Dieldrin Resistance Research Articles

Insecticide resistance in field populations of the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) in 1977

A survey of insecticide resistance in Lucilia cuprina, the sheep blowfly, was conducted during 1977. The levels of organophosphorus resistance in samples collected from the Central West of New South Wales and Victoria were determined by testing diazinon against first instar larvae. Resistance factors varied from x4 to x 28. The allele(s) for resistance were present at a frequency close to 1.0 in 23 of the samples tested, while the remaining five samples contained the susceptible allele at an average frequency of 0.6. The frequency of the allele for dieldrin resistance, determined by treating adult females with the discriminating dose, was less than 0.02. A composite of field samples, following pressure from diazinon in the laboratory, increased its larval resistance factor to x45, indicating selection to high-order resistance. It is suggested that insecticides be used only at the onset of a fly wave to delay a similar response occurring in the field.

Mode of inheritance of dieldrin resistance in Anopheles farauti No. 1 and A. farauti No. 2.

The mode of inheritance of dieldrin resistance was studied in Anopheles farauti No. 1 and A. farauti No. 2. In both these species a susceptible strain was crossed with a resistant strain and F1 individuals backcrossed to the susceptible parental strain. After exposure to 0-4% dieldrin for one hour the survivors were again backcrossed to the susceptible. After successive backcrosses it was found that in both species dieldrin resistance was determinded by a single, semi-dominant gene which was not sex-linked.

Linkage of the genes for DDT and dieldrin resistance in larvae of the mosquito Aedes aegypti.

The DDT resistance gene RDDT1, and the dieldrin resistance gene Rd1 have been mapped on linkage group II with respect to visible markers, in the mosquito Aedes argypti L. The best interpretation of the data gives the order wa - Rdl - ds RDDT1 - s - y but was - Rdl -ds - y - s - RDDT1 is also possible. h is very loosely linked with RDDT1. The length of the linkage group has been considerably extended from previous studies.

DIELDRIN RESISTANCE IN HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) IN ALBERTA

AbstractDieldrin resistance has been confirmed in adults of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), from the Edmonton area of Alberta. The resistance of this heterogeneous strain had increased from 30% in 1967 to about 80% in 1972. The change in resistance is attributed to selection pressures on H. brassicae by dieldrin residues in the soil. Dieldrin resistance is suspected in the Fincastle area but was not detected in the Lethbridge area.Toxicity data were established for the Lethbridge and Edmonton strains with alternative insecticides currently recommended in Alberta. There were no differences in the toxicity of the alternative insecticides between strains. Carbofuran and chlorfenvinphos were equal to dieldrin whereas fensulfothion was about six times less effective.A discriminating dose technique for detecting changes in insecticide susceptibility is discussed.

Dieldrin‐resistant Onion Fly (Delia antiqua (Meig.)) in England

SUMMARYDieldrin was applied topically, in microdrops of 2‐ethoxy‐ethanol, to adult onion flies from a laboratory‐bred susceptible strain and six field populations suspected of being resistant. Dieldrin resistance was confirmed in onion flies from Bedfordshire and Norfolk in 1969.

Present Status of DDT and Dieldrin Resistance in the Bed‐bug, Cimexlectularius in Alexandria District, United Arab Republic

