Diesel Engine Oil Research Articles

Effective utilization and evaluation of waste plastic pyrolysis oil in a low heat rejection single cylinder diesel engine

ABSTRACT On growing population leads to increasing the energy demand in the automotive sector. Many researchers are working for the substitute alternative for fossil fuel products to meet the huge energy needs. Energy from the waste plastics can be utilized because of its disposal volume increased enormously. The major of the advantage of conversion to fuel is not the only disposal but also enables energy to be derived from the disposal of waste plastics. The motivation of our research is to the utilization of energy retrieval from waste plastics as a Waste Plastic Pyrolysis oil (WPO). The novelty of this research is to evaluate of performance of plastic pyrolysis oil extracted from Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on low heat rejection engine (LHR). The incremental ratio of WPO was blended with pure diesel and its performance and exhaust emission norms are evaluated on a direct injection single cylinder low heat rejection diesel engine. The results of WPO were studied and compared for compatibility with pure diesel. Brake specific fuel consumption decreases for LHRWPO10 about 3 to 8% and the brake thermal efficiency is similar to pure diesel with 23.14% at full load condition. LHRWPO10 evidenced an improved reduction of carbon monoxide ranging from 6 to 14% and hydrocarbon ranging from 7 to 16.2% for various load conditions. LHRWPO20 recorded around 5% reduction in CO at 75% load condition.

Performance of Raft Foundation under Static Vertical Loading in Contaminated Soil

This study focuses on studying the impacts of residues oil on the geotechnical properties of soil and the performance of raft footing rested on oil contaminated soil and subjected to vertical loads. The contaminant used in the present study is residues oil, which is by product disposed of diesel engine oils. The soil samples are contaminated artificially by soaking with two percentage of disposed engine oil of contaminant consist of (disposed engine oil and gasoline) of 20% weight of dried of intact soil samples to obtain different concentrations of contaminant absorbed by soil samples for 30 days to complete the saturation. The mechanical model manufactured to investigate the behavior of raft footing under vertical static loading rested on intact and contaminated soils. The obtained results detected contaminant content have notable impacts on the physical soil characteristics such as the fine particles, specific gravity, plasticity index, and maximum dry unit weight decreased with the increase of contaminant content than that of intact soil. The mechanical soil properties of soil indicated the increase of the compressibility of soil with increase of residues oil percentage, but the soil strength and stiffness are decreased notably. In addition, the total and permanent settlement of raft footing constructed in contaminated soil samples increased by (27-43) % and by (41-58) % than that of an intact soil sample, respectively.

Characterization of biodiesel and soot contamination on four-ball wear mechanisms using electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy

Utilization of biodiesel as an alternative fuel has been increasing nowadays in term of quantity and ratio of bio-resource derived esters from B7 to B100. The tribological characteristic due to biodiesel application has been more interesting. Not only fuel dilution but also soot contamination in engine oil must be taken into account for the effect to the engine wear. This research employed carbon black as soot model and B7, B20 and B100 as contaminated fuel. Two blended grades of diesel engine oils (API CI-4 and CK4) were tested by a four-ball wear tester. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the wear characteristic. Three-dimensional images of wear scars and surface roughness were observed from confocal microscopy technique. The result shows that CK-4 has greater anti-wear performance and can maintain the lubricating performance when the oil is contaminated. For CI-4 cases, soot contamination causes increasing wear, but biodiesel fuel dilution shows wear reduction.

A comparative analysis of different methods to improve the performance of rubber seed oil fuelled compression ignition engine

