Diesel Exhaust Gas Research Articles

Investigation of emission and performance analysis of honne oil in VCR diesel engine

The world is facing two serious problems: energy crises and pollution. The daily increase in industrialization and the number of automobiles is the reason for these two problems. This work focus on to analyse the performance characteristics and emission parameters of the diesel engine for the blend of calophyllum inophyllum (Honne oil) Biodiesel blend (B10, B20 and B30) and Also find out how they affect the performance of the I.C Engine. While testing, the compression ratio of the engine was in the range of 15 to 18. Then speed of the engine is constant (1500 rpm). In conventional diesel engines and exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (Nox), hydrocarbons (HC) has been reduced. Considering that, by using this hybrid system, the thermal performance and the emission system must be investigated.

Impact of High-Voltage Discharge After-Treatment Technology on Diesel Engine Particulate Matter Composition and Gaseous Emissions.

Diesel particulate matter (DPM) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are the emissions from diesel engines (compression ignition engines) of the most concern and are currently strictly regulated. In this work, we present an alternative diesel emission control technique to assist in further emission reduction. An experiment-oriented study on diesel engine emission abatement using low-power, low-frequency, high-voltage discharge (HVD) treatment was carried out in a laboratory-scale reactor with whole diesel engine exhaust gas. A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor was used in direct contact with diesel exhaust gas at atmospheric temperature with an input energy density between 200 and 400 J/L. An investigation of the direct effect of the high-voltage discharge reactor on the diesel exhaust gas treatment was carried out to characterize both diesel particle and gaseous emissions. The proposed HVD system demonstrated up to 95% particulate matter reduction by mass or 64% reduction by number, and 63% reduction of the diesel soot particle geometrical mean diameter by HVD-generated O3 oxidation. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the significant change in the diesel soot compositions and oxidation characteristics. HVD-treated particulate matter demonstrated a lower reactivity in comparison to untreated soot. Gas composition analysis indicated the generation of free radicals (e, O, OH, O3, and N) by the HVD system, as mainly indicated by the increase of the NO2/NO ratio and concentration of CO and O2. The pattern of CO2 reduction while CO and O2 increased indicated the dissociation of CO2 by HVD. Free radicals generated by HVD directly affected DeNO, DeNOx, NO2/NO ratio, and CO and CO2 selectivities.

The effects of exercise training on the lungs and cardiovascular function of animals exposed to diesel exhaust particles and gases

Air pollution has been identified as one of the main environmental risks to health. Since exercise training seems to act as an anti-inflammatory modulator, our hypothesis is that exercise training prevents damage to respiratory and cardiovascular function caused by diesel exhaust particle (DEP) exposure. This study aimed to evaluate whether aerobic exercise training prior to DEP exposure prevents inflammatory processes in the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems. Therefore, BALB/C male mice were or were not submitted to a 10-week exercise training protocol (5×/week, 1 h/d), and after four weeks, they were exposed to DEP in a chamber with 24 μg/m3 PM2.5 or filtered air. Heart rate variability, lung mechanics and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, cytokines and polymorphonuclear cells in the lung parenchyma were evaluated. Exposure to DEPs reduced heart rate variability and the elastance of the respiratory system and increased the number of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes, the density of polymorphonuclear cells and the proportion of collagen fibres in the lung parenchyma. Additionally, DEP-exposed animals showed increased expression of IL-23 and IL-12p40 (proinflammatory cytokines) and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Exercise training avoided the increases in all these inflammatory parameters, except the elastance of the respiratory system, the amount of collagen fibres and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Additionally, trained animals showed increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ra. Although our data showed a reduction in proinflammatory markers and an increase in markers of the anti-inflammatory pathway, these changes were not sufficient to prevent damage to the lung and cardiovascular function induced by DEPs. Based on these data, we propose that aerobic exercise training prevents the lung inflammatory process induced by DEPs, although it was not sufficient to avoid chronic damage, such as a loss of lung function or cardiovascular events.

Development of the integrated IKTS-MADI complex for design and research of common rail fuel systems of diesel engines with electronic control

Further tightening of environmental rules and standards regulating the content of toxic substances in diesel exhaust gases, accompanied by an increase in the requirements for their fuel efficiency, creates prerequisites for the creation of Russian common rail fuel systems (CR). The performance of this task is possible with the use of new engineering solutions in combination with computational and experimental research methods implemented on the basis of the integrated computational and experimental complex IKTS-MADI. The complex consists of computing and research components. The computing component of the IKTS-MADI allows calculating the working processes of the entire high-pressure line when the high-pressure fuel pump (HPFP), rail and electro-hydraulic common rail injectors (CRI) work together, taking into account the influence of wave phenomena on the distribution of injection parameters across diesel cylinders. Obtaining new data to expand the library of existing technical solutions and testing of fuel equipment samples designed using mathematical modeling are carried out on the research component of IKTS-MADI. The CR and its components are tested together with the control system (control unit, sensors and wiring harnesses). The injection characteristics required for calculating the diesel operating process are recorded.