AbstractSusceptibility levels for adults of the bed‐bug, Cimex lectularius, to DDT and Dieldrin in Alexandria district, U.A.R., were determined during the period 1969 to 1970.Mean LC'50 and LC'95 for DDT were 2.0% and 3.8% and ranged from 0.92 to 4.33% and 1.75 to 8.23%, respectively.The LC'50 and LC'95 values of Dieldrin were 0.43% and 0.82% and varied from 0.14 to 1.31% and 0.27 to 2.49%, respectively.The results of DDT and Dieldrin roughly defined flat regression lines which then rose to another plateau. This characteristic response indicated the presence of a mixed population containing highly susceptible individuals, an intermediate group and a highly resistant group.From the inflexions observed in the dosage‐mortality lines, the discriminating dosages of 0.3 and 2.0% DDT and 0.12 and 0.85% Dieldrin were established to segregate the field population into three genotypes of DDT or Dieldrin resistance. These discriminating concentrations were found to be obtain good Hardy‐Weinberg genotype distributions with collections of C. lectularius in Alexandria district. The data are sufficient to support the conclusion that the DDT or Dieldrin resistance is due to monofactorial inheritance.ZusammenfassungZum derzeitigen Stand der DDT‐ und Dieldrin‐Resistenz der Bettwanze Cimex lectularius im Distrikt Alexandria, U.A.R.Es wurde die Empfindlichkeit der Bettwanze C. lectularius für DDT und Dieldrin 1969/ 1970 im Bezirk Alexandria geprüft. Die LD 50 und LD 90 für DDT betrugen 2,0% (0,92–4,33) und 3,8% (1,75–8,23), diejenigen für Dieldrin 0,43% (0,14–1,31) und 0,82% (0,27–2,49). Die Resultate ergeben flache Regressionslinien, die auf ein anderes Niveau umbiegen. Dies ist charakteristisch für eine Mischpopulation, die aus 3 Gruppen mit verschieden empfindlichen Tieren zusammengesetzt ist. Aus den Biegungen der Dosierungs‐Mortalitäts‐Linien wurde eine Zerlegung der Population von C. lectularius in 3 Genotypen hinsichtlich ihrer DDT‐ und Dieldrin‐Resistenz abgeleitet. Die Gen‐Frequenz jeder der 3 Teilpopulationen wurde nach der Hardy‐Weinberg'schen Formel (p2 + 2 pq + q2) berechnet. Die gewonnenen Daten führen zu dem Schluß, daß die DDT‐ und Dieldrin‐Resistenz auf Einfaktoren‐Vererbung beruhen.

Dieldrin resistance. Biochemical mechanisms in the German cockroach

Dieldrin resistance. Biochemical mechanisms in the German cockroach

Development of Dieldrin Resistance in Carrot Fly in England

SUMMARYFailure to control carrot fly with aldrin and dieldrin was first noticed on carrot crops in East Anglia in 1965, 12 years after these insecticides were first used in England for this purpose. Laboratory tests on adult flies obtained from several sites confirmed that where the expected high level of control was not achieved the carrot fly populations had developed resistance to aldrin, dieldrin and gamma‐BHC.

Dieldrin-resistant cabbage root fly in England.

SUMMARYThe existence of dieldrin resistance in Erioischia brassicae has been investigated in the main areas in England and Wales where brassicas are grown for human consumption. Dieldrin‐susceptible and dieldrin‐resistant flies were collected and bred as separate strains in the laboratory. In toxicity tests adult flies were treated with topically applied doses of insecticide in microdrops of cellosolve, and larvae were dipped in solutions of insecticide in 70% acetone and 30% water. Adults of the laboratory resistant strain showed a high level of resistance to dieldrin and aldrin and a lower level of resistance to γ‐BHC. There was no cross‐resistance with chlorfenvinphos or diazinon. Larvae of the resistant strain were shown to be resistant to dieldrin.Dieldrin resistance has been found in four areas in southern England, but not in a fifth major area, and resistant flies did not increase as rapidly in some areas as others. Sufficient migration of flies appeared to take place to produce similar percentages of resistant flies over areas of several square miles, but considerable differences were found in fly populations about 10 miles apart. It is suggested that the speed of development of insecticide resistance is affected by the proportion of brassica crops which are treated in an area, the amounts of insecticide applied to individual crops, and hence the insecticidal pressure applied to the E. brassicae population.

A study of dieldrin in the house fly central nervous system in relation to dieldrin resistance.

In general, there are no large differences in the rate of uptake of C14-dieldrin by the central nervous systems of susceptible or dieldrin-resistant female house flies, Musca domestica L., following injection or infusion. No evidence could be found that binding of dieldrin to tissues within the central nervous system is a significant factor in resistance. Metabolism of dieldrin within the same tissues was not detectable in either strain. Dieldrin resistance in house flies may be largely due to insensitivity at the receptor site.

Effect of sesamex upon dieldrin resistance in the German cockroch.

Evidence has been produced to show that the degrees of dieldrin resistance in various German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), strains can be reduced (either partially or completely) by the use of sesamex, a pyrethrin synergist. Sesamex at this concentration (10 μ g per male cockroach) was without synergistic effect against the susceptible insects.