There is a need to find suitable substitutes for the petroleum based fuels as the conventional fuels are decreasing in order in recent years. Vegetable oils are attractive as an alternative fuel for diesel engines as they are renewable and can be used in engines without employing any major modifications. The main problems with the use of neat vegetable oils in diesel engines are high smoke levels and relatively low thermal efficiency due to high viscosity and carbon residue as compared to diesel. In this work various methods for improving the performance of rubber seed oil (RSO) fuelled diesel engine are compared and discussed. Dual fuel operation with hydrogen, ethanol and DEE resulted in higher brake thermal efficiency. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) level are lowest with neat RSO engine operation. It increases about 36% for dual fuel operation with hydrogen and 32% with DEE injection compared to neat RSO. Smoke emission reduces from 6.1 Bosch Smoke Unit (BSU) for neat RSO operation to 3.8 BSU for hydrogen induction, 4 BSU for DEE injection and 3.4 BSU for ethanol injection which is the lowest value compared to all other test fuels. Peak pressure and rate of pressure rise are higher for all the methods as compared to neat RSO operation. Ignition delay is higher for neat RSO operation; it further increases with dual fuel operation with hydrogen, LPG and ethanol. It is concluded that dual fuel operation with hydrogen and DEE is effective in improving the performance of neat rubber seed oil in compression ignition engine operation.

Comprehensive study of engine characteristics of novel biodiesel from curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) oil in ceramic layered diesel engine

In this study, renewable alternative fuel was produced from curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) oil using transesterification technique in the presence of catalyst along with alcohol. The important properties of produced biodiesel were explored in accordance with ASTM and further chemical compositions were explored by means of FTIR and GC–MS analyses. Four different fuel blends like B25, B50, B75 and B100 were developed. To enhance the study, combustion chamber components were transferred into low heat rejection unit by employing thermal barrier coating with Yttria stabilized zirconia. TBC was achieved by means of atmospheric plasma spray coating technique. The engine used for present work was a fully computerized diesel engine with direct injection technique. In coated engine, B25 showed 0.49% of increased thermal efficiency with 0.015 kg/kWh of decreased fuel consumption. Lower tail pipe emissions like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and smoke (except NOx) were noticed in ceramic layered engine than uncoated engine. B25 showed improved engine combustion characteristics like combustion chamber pressure, heat release rate and mean gas temperature in ceramic layered condition owing to short ignition delay, elevated combustion temperature, improved turbulence and oxygen presence in the fuel. On the whole, B25 blend experienced more favouring engine characteristics coated engine and B25 with engine modification technique may be recommended as a promising renewable alternative fuel for conventional diesel with minimum blending condition.

Performance and emission characteristics of algae oil in diesel engine

This paper aims to reduce the air pollution in diesel engine by various blending Biodiesel. The algae blooms collected from the lake and pond. The algae oil products extract from the algae bloom by an extraction process, then the algae oil mixed with the diesel at the range of B5, B15, B25. Blending oil performance is compared with the diesel aid of VCR engine. The mechanical efficiency and thermal efficiency analyzed on Biodiesel using engine setup. The emission characteristics like CO emission and CO2 emission of Biodiesel investigated in the VCR engine at various testing conditions. Based on the results can able to justify the blended Biodiesel can reduce the environmental pollution and also provide better efficiency compared with the diesel product.

Macro and micro solubility between low-carbon alcohols and rapeseed oil using different co-solvents

In order to directly use rapeseed oil in diesel engines and reduce energy consumption in fuel preparation process, the density and viscosity of rapeseed oil have to be reduced and fuel properties can be adjusted by adding low-carbon alcohols (methanol/ethanol). However, the mutual solubility of two fuels needs to be improved by adding co-solvents. Therefore, three butanol isomers including n-butanol, sec-butanol, iso-butanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF) and polyoxymethylene dimethyl-ethers (PODE) were selected to study the solubilization ability and fuel properties improvement in the blends of low-carbon alcohol and rapeseed oil. Results show the position of the phase boundary increases due to low-carbon alcohol dissolved into rapeseed oil with the gradual addition of co-solvent until the appearance of one-phase liquid in both macro and micro observations. Micro-observations also show that, after fully mixing and stabilizing, ethanol disperses rapeseed oil into small droplets at the phase boundary due to its relatively stronger lipophilicity, while the interface of methanol and rapeseed oil is clear and smooth demonstrating the worse mutual solubility. The effect on solubility and viscosity adjustment of THF is the best among all co-solvents. The solubility of PODE is more suitable for ethanol system rather than methanol system by comparison with n-butanol, but its effect on density adjustment is not as good as n-butanol. The solubility of n-butanol is the best among three isomers. Besides, rapeseed oil system needs more co-solvents to keep blending fuel in one-phase than that of soybean oil ternary system. Finally, the suitable alternative fuel system can be prepared according to the fuel requirements of different engines.

