade, and type ofschool. Instagram, Snapchat and TikTok are the most popular social networks among Zagreb high school students, and the use of one of these networks is moderately related to the use of the others, so the resultsspeak offor a preferred and dominantsocial network that is used more often than others. In conclusion, no differences in the severity of Internet addiction were found in relation to the frequency of Snapchat use. The results obtained allow a better understanding of the characteristics of the use of thissocial network among high school students and are interpreted in the context of the current challenges of scientific research and the possibility of developing psychosocial interventions. Key words: Snapchat; social networks; adolescents; high school students; Internet addiction.

Predictors of electronic health record (EHR) portal registration and frequency of portal use among patients with cancer prior to engagement in the IMPACT Consortium symptom management trials.

419 Background: The patient portal is part of an electronic health record (EHR) that allows patients to communicate with their healthcare team. The portal also provides a platform for patients to receive and complete symptom surveys that can be directly integrated into the EHR, allowing clinical care teams to monitor symptoms and provide cancer symptom management. The Improving Management of symPtoms during And following Cancer Treatment (IMPACT) consortium, supported by the National Cancer Institute’s Cancer MoonshotSM, aims to improve symptom control for cancer patients through assessment and symptom management interventions deployed via the EHR. This initiative presents an opportunity to examine portal enrollment and variation in use, factors critical to successful implementation, especially among groups that have high cancer symptom burden. To this end, we examine: 1) relationships between portal enrollment prior to the launch of IMPACT interventions and neighborhood broadband access, demographic, and social characteristics; and 2) frequency of pre-intervention portal use for any purpose among enrollees. Methods: Data are derived from two of three IMPACT research centers. Enrollment in and frequency of portal use, mode of accessing the portal (web vs. phone), social, demographic, and cultural factors were extracted from the EHR. Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes were used to classify population density and degree of rurality. Broadband access was estimated using 2015-2019 American Community Survey estimates matched to zip codes from enrolled IMPACT patients and classified as a patient’s residence being in a community with high (≥85% of households) or low (< 85% of households) access. Bivariate comparisons and adjusted odds ratios were used to describe all associations. Results: Forty-seven percent of patients (22,596/48,034) were enrolled in the portal prior to the intervention. Patients in zip codes with low broadband access and those who were men, > 65 years old, not White, of Hispanic ethnicity, or disabled or not employed had significantly lower odds of being enrolled in the portal. If enrolled, 21% (n = 4825) used the portal at least once a week. Less variation was found in the average frequency of portal use, but patients younger than 40, and those who were Black, disabled, unemployed, or those who used a mobile device to access the portal had the lowest odds of accessing it at least once a week. Conclusions: Significant disparities in portal enrollment exist across demographic groups and among those with limited broadband access. Among those enrolled, most used the portal less than once a week. Fewer differences in frequency of use were observed by sociodemographic factors. Improving portal enrollment and frequency of use may be critical for symptom management interventions deployed via patient portals.

Exploration of the patient’s voice

Diabetes self-management is a complex process in which individuals are asked to modify established health behaviors. Healthcare providers are instrumental in enhancing individual self-management and are encouraged to consider the patient perspective, often expressed indirectly. Using multidimensional analysis, this study analyzed talk to compare linguistic features used by adherent and non-adherent individuals with diabetes. In-depth telephone interviews were conducted with 108 individuals. Recruitment was stratified by sex, race and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) score. Interviewer contributions were removed from the transcripts, leaving only the participants’ contributions. Using A1C score (?7%, >7%) the texts were divided into adherent and non-adherent datasets. Based on computer-assisted, quantitative analysis, ten linguistic features had a significant difference in frequency of use between the two groups. The participants in the adherent group used a greater frequency of linguistic features related to personal stance than the non-adherent group, and these expressions of personal stance were considered in relation to the participant’s sense of agency. A better understanding of the way in which different subsets of individuals talk about diabetes self-management would facilitate greater healthcare provider understanding of the patient’s perspective during clinical encounters to improve adherence.

My social network: Group differences in frequency of use, active use, and interactive use on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter

The goal of this study is to understand the differences in scope and patterns of frequency of use and interactive and active consumption on three leading social media platforms, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter [1]. A representative sample of 501 participants completed an online survey. Of all participants, 95% had a Facebook account, 70% had an Instagram account, and 26% had a Twitter account at the time of the survey. The study found that gender, age, status, and education can predict the frequency of overall use, active use, and interactive use of social media. The findings are explained by the symbolic interactionism approach: Although it might seem that traditional role norms would be maintained on social media, social platforms appear to offer members of disadvantaged social groups, such as women, singles, younger adults, and less educated individuals an opportunity to affiliate with a large group that shares their cultural codes.