STUDI PERHITUNGAN ALAT PENUKAR KALOR TIPE SHELL AND TUBE DENGAN MENGUNAKAN POLONOMIAL PANGKAT 4 (EMPAT)

To reduce production costs , designing a heat exchanger in advance is very effective than buying a ready - made exchanger . This design is in the form of dimensions of a shell and tube type heat exchanger using the polonomial power 4 calculation method and the calculation analysis method using the Exel program. Calculation of the dimensions of this heat exchanger aims to simplify the design and manufacture of heat exchangers. The heat exchanger designed is a shell and tube type heat exchanger which is widely used in Garment or Textile Companies in Pekalongan. The heat generated from the Diesel Exhaust Gas is 250 C - 300 C, where the exhaust gas originating from the Diesel is channeled to the heat exchanger so that the hot air released to the dryer has a temperature of 70C and the capacity of the dryer is 36 kg. /1 hour and Q = 1098 W and a temperature of 70 oC, so that the design of a heat exchanger is needed to circulate the hot air that has been raised in temperature. The exhaust gas that comes from PLTD with a mass flow rate of 2.72 kg/s, the design of a heat exchanger with shell and pipe type, where the flue gas heat flows through the shell and air through the pipe. Keywords: Heat Exchanger, Power Polonomial, DimensionKeywords: Heat Exchanger, Power Polonomial, Dimension

Synergy of NTP-La1-xAgxMn1-yCoyO3-δ Hybrid for Soot Catalytic Combustion at Low Temperature

Ag and Co co-doped La1-xAgxMn1-yCoyO3-δ perovskites were prepared by the citric acid sol–gel method. The maximum solubility of Ag+ in LaMnO3 decreased with the increase of Co doped in B-site, which lead to the exsolution of excess Ag+ from A-site of perovskite. The exsolution progress is more favorable to the formation of uniform and stable Ag nanoparticles on the perovskite substrate. The non-thermal plasma (NTP) assisted La1-xAgxMn1-yCoyO3-δ for soot catalytic combustion had been investigated under diesel exhaust gas conditions. When La1-xAgxMn1-yCoyO3-δ was utilized as the catalyst without NTP, the soot could hardly be oxidized at 200 °C. However, when La1-xAgxMn1-yCoyO3-δ was combined with NTP, the efficiency of soot removal was dramatically improved. The NTP-La0.5Ag0.5Mn0.8Co0.2O3-δ hybrid had the highest soot removal efficiency and CO2 selectivity. The combination of NTP and La1-xAgxMn1-yCoyO3-δ could form a synergistic catalytic effect, which significantly promoted the combustion of soot at low temperature. The results of characterization and experiments indicated that the synergistic catalytic performance depended on the coordination of short-living species in plasma, adsorbed oxygen and Ag nanoparticles on surface of La1-xAgxMn1-yCoyO3-δ. Based on these results, the reaction mechanism of plasma-catalyst hybrid for soot catalytic combustion was proposed.

Investigation of the effective performance of diesel engines running on methanol and rapeseed oil methyl ether

Currently, diesels are widely used as a power plant for the global automotive and tractor fleet. Undoubtedly, this cannot but affect the depletion of the world’s fossil fuel reserves and the rise in prices for oil and petroleum products. On the other hand, due to the constant increase in the number of power plants and the deteriorating environmental situation, it is no less important to maintain the required level of purity of diesel (D) exhaust gases (EG). This raises the question of finding new alternative energy sources and using them in existing engines. An important task in this case is to maintain the power and economic indicators at the level corresponding to the serial engine. The paper presents the results of studies of the working process of D using methanol (M) and rapeseed oil methyl ether (ROME). The minimum ignition portion of rapeseed oil methyl ether is set, which ensures stable operation of the D both at low loads and at idle, and over the entire load characteristic. The required composition of biofuels for the D under study is determined and recommended as optimal. The effective parameters of the D under load conditions when operating on M and ROME are studied in detail. At the same time, experimental characteristics of the effective indicators of a D running on these alternative fuels are established.

