Period Of Dictatorship Research Articles

MULHERES E DITADURA: AS CONSTRUÇÕES AUTOBIOGRÁFICAS COMO LUGAR DE RESISTÊNCIAS

The presente paper proposes to analyze the book “Tropical Sol da Liberdade” by Ana Maria Machado and the documentaries “Que bom te ver viva” by Lucia Murat and “Vou contar para os meus filhos” by Tuca Siqueira, as spaces of building female memories referring to Brazilian civil-military dictatorship. Therefore, three points will be addressed: literary work and the autobiographical construction; documentaries as autobiographical spaces; and the testimony of women as space of resistance to forgetting and ereasing their experiences face of the dictatorial system. Along this path, intellectuals as Virginia Woolf, Audre Lord, Bell Hooks, inspire us to think about the of women’s narratives. And Beatriz Sarlo, Luiza Passerini, Ana Maria Colling, Margareth Rago and Susel Oliveira da Rosa help us to think about women’s memories and the experiences of militant women in the dictatorship period.

ENTRE O DEVER DA TOGA E O APOIO À FARDA: Independência judicial e imparcialidade no STF durante o regime militar

As disputas discursivas sobre a autonomia do Poder Judiciário e seu envolvimento com as demais instituições políticas marcam o sentido de independência judicial como condição da imparcialidade da jurisdição. No entanto, a observação da historicidade da participação de juristas e juízes, em particular dos ministros do STF, na construção do próprio espaço político-institucional ainda ocupa uma reduzida dimensão nas análises de cientistas sociais sobre o acesso à justiça no Brasil. Ao procurar combinar a análise dos influxos do regime ditatorial sobre as funções do Supremo Tribunal Federal no texto constitucional e as manifestações dos ministros sobre seu próprio papel institucional durante a ditadura, este texto traça alguns aspectos históricos relevantes para a compreensão da complexa articulação entre política e direito, na qual foram desenhadas as disputas por autonomia da Suprema Corte no período da ditadura civil-militar no país.

To Shake the Hand of Happiness: Luiz Ruffato's Inferno Provisório

To Shake the Hand of Happiness:Luiz Ruffato's Inferno Provisório Marguerite Itamar Harrison To shake the hand of happiness, as Seu Sebastião's family does at the beginning of "O Ataque," is always a short-lived accomplishment in Luiz Ruffato's hellish world. In Inferno Provisório, the sense of marginality, of living life on the periphery, derives from the author's decision to register in panoramic, five-volume form a raw and heart-rending history of the working class in Brazil in the second half of the twentieth century. Correspondingly, his narrative lens captures factory workers who strive for upward mobility and get entangled in consumerist cravings. Yet he also portrays the lowly lower classes, the truly down and out: the unemployed, the sick, the unstable, the suicidal, the insignificant, misfits living in makeshift quarters, those excluded, exploited and discarded by society. This essay addresses this extremely marginalized sector of the populace in Ruffato's Inferno Provisório. I focus in particular on several stories on its third segment, Vista parcial da noite, set in the 1960s and 70s during the Brazilian dictatorship. Luiz Ruffato's attention to marginality paradoxically takes aim at the center, at that which is most sacrosanct in the stories Brazil tells about itself: the nation and the family. He uses fiction to point to Brazilian society's pervasive flaws, mostly by way of intimate vignettes of families on the outer fringes. In Marilena Chaui's "Comemorar?" from Brazil: Mito fundador e sociedade autoritária (89-95), she aptly draws correlations between Brazil's colonial framework and its post-colonial makeup as an authoritarian society, linking public and private spheres. In Chaui's mapping of Brazil's authoritarian profile, she stresses an overall societal arc within which political totalitarianism manifests itself (90). Within what Chaui terms "social authoritarianism," inequalities abound, rooted in a colonial pattern of socioeconomic imbalance. With