A stripe character in Anopheles albimanus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its linkage relationships to sex and dieldrin resistance.

A strain of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann with a mutant character involving a dorsal white stripe on the thorax and abdomen of larvae, pupae and adults was selected from field populations originating in Haiti. Genetic crosses with a nonstriped strain indicated that the stripe character is controlled by a single semidominant autosomal gene, varying in expressivity in the heterozygote in width of the stripe and intensity of white pigmentation. Toxicological tests with dieldrin on the larvae provided evidence that the genes for stripe and dieldrin resistance are situated on the same chromosome.

Changes in the resistance pattern of a fluoroacetate-resistant fly strain.

Selection of an insecticide-susceptible house fly, Musca domestica L., strain with fluoroacetate produced moderate resistance to fluoroacetate during the first 65 generations of selection. After the 75th generation, resistance increased sharply, reaching 500 µg of fluoroacetate per fly at the 81st generation of selection. Selection with fluoroacetate for 57 generations caused a 200-fold increase in DDT-resistance. After further selection, this high level dropped gradually to 8-fold only. An 8000-fold increase in resistance to dieldrin was observed after 25 generations of selection with fluoroacetate. Duringing the next 20 generations this high level of dieldrin resistance declined considerably. When selection with fluoroacetate was discontinued after the 17th generation, the levels of DDT and dieldrin resistance were maintained for another 40 generations. Later on they declined, while always remaining above those of the corresponding strain, selected continuously with fluoroacetate. No resistance developed to the organophosphorus insecticides parathion, malathion, and trichlorfon.

An analysis of house fly resistance to insecticides in California.

The pattern of insecticide resistance in house flies, Musca domestica L., from 6 areas of California was found to reflect the differing chemical-control practices in each area. DDT resistance continues to be high in all areas despite more than 10 years of nonuse of this compound for fly control. It shows positive correlation with diazinon resistance but not with malathion resistance, and thus its prolonged stability was likely enhanced by diazinon pressure. Dieldrin resistance also remains high, but shows no correlation with organophosphorus resistance. The non-identity of diazinon and malathion resistances was clearly discernible. High resistance to diazinon (20.7×) in the Anaheim strain was accompanied by only moderate resistance to malathion, and high resistance to malathion in the Moorpark strain was accompanied by only moderate resistance to diazinon (7.1×). The highest degree of resislance observed (at the LD90 level) by topical application of organophosphates and carbamates was: malathion >60×, diazinon 25×, ronnel 14×, fenthion 10.1×, dimethoate 4.2×, dimetilan 3.7× and Hercules 8717-E [ m -(2-propynyloxy) phenyl methylcarbamate] 3.5×.

The effect of the development of dieldrin resistance on the biotic potential of house flies in Liberia.

De nombreuses observations, dans beaucoup de regions du monde, ont permis de deceler des accroissements considerables des populations de mouches domestiques dans des localites traitees par des pulverisations de dieldrine, hydrocarbure chlore a effet prolonge. Cette multiplication fâcheuse d'insectes nuisibles a gene le deroulement des campagnes antipaludiques. II a donc paru tres utile d'entreprendre, dans des conditions controlees, une etude visant a determiner s'il s'agit bien d'une augmentation du potentiel biotique des mouches domestiques a la suite de leur contact avec la dieldrine et de l'apparition ulterieure d'une resistance a ce produit, et non pas d'une multiplication due a quelqu'autre facteur, par exemple a la destruction, par les pulverisations des predateurs de la mouche domestique qui seraient sensibles a la dieldrine. On a donc cherche a deceler la possibilite d'une augmentation de la fertilite ou de la vie moyenne des mouches femelles apres l'apparition d'une resistance a la dieldrine, en etudiant sur le terrain et en laboratoire plusieurs souches capturees en diverses regions du Liberia, ainsi que des mouches provenant du Sierra Leone et du Nigeria. On a pour cela examine plusieurs souches sensibles a la dieldrine en soumettant une fraction de chacune a une dose critique de cet insecticide et on a selectionne ainsi un certain nombre d'insectes resistants. On a alors compare le potentiel biotique de la souche mere, de la souche secondaire selectionnee nee des insectes qui avaient survecu a l'exposition a la dieldrine, et des souches secondaires non selectionnees ; cette comparaison a porte sur la fertilite, mesuree par le nombre d’œufs pondus par des groupes de 50 femelles de chaque souche secondaire, et sur la duree de vie totale des groupes. L'analyse statistique des resultats a montre que pour les souches soumise a l'epreuve: a) il y avait une augmentation significative du nombre d’œufs pondus par la premiere generation issue des mouches selectionnees pour leur resistance a la dieldrine, par rapport a la ponte des souches secondaires non selectionnees. b) Cette augmentation n'est pas due a une prolongation de la duree de vie des souches secondaires selectionnees, mais represente un accroissement absolu du nombre d’œufs pondus. c) L'augmentation de la fertilite est temporaire et disparait a la deuxieme ou troisieme generation apres la selection, bien que la resistance a la dieldrine reste forte. L'article expose diverses conjectures sur les causes possibles de l'augmentation du potentiel biotique.