Prospects for using combined low-power fluidized bed installations for heat supply of departmental and municipal facilities

The article presents the scheme and principle of operation of a combined fluidized bed unit with re-utilization of heat from exhaust gases of a diesel generator and indicates the requirements for the functioning and operation of these types of installations. It presents theoretical and experimental graphs of the required volumes of air replacement with diesel exhaust gases in nominal and fractional modes, fuel economy, transients of changes in the fluidized bed temperature from time to time when various disturbing effects are applied.

Urban allergy review: Allergic rhinitis and asthma with plane tree sensitization (Review).

Respiratory allergies represent a major public health issue in the modern world. Pollens are among the most significant causes of seasonal allergic rhinitis, with pollens of wind-pollinated trees representing an important cause. Members of the Platanaceae family (Platanus acerifolia, Platanus orientalis) are well-recognized sources of allergenic pollens worldwide, due to their high capacity of sensitization and widespread usage as ornamental urban trees. Air pollution, characteristic to all important urban conglomerates in the world and provoked by diesel exhaust gases, industrial and domestic fumes, and biogenic volatile organic compounds represents another major public health issue. Plane trees, along with other species of trees, are one of the main sources of volatile compounds. Recent studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between air pollution and respiratory allergies, with airway chemical compounds intensifying the capacity of sensitization to allergenic pollens. This study presents an overview of the known negative elements on public health of the Platanus family.

The issue of improving the efficiency of nitrogen oxide neutralization systems in diesel internal combustion engines

The most effective method of reducing nitrogen oxides in diesel exhaust gas is selective purification by the SCR-NH3 method. The method uses ammonia released during thermolysis and hydrolysis of a urea solution when it is injected through a nozzle into a neutralizer. This method has a relatively low efficiency of cleaning the exhaust gas from nitrogen oxides. The main factor hindering the achievement of high efficiency of the NOx neutralization system is the insufficiently high temperature during the implementation of this process. The article analyzes various ways to increase the efficiency of the neutralization process and proposes a new method for neutralizing NOx by using urea injection into the cylinders of the internal combustion engine at the expansion stroke in a diesel internal combustion engine. Efficiency can be achieved due to a higher exhaust gas temperature in the cylinder of the internal combustion engine and an increase in the time of the process of thermolysis and hydrolysis of urea. The kinetics of the decomposition of nitrogen oxides, the process of NH3 oxidation, and the calculation of temperature conditions in the cylinder of a diesel internal combustion engine at the exhaust cycle are considered. The experience of neutralization of NOx contained in the flue gases of thermal power plants, where NOx purification takes place at high temperatures without the use of a catalyst, is analyzed. It is shown that the modernization of the SCR-NH3 process, due to the injection of urea at the exhaust stroke in a diesel internal combustion engine, will simplify the existing method of NOx neutralization and at the same time obtain additional advantages for a modern high-speed engine.

Atmospheric Pressure Plasma for Diesel Particulate Matter Treatment: A Review

The purification of diesel exhaust gas is of great importance to prevent the atmospheric emission of major pollutants such as diesel particulate matter and nitrogen oxides and meet the environmental regulations. The atmospheric-pressure plasma is attracting increasing interest and is a promising after-treatment technology for purifying diesel emission at low temperatures. However, when compared with the numerous publications on nitrogen oxides reduction by non-thermal plasma, using non-thermal plasma to particulate matter treatment have relatively limited. This work provides a comprehensive review of the plasma applications for diesel particulate matter treatment, including self-regenerating diesel particulate filter, diesel particulate matter removal, and simultaneous removal of diesel particulate matter and nitrogen oxides. The treatment of particulate matter from both simulated particulate matter sources and actual diesel engines also discussed in this comprehensive review. The challenge to this technology is limited energy consumption for plasma, which should be less than 5% (~30 J/L) of the overall fuel consumption. Until now, the atmospheric-pressure plasma has been no commercial implementation in diesel exhaust gas treatment, so more research is needed to be done in this field.

Investigation of low-temperature performances of hybrid catalysts with different chain length OHC reductants

ABSTRACT In the present work, NO x conversion efficiency of the hybrid catalysts at low temperatures was investigated. ANP-TVM and ANP-TVC-TVM hybrid catalysts for OHC-SCR performance were prepared by the impregnation method. The properties of catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The NO x conversion ratios with real diesel exhaust gases were performed using oxygenated hydrocarbon reductants such as ethanol, propanol, n-butanol and n-penthanol. Performances of the hybrid catalysts at different engine loads and low temperatures were investigated. It was determined that ANP-TVC-TVM gave better results at all temperatures and loads. In general, the performance of ANP-TVC-TVM hybrid catalyst was superior with ethanol reductant except for at 1 kW engine load. The maximum NO x conversion ratio was 90.6% on the ANP-TVC-TVM hybrid catalyst with n-butanol at 1 kW engine load and 300°C.