Enhancing the combustion and emission parameters of a diesel engine fueled by waste cooking oil biodiesel and gasoline additives

The main challenges of utilizing the Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) in diesel engines are that it released a large amount of NOx level, and it has a high viscosity, high pour point, and low volatility. Therefore, this study aims to scrutinize the impacts of adding gasoline as additives with WCO biodiesel on the combustion, emission, and exergy characteristics of a diesel engine run under various loads and a constant speed of 1500 rpm. The WCO biodiesel is produced employing the transesterification process with assisting of ultrasonic and mechanical dispersion devices, and it is characterized by applying GC–MS and FTIR analysis. The viscosity is diminished by approximately 5%, 11%, and 21% for BG2, BG4, and BG8, respectively. Three blending ratios of 2%, 4%, and 8% gasoline and 98%, 96%, and 92% WCO which are represented as BG2, BG4, and BG8, respectively. The results illustrate that the cylinder pressure and HRR are enlarged with the addition of gasoline with WCO. Fuel exergy rate and exergitic efficiency are heightened with adding gasoline. Engine emissions of CO, UHC, NOx, and smoke opacity are pointedly diminished by 25%, 30%, 20%, and 30% for WCO-gasoline blends compared to that of pure WCO. It can be deduced that the recommended mixing ratio of gasoline-WCO biodiesel blend is BG8 which achieved a considerable heightening in emission formations, principally NOx level and providing an acceptance value of fuel consumption.

Comparative study of three ways of using Jatropha curcas vegetable oil in a direct injection diesel engine

Although vegetable oils are apparently an advantageous alternative fuel for direct use in traditional diesel engines with no modification necessary, in practice many problems are regularly discussed in the literature including filter clogging, breakage of certain types of injection pumps, and deposits of carbon on the cold parts of engines.Several technological solutions have been proposed to overcome these problems but the majority of papers discuss them individually and have not actually compared them in similar conditions. The purpose of the present study was to use the same experimental device to compare the three most widely recognised technological options for the use of Jatropha curcas vegetable oil as a fuel in a direct injection diesel engine: preheating, blending with diesel, and recirculating exhaust gases. Power output, specific consumption, thermal efficiency and exhaust gas emissions were compared to those of diesel used as the reference. The results obtained were similar for preheated and non-preheated Jatropha oil, but differed from the results obtained with diesel. Similar combustion performance and similar emissions were obtained with a blend of 20% Jatropha oil and diesel to those obtained with diesel alone. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with Jatropha oil could lead to fouling in the combustion chamber. In contrast to widely accepted theory, this study also clearly demonstrates that the viscosity of vegetable oil is not the main cause of poorer combustion quality and, consequently, of deposits in the combustion chamber.

Experimental investigation and mathematical modeling of the reaction between SO2(g) and CaCO3(s)-containing micelles in lube oil for large two-stroke marine diesel engines

Sulfur dioxide, formed in combustion of sulfur-rich fuels in diesel engines, may oxidize and react with water to form corrosive H2SO4. However, the SO2 may also be absorbed in the lube oil and consume CaCO3-containing reverse micelles. In this study, the CaCO3 + SO2 reaction was investigated in a batch reactor setup at temperatures and pressures similar to those on the cylinder liner in an engine. The conversion of CaCO3 and the formation of products were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). CaSO3 was the main product, but CaSO4 was observed at extended residence times and increased temperature. The SO2-CaCO3 reaction exhibited only a small temperature dependence; the increase in the rate constant with temperature was partly off-set because the absorption of SO2 in the lube oil emulsion decreases at increased temperature. The reaction rate increased slightly with the initial water concentration due to increased SO2 absorbance. A mathematical model for the batch reactor was set up and kinetic parameters were determined by fitting predictions to the experimental data. The model was then used to predict the CaCO3 conversion in lube oil from SO2 for conditions relevant to a full-scale engine application. Simulations showed that consumption of CaCO3 from SO2 is insignificant in a two-stroke marine diesel engine application and that the H2SO4-CaCO3 reaction is far more important than the SO2-CaCO3 reaction.