Where you look and how far you go: The relationship between attentional styles and running performance

We investigated associations between use of visual attention-based styles and running performance. In one quasi-experimental study, we measured self-reported frequency of use of narrow and wide attentional scope during short and long distance runs among individuals competing in foot races. We found that runners reported using wide attention more often than narrow attention in competition; this may be the case more so during long compared to short runs. Preliminary evidence suggests such differences in frequency of use of wide and narrow attention emerged among individuals who routinely ran more rather than fewer miles per week. We discuss implications for visual attention-based interventions to improve exercise for individuals outside of competition.

FREQUÊNCIA E O PROCESSAMENTO DOS CLÍTICOS DE 2SG

Neste estudo, apresento os resultados de um experimento de leitura de frases com rastreador ocular, através do qual analisei o processamento dos clíticos acusativos de 2ª pessoa do singular. Os objetivos desta investigação eram observar como falantes do português brasileiro processam a referência ao interlocutor a partir dos clíticos te, lhe e o/a e verificar se a percepção desses pronomes é influenciada pelas diferenças existentes na frequência de uso. Como referencial teórico, adoto os pressupostos da Linguística Centrada no Uso (BYBEE, 2007; DIVJAK; CALDWELL-HARRIS, 2015). Os resultados sustentam a hipótese de correlação entre uso e cognição: o clítico te, que é o pronome mais frequentemente encontrado nos dados de corpora, foi a forma que demandou menor custo de processamento aos participantes durante a tarefa experimental.

Importance-performance analysis of residents' and tourists’ preferences for water-based recreation in the Southeastern United States

Increasing demand for water-based recreation comes with the need for recreation site managers to consider how to best satisfy different stakeholder groups. However, much of the previous water-based recreation literature has treated resident users and tourist users as one homogeneous group despite differences in frequency of use, proximity to site, and economic importance of visitation to the local economy. Hence, this study segmented residents from tourists and conducted separate importance performance analyses (IPA) to see if these two distinct groups have different preferences for and perceptions of stream-access sites in southeast Appalachia. Data were collected using an intercept survey method across ten different Tennessee Valley Authority stream-access sites in north Georgia and western North Carolina. Independent samples t-tests reveal significant differences between residents and tourists on 10 of the 23 importance attributes and performance attributes. The IPAs reveal different quadrant placements for 9 of the 23 attributes. Specifically, tourists expressed greater dissatisfaction with information accessibility such as online information and river maps, and residents tended to place higher importance on the boating aspects of stream-access sites with higher levels of importance placed on attributes such as ramps, put in and take out sites, and room to maneuver trailers, illustrating the efficacy of segmenting residents and tourists within the context of IPA. Implications include management aims addressing both residents' and tourists’ preferences for stream-access sites to simultaneously enhance regional tourism for its economic benefits while enriching the experiences of residents.

What Can Discourse Markers Tell Us about Genres and Vice Versa? A Corpus-Driven Study of French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB)

This paper focuses on the use of three discourse markers—namely list buoys, palm‑up and same—across genres in French Belgian Sign Language. Our sample contains argumentative, explanatory, metalinguistic and narrative dialogues produced by six signers. We present a functional description of the three discourse markers and their distribution across genres. palm-up and same are highly polyfunctional, whereas list buoys express fewer functions in the dataset. In our sample, there are few differences in frequency of use of the three discourse markers and their functions across genres.

Comparative Advertising of Services

A review of the research devoted to services advertising and comparative advertising revealed few studies on the comparative advertising of services. The research findings reported here confirm that services advertisers in the U.S. frequently employ comparative television advertising and that there has likely been an increase in its use since the 1970s. Other findings such as the difference in frequency of use by services versus product advertisers, the extent to which services advertisers include substantiation in their commercials, and the extent to which comparative advertising is used by the advertisers of different types of services—are also reported. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed, as are recommendations for future research.

Insight into Gender Effect on EFL Writing Strategies in the Narrative and Expository Genres: A Case Study of Multilingual College Students in Morocco

Research on gender and writing strategies in English as a foreign language (EFL) is scarce. This study investigates whether Moroccan male and female undergraduates use similar or different writing strategies when composing essays in the narrative and expository genres. Using think-aloud as a main research tool, a questionnaire, and retrospective interviews, the researcher collected data pertaining to male and female students’ strategy use and cognitive processes while writing in EFL. The analysis of 64 think-aloud protocols revealed Moroccan undergraduates’ use of a variety of writing strategies in terms of type and frequency. Both main types and subtypes of writing strategies emerged. Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that each gender group used some writing strategies more frequently than the other group; however, this difference in frequency of use was not statistically significant. In addition, the interaction of gender, writing strategy use, and discourse type yielded a significant difference in the use of the strategy of codeswitching only (i.e., language switch). On the other hand, the qualitative analysis of the protocols and interviews revealed a large variation between males and females in the use of the twelve strategies under investigation, together with overall writing behaviors. These strategies shall be presented together with recommendations for teaching composition in the EFL classroom.