A Study on the High Load Operation of a Natural Gas-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine

Diesel fueled compression ignition engines are widely used in power generation and freight transport owing to their high fuel conversion efficiency and ability to operate reliably for long periods of time at high loads. However, such engines generate significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) emissions. One solution to reduce the CO2and particulate matter emissions of diesel engines while maintaining their efficiency and reliability is natural gas (NG)-diesel dual-fuel combustion. In addition to methane emissions, the temperatures of the diesel injector tip and exhaust gas can also be concerns for dual-fuel engines at medium and high load operating conditions. In this study, a single cylinder NG-diesel dual-fuel research engine is operated at two high load conditions (75% and 100% load). NG fraction and diesel direct injection (DI) timing are two of the simplest control parameters for optimization of diesel engines converted to dual-fuel engines. In addition to studying the combined impact of these parameters on combustion and emissions performance, another unique aspect of this research is the measurement of the diesel injector tip temperature which can predict potential coking issues in dual-fuel engines. Results show that increasing NG fraction and advancing diesel direct injection timing can increase the injector tip temperature. With increasing NG fraction, while the methane emissions increase, the equivalent CO2emissions (cumulative greenhouse gas effect of CO2and CH4) of the engine decrease. Increasing NG fraction also improves the brake thermal efficiency of the engine though NOx emissions increase. By optimizing the combustion phasing through control of the DI timing, brake thermal efficiencies of the order of ∼42% can be achieved. At high loads, advanced diesel DI timings typically correspond to the higher maximum cylinder pressure, maximum pressure rise rate, brake thermal efficiency and NOx emissions, and lower soot, CO, and CO2-equivalent emissions.

Non-catalytic gas phase NO oxidation in the presence of decane

Experiments without a catalyst revealed that NO was oxidized in a diesel exhaust gas phase mixture due to the presence of n-C10H22 (decane). This reaction was observed to occur following the low temperature oxidation catalyst test protocol (LTC-D) defined by U.S. DRIVE. The purpose of LTC-D conditions is to simulate an aftertreatment diesel combustion gas mixture in order to test candidate catalyst materials. 100% NO conversion was observed, without a catalyst, after beginning to react at 330 °C accompanied by consumption of decane. After experiments that isolated hydrocarbons, ethylene was also observed to facilitate NO oxidation to a lesser degree (>470 °C). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were conducted to investigate thermodynamically-possible initiating elementary steps during n-C10H22 consumption and NO oxidation. Two feasible intermediate radicals to oxidize NO to NO2 are ·C10H21O2 and ·HO2.

Study on Electrostatic Precipitator for Diesel Exhaust Gas - Composition and Electrical Resistivity of Marine Diesel Exhaust Particulates

Study on Electrostatic Precipitator for Diesel Exhaust Gas - Composition and Electrical Resistivity of Marine Diesel Exhaust Particulates

Study on the Effect of Different Preparation Methods on the Performance ofAgCl/Al2O3 Catalyst Used for Diesel Exhaust Treatment

In this study, AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by the impregnation method to remove NOx in diesel exhaust gas, so as to achieve the purpose of purifying exhaust gas. The AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst is a kind of hydrocarbons selective catalytic reduction (HC-SCR) catalyst. The HC-SCR catalyst uses the unsaturated hydrocarbons and the oxygencontaining derivatives of the hydrocarbons as reducing agents to convert harmful NOx in the exhaust gas into N2. This kind of catalyst belongs to Ag type catalyst, and because of its simple preparation conditions, low cost and good catalytic activity of this catalyst, AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst is worth studying. in this research, the catalysts were prepared under four different conditions by changing the adding order of NH4Cl, AgNO3 and γ-Al2O3, as well as the drying and sintering times, and through the HC-SCR test that the working environment of the catalyst in diesel exhaust gas is simulated by introducing the gas into the device equipped with the catalyst and heating, then the relationship between the NOx conversion rate and the temperature was obtained. According to the result, it is found that the NOx removal rate of the four catalysts is close to 100% at 350°C to 400°C. The catalyst obtained by condition C and condition D maintains a high conversion rate of NOx in a wide temperature range. At the same time, the catalyst under condition D has good reproducibility after repeated heating and cooling experiments, therefore this catalyst is considered to have good application prospects.