Assessment of the use of Codium Decorticafum [Green seaweed] biodiesel and pyrolytic waste tires oil blends in CI engine

The search for meeting energy demand has meant that more and more fuels are tested as energy sources to supply the most different needs in terms of transport electricity and power generation in general. In this context, substances produced from renewable sources (such as ethanol and biodiesel) or waste tires oil fuel presents themselves not only as possible energy solutions, but also as an alternative to environmental problems. The application of tires for this purpose represents, also, an option for the problems related to the destination of this product. This research aims to analyze the feasibility of applying mixtures containing tire oil and neat diesel in diesel engines, both in terms of performance and in terms of emissions.

Effective utilisation of waste cooking oil in a single-cylinder diesel engine using alumina nanoparticles

First-of-a-kind endeavour exploiting the effects of nanoparticles on the performance and emission spectra of biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil.

The development of nano-sized PM filtration for a diesel engine oil using coagulation by an alternating electric field

The development of nano-sized PM filtration for a diesel engine oil using coagulation by an alternating electric field

Combustion Process of Canola Oil and n-Hexane Mixtures in Dynamic Diesel Engine Operating Conditions

The article discusses the problem of using canola oil and n-hexane mixtures in diesel engines with storage tank fuel injection systems (common rail). The tests results of the combustion process in the dynamic operating conditions of an engine powered by these mixtures are presented. On the basis of the conducted considerations, it was found that the addition of n-hexane to canola oil does not change its energy properties and significantly improves physicochemical properties such as the surface tension and viscosity. It contributes to the improvement of the flammable mixture preparation process and influences the course of the combustion process.

Oxidation of Soybean Biodiesel Fuel in Diesel Engine Oils

Oxidation of Soybean Biodiesel Fuel in Diesel Engine Oils

Removal of Petroleum Products from Water Surface by Chemically Modified Wood Waste

In this work, they studied the possibility of woodwork waste use to remove oil products from the water surface by the sorption method. We used sawdust of ash (Fráxinus excélsior) and linden (Tília cordáta) as sorption materials, formed at the woodworking enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan, as sorbates-fresh and used diesel engine oils, characterized by high boiling points and heavy fractional composition. To increase the sorption capacity of wood waste, they were chemically modified with the solutions of sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, perchloric, phosphoric and acetic acids with the concentration of 0.5, 1 and 3%. They determined the values of the maximum oil absorption of the initial and modified samples of sorption materials in relation to fresh and used motor oils. It was established that ash and linden sawdust modified with a 3% solution of nitric acid have the highest sorption properties. Determination of the sorption capacity by iodine and methylene blue showed that modified sawdust, in comparison with the initial samples, has a more highly developed surface, combining different types of pores: both micro- and mesopores. Experiments on modeling engine oil spills on water surface showed that chemically modified sawdust are effective sorbents of oil products, the degree of water purification reaches 99%.

Waste plastic to pyrolytic oil and its utilization in CI engine: Performance analysis and combustion characteristics

For application of pure plastic pyrolytic oil (PPO) several modifications in the engine is required which rejects the utilization of the existing engines while a blend of conventional fuel and PPO can be used with a slight change in engine without having a high impact on engine performance and hence the blends are preferred over the utilization of PPO as crude oil for diesel engines. In this study, the non-catalytic pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste at a temperature of 450 °C is done to obtain high-grade pyrolytic oil having a composition similar to petroleum fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Physical properties of the PPO were analysed, and the compound analysis was done with GC–MS. Further FTIR of PPO and diesel were analysed and compared. Five different ratios of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% PPO with diesel in blends were utilized as a fuel in a diesel engine to determine the engine performance and characteristics. The higher presence of PPO in blend increases the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and reduces specific fuel consumption (SFC) with an increase in load as reported. The presence of PPO results in high heat release and delayed ignition resulting in high in-cylinder pressure. Further high amount of oxygenated compounds in PPO helps in reducing the emission from the combustion. The utilization of PPO with diesel upto 50% in the blend can be used in diesel engines with a slight increase in emission of CO at higher loads.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of Combined Biodiesel Blend of Non-Edible Oil in Diesel Engine