Measuring Perceived Usability: SUS, UMUX, and CSUQ Ratings for Four Everyday Products

ABSTRACTThis research continued previous investigation of the relationships among measures of perceived usability: the System Usability Scale (SUS), three metrics derived from the Usability Metric for User Experience (UMUX), and the Computer System Usability Questionnaire (CSUQ), this time with ratings of four everyday products (Excel, Word, Amazon, and Gmail). SUS ratings of these products were generally consistent with previous reports. Significant differences in SUS means across studies could be due to differences in frequency of use, with implications for using these data as usability benchmarks. Correspondence among the various measures of perceived usability was also consistent with previous research. Considering frequency of use, mean differences ranged from -2.0 to 1.8 (average shift in Sauro-Lewis grade range from -0.6 to 0.8). When SUS scores were above average, the range restriction of the UMUX-LITEr led to relatively large discrepancies with SUS, suggesting it might not always be better than unadjusted UMUXLITE.

Seasonal Use of Railways by Wildlife

Despite the rapid advancements in the field of road ecology, very little research has been done in railway ecology. Basic research, such as railway use by wildlife, is relatively undocumented, albeit very important in understanding the potential negative and positive effects of railways on wildlife and ecosystems. We provide one of the first studies documenting wildlife railway use using motion-triggered cameras along a 20 km stretch of railway in Ontario. Our objectives were to develop a much-needed baseline understanding of railway use by endemic wildlife species, investigate differences in frequency of use among species, compare diurnal versus nocturnal use, and determine if railway use by wildlife was uniform or spatially varied. We found a significant proportion of medium-to-large resident mammalian fauna and several avian species non-uniformly using the studied railway. Some species used the railway as a travel corridor, while others appeared to use it incidentally. Diel and seasonal patterns of use were apparent for many species. Our findings emphasize the importance of species-specific investigations of railway ecology. The collection of baseline information on railway use by wildlife is critical in view of the dearth of available data, and we highly encourage further research in all aspects of wildlife–railway ecology.

Can native-speaker corpora help explain L2 acquisition of tense and aspect?

Abstract This study investigates the distributional patterns of verb form frequencies in the Spanish past tense (the Preterit and the Imperfect) in the Corpus del Español (Davies, 2002). Following a usage-based approach, we examine the potential influence of input frequency as a driving factor in L2 learning. Results provide support for the existence of a distributional bias in L1 Spanish, with several telic predicates more often occurring in the Preterit and several atelic predicates in the Imperfect. Results also demonstrate that the distribution of verbs in the Preterit and the Imperfect is Zipfian, with the most frequent verbs overall accounting for the majority of all the tokens. Finally, an analysis of the different meanings of the Imperfect demonstrates clear differences in frequency of use with the continuous meaning as the most frequently expressed meaning, followed by habituality and progressivity. Implications for research and teaching are discussed.

Alcohol and Marijuana use in Undergraduate Males: Between- and Within-Person Associations with Interpersonal Conflict.

Among college students, interpersonal conflict with others is a common, yet stressful negative interpersonal experience. Research suggests that drinking episodes may contribute to the occurrence of conflict. Marijuana use, independently or in conjunction with alcohol, may also influence the likelihood of subsequent conflict. We considered the temporal effects of independent and simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use episodes on the occurrence of interpersonal conflict. Use of multilevel modeling allowed us to distinguish the within-person effects of substance use from between-person differences in frequency of use. Within a sample of 427 college freshman males over 56 days of daily reports, we examined the independent and interactive effects of episodes of alcohol and marijuana on the odds of conflict within the next 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4 hours. Multilevel modeling analyses showed that drinking episodes increased the likelihood of conflict occurring within the next 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. Marijuana had weaker positive effects, significant only within the 2 hour window. There were no alcohol by marijuana interaction effects in any analysis. Both marijuana and alcohol independently increased the likelihood of interpersonal conflict; however, the marijuana effect appeared less robust. As marijuana use becomes more normative and accessible for college students, it is important to understand the extent to which marijuana use results in negative consequences and the contexts under which these effects unfold.

Marijuana use and associated motives in Colorado university students.

Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug among college students, with heavy use leading to negative outcomes. Use of marijuana for medical and recreational purposes in select U.S. states has been controversial, with concerns surrounding increased prevalence rates and harm. The current exploratory study aimed to assess marijuana use in college students in Colorado, demographic differences in frequency of use, and motives for using. College students (N = 300; 61% female) were recruited through introductory psychology courses and completed a series of questionnaires and a marijuana urine screen. Almost three-fourths of the sample reported lifetime use of marijuana. Sixty-five percent used marijuana within the last year and 29% tested positive on the urine screen. Hurdle Poisson regression models with a subset of participants (n = 117) showed non-Greek and freshman status were associated with increased number of days participants used marijuana in the last month. Problem marijuana use was positively associated with a range of motives-of note-motives focused on coping, boredom, alcohol, and food. Prevalence rates of marijuana use were high in this sample of college students in a state with legal recreational marijuana use. Particular students (eg, students who use marijuana to cope) may be at higher risk for problem marijuana use. Developing effective, tailored interventions for university students is warranted. (Am J Addict 2017;26:830-837).

Frequency of use of the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10 diagnostic categories for mental and behavioural disorders across world regions.

The study aimed to examine variations in the use of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) diagnostic categories for mental and behavioural disorders across countries, regions and income levels using data from the online World Psychiatric Association (WPA)-World Health Organization (WHO) Global Survey that examined the attitudes of psychiatrists towards the classification of mental disorders. A survey was sent to 46 psychiatric societies which are members of WPA. A total of 4887 psychiatrists participated in the survey, which asked about their use of classification, their preferred system and the categories that were used most frequently. The majority (70.1%) of participating psychiatrists (out of 4887 psychiatrists) reported using the ICD-10 the most and using at least one diagnostic category once a week. Nine out of 44 diagnostic categories were considerably variable in terms of frequency of use across countries. These were: emotionally unstable personality disorder, borderline type; dissociative (conversion) disorder; somatoform disorders; obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol; adjustment disorder; mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of cannabinoids; dementia in Alzheimer's disease; and acute and transient psychotic disorder. The frequency of use for these nine categories was examined across WHO regions and income levels. The most striking differences across WHO regions were found for five out of these nine categories. For dissociative (conversion) disorder, use was highest for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) and non-existent for the WHO African Region. For mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol, use was lowest for EMRO. For mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of cannabinoids, use was lowest for the WHO European Region and the WHO Western Pacific Region. For OCD and somatoform disorders, use was lowest for EMRO and the WHO Southeast Asian Region. Differences in the frequency of use across income levels were statistically significant for all categories except for mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol. The most striking variations were found for acute and transient psychotic disorder, which was reported to be more commonly used among psychiatrists from countries with lower income levels. The differences in frequency of use reported in the current study show that cross-cultural variations in psychiatric practice exist. However, whether these differences are due to the variations in prevalence, treatment-seeking behaviour and other factors, such as psychiatrist and patient characteristics as a result of culture, cannot be determined based on the findings of the study. Further research is needed to examine whether these variations are culturally determined and how that would affect the cross-cultural applicability of ICD-10 diagnostic categories.

Use of Corporal Punishment in Relation to Institutional and Personal Variables of Teachers

Corporal punishment is ingrained in schools worldwide as a normal disciplinary measure despite the legal ban on it in around 125 countries and India is one of these. Studies and media reports have shown a high prevalence rate (around 40% to 99.9%) across different parts of India. The unequal rate of punishment may be associated with school contexts. Therefore, it was intended to identify those institutional variables and teachers characteristics which determine the difference in the rate of use of corporal punishment. For this, data was collected from 202 teachers from 84 schools of Punjab. Results indicate that institutional variable such as school type, its location, organizational climate and personal variables of teachers, namely, their gender, marital status teaching experience, job satisfaction of teachers cause a difference in frequency of use of corporal punishment by teachers in schools. In this paper, the probable factors associated with these variables have also been explored.

Disclaiming epistemic access with ‘know’ and ‘remember’ in Finnish

This article describes the denial of epistemic access through the use of the verbs tietää ‘to know’ and muistaa ‘to remember’ in Finnish conversation. The authors show that both verbs tend to occur in the first person negative form. Each verb is likely to occur in certain formulaic syntactic formats that are in turn associated with particular sequential and interactional contexts, in which they perform certain functions beyond simple denial of knowing and remembering, such as hedging and rejecting a compliment. We show that the negative-initial format for both verbs is likely to occur in responsive position and to occur without any complements, while the pronoun-initial format is less likely to occur in responsive position and more likely to be followed by complements. Both these tendencies are stronger for the verb tietää ‘to know’ than the verb muistaa ‘to remember’. The verb tietää functions as an epistemic marker and as a projective fragment in our data. The clearest tendency for the verb muistaa emerging from our data is that it often occurs in contexts of reminiscing, involving several instances of use of the verb by different participants in close succession. The formats also manifest different degrees of phonetic reduction, at least partly due to differences in frequency of use. We suggest that the use of these verbs in Finnish conversation manifests the emergent and sequentially sensitive nature of grammar, as its design is motivated by its use in human interaction.