IMPLEMENTATION ON THE BASIS OF A MICROTUNNEL OF THE DYNAMIC CONTROL METHOD OF PARTICULATE MATTER CONCENTRATION IN THE EXHAUST GASES OF DIESEL ENGINES

Modern methods of dynamic control of particulate matter emissions from diesel engine exhaust gases are analyzed. The principles of operation and technical characteristics of the methods are considered: Method for Real-Time Mass Microbalances, Tapered element oscillating microbalance - TEOM, Quartz Crystal Microbalance - QCM and Laser Induced Incandescence - LII. It was found that the accuracy of these methods provides the ability to measure ultra-low concentrations of solid particles with a sensitivity of up to ± 2 μg/m3 in the ranges: 1.25 ... 0.25 ... 0.063 mg/m3 in accordance with the requirements of Euro-3, Euro -4.5 and Euro-6, and the speed of these methods provides the ability to control instantaneous values of particulate matter emissions during the execution of transient diesel test cycles: European Transient Cycle (ETC), Worldwide Transient Vehicle Cycle (WTVC), Worldwide heavy-duty transient cycle (WHTC) and others. Based on the analysis of these methods, world and domestic experience in the creation and operation of systems for environmental diagnostics of diesel engines, a method for dynamic control of the concentration of solid particles with an optical sensitive element is proposed for practical application. The essence of this method lies in the indirect determination of the instantaneous concentrations of solid particles by the optical opacity index - the smoke of diesel exhaust gases using the empirical relationship between these values, which is established during the calibration of the optical particle detector with the gravimetric system - the MKT-2 microtunnel. The following are considered: a schematic diagram of this method, technical means for its implementation, which include: a partial-flow system for diluting exhaust gases with air with MKT-2 and a dynamic particle detector. The maximum permissible values of the dilution coefficients of exhaust gases with air in MKT-2 have been established, at which the required accuracy of measurements of particulate concentrations by an optical detector with a sensitivity of ± 0.1% on the Hartridge scale is provided, while the levels of diesel particulate emissions comply with the requirements of Euro 3-6.

Increasing the Size-Selectivity in Laser-Based g/h Liquid Flow Synthesis of Pt and PtPd Nanoparticles for CO and NO Oxidation in Industrial Automotive Exhaust Gas Treatment Benchmarking.

PtPd catalysts are state-of-the-art for automotive diesel exhaust gas treatment. Although wet-chemical preparation of PtPd nanoparticles below 3 nm and kg-scale synthesis of supported PtPd/Al2O3 are already established, the partial segregation of the bimetallic nanoparticles remains an issue that adversely affects catalytic performance. As a promising alternative, laser-based catalyst preparation allows the continuous synthesis of surfactant-free, solid-solution alloy nanoparticles at the g/h-scale. However, the required productivity of the catalytically relevant size fraction <10 nm has yet to be met. In this work, by optimization of ablation and fragmentation conditions, the continuous flow synthesis of nanoparticles with a productivity of the catalytically relevant size fraction <10 nm of >1 g/h is presented via an in-process size tuning strategy. After the laser-based preparation of hectoliters of colloid and more than 2 kg of PtPd/Al2O3 wash coat, the laser-generated catalysts were benchmarked against an industry-relevant reference catalyst. The conversion of CO by laser-generated catalysts was found to be equivalent to the reference, while improved activity during NO oxidation was achieved. Finally, the present study validates that laser-generated catalysts meet the size and productivity requirements for industrial standard operating procedures. Hence, laser-based catalyst synthesis appears to be a promising alternative to chemical-based preparation of alloy nanoparticles for developing industrial catalysts, such as those needed in the treatment of exhaust gases.

Methods of sample preparation for experimental registration of the size of soot particles in ICE

When analyzing the content of harmful substances in diesel exhaust gases, in particular soot particles, it is necessary to determine the sampling methodology. In addition, this is a determining parameter in the further study of the obtained samples using microscopes. In this paper, we consider options for sampling exhaust gases and methods for preparing the obtained samples for further research. The results of these studies are presented.

Study of the influence of the degree of exhaust gas recirculation on the working process of a diesel

Taking into account the consideration of methods for reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) in diesel exhaust gases (EG), the use of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is justified. The influence of the degree of recirculation (ρ) on the performance of the diesel working process is studied. It is proved that EGR is an effective, economical and safe way to reduce the content of NOx in the EG of diesel, which simultaneously reduces the entire range of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere of EG by reducing their volume.