Dieldrin-Resistant and DDT-Resistant Strains of the Spotted Root Maggot Apparently Restricted to Heterozygotes for Resistance

Continued selection of the spotted root maggot, Euxesta notata (Wiedemann), with dieldrin or with DDT, applied to strains in which dieldrin resistance and DDT resistance had already been developed, resulted in a decrease in these resistances. Determinations of the genotype composition of successive generations indicated this to be due to the disappearance first of the RR homozygotes and ultimately of the rr homozygotes, resulting in the strains consisting entirely of dieldrin-resistant or DDT-resistant heterozygotes produced from heterozygotes. This fact was confirmed by determinations of percentage hatch of eggs, where the lethality operated. It is concluded that the factors for dieldrin resistance and for DDT resistance are probably on separate chromosomes and that 2 distinct balanced lethal systems were evolved by the prolonged selection with these insecticides.

Inheritance of dieldrin resistance in the larvae of Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann.

Summary and ConclusionsFollowing continued adult selection for dieldrin resistance of the El Salvador strain (RR) of Anopheles albimanus, F1, F2, and backcross progenies were produced by a method of sib-mating. The source of the homosygous susceptible mosquitoes was a colony of A. albimanus from Panama (SS). Larval progenies from individual females were tested for survival following 24 hours of exposure to 0.01 or 0.1 ppm dieldrin suspensions.The 0.01 ppm dosage killed all SS, but not the SR/RS or RR larvae. The 0.1 ppm dosage killed SS and about 88% of the SR/RS larvae, but none of the RR larvae.The mortalities in test crosses showed close agreement with those expected on the basis of monofactorial inheritance of dieldrin resistance. The results also are in agreement with Davidson's conclusion that dieldrin resistance in A. albimanus larvae is “semi-dominant.”

The metabolism of some cyclodiene insecticides in relation to dieldrin resistance in the adult housefly, Musca domestica L.

Studies of the fate of dieldrin in vivo in dieldrin-susceptible (S-flies) and dieldrin-resistant houseflies (R-flies) have led to the conclusion that the resistance mechanism involves factors other than detoxication. Additional evidence in support of this view has been obtained in a study of related, moderately toxic cyclodiene compounds to which dieldrin-resistant houseflies show complete cross-resistance. The pyrethrin synergist sesamex inhibits the metabolism of these compounds to a similar extent in both S- and R-houseflies. This inhibition is accompanied by considerable increases in toxicity to S- but not to R-flies, which suggests that the resistance to these compounds is not dependent upon their metabolism in vivo. By inference, dieldrin resistance is likewise independent of possible dieldrin detoxication, especially since sesamex does not synergize dieldrin against R-flies.

アカイエカ幼虫自然集団の dieldrin 抵抗性の解析

アカイエカ幼虫自然集団の dieldrin 抵抗性の解析

The Status of Dieldrin Resistance among Adult Female Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say from the Delta Region of Mississippi

Journal Article The Status of Dieldrin Resistance among Adult Female Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say from the Delta Region of Mississippi Get access Johnny D. Ouzts, Johnny D. Ouzts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ross E. Hutchins Ross E. Hutchins Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 55, Issue 6, 1 December 1962, Page 1011, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/55.6.1011 Published: 01 December 1962 Article history Accepted: 16 July 1962 Published: 01 December 1962