Nowadays every country is facing energy crisis. Continuous extraction of crude oil resulting in depletion of fossil fuels reserves. It is motivating researchers to develop alternative source of enrgy.Biodiesel is promising alternative for petro-diesel. Lot of work has been done on single biodiesel blend of edible and non-edible source of energy. Very few works has been found on dual biodiesel blend. In the present study, combined blend of second-generation fuel (Jathropha and Karanja) was studied on single cylinder four-stroke multi fuel diesel engine test rig. Performance and emission analysis has been examined at different load and constant speed (1500 rpm). Result showed that break thermal efficiency of diesel is higher than all blends of biodiesel. Break specific fuel consumption of combined blend (JK15KB15) was significantly higher than diesel and marginally lower than single blend of Jathropha (JB30) or Karanja (KB30). Combined blend of JB15KB15 showed lower HC, CO emission but higher NOx emission than diesel. Moreover JK15KB15 showed better emission characteristics than single biodiesel blend with diesel.

Utilization of waste plastic oil in diesel engines: a review

Disposal of waste plastic accumulated in landfills is critical from the environmental perspective. The energy embodied in waste plastic could be recovered by catalytic pyrolysis as waste plastic oil (WPO) which could be recycled as a fuel for diesel engines. This method presents a sustainable solution for (a) waste plastic management as the gap between global plastic production and waste plastic generation keeps widening, (b) replacing diesel partially or wholly which is currently extracted from fast depleting fossil crude oil. The present work attempts to bring together all the investigations pertaining to WPO usage either (a) as a neat fuel or (b) as a blend component with diesel or (c) with an oxygenated additive till date in diesel engines and reviews the engine’s performance, emission and combustion characteristics. Majority of the works utilised WPO extracted from mixed waste plastic as a feedstock using a laboratory scale batch reactor via catalytic pyrolysis. Silica, Alumina, ZSM-5 and Kaolin were used as catalysts. This method often yielded up to 80% of liquid WPO. This oil had a slightly lower cetane number than fossil diesel and hence produced longer ignition delays and higher heat releases during premixed combustion phasing. NOx emissions were higher with WPO which is addressed by modifying the injection timing or by means of EGR. Contrary to popular belief, smoke emissions are mostly lower with WPO and could be brought down further to Euro levels by the use of oxygenated additives. In summary, WPO was found to run smoothly in diesel engines and more work is necessary to study the PM characterisation and long-term durability of the engine when fueled with this oil.

Performance Evaluation and Analysis of Underutilized Argemone Mexicana seed oil Biodiesel in Single Cylinder 4-S Diesel Engine

The aim of current research effort is to evaluate the performance of much less utilized Argemone Mexicana seed oil methyl ester in single cylinder, water-cooled, 4-S diesel engine. The Argemone Mexicana is an agricultural weed, a plant of wasteland; its use led to the resource conservation. The methyl ester or biodiesel obtained by Argemone Mexicana seed oil is produced by the course of transesterification process. This process consists of pretreatment of vegetable oil with acid catalyst due to high FFA content followed by base catalyzed transesterification. The essential properties of transesterified Argemone Mexicana seed oil are tested and compared with natural diesel. The biodiesel blends with diesel in the combination of B10, B20, B30, B40 and B50 are utilized in a compression-ignition engine, its performance parameters are examined and compared with natural diesel. The lower blends of biodiesel exhibits similar characteristics to diesel without any modification in the design of engine. This experimental work testified that the blending of diesel with biodiesel obtained from Argemone Mexicana oil in diesel engine is a feasible alternative for depletion of petroleum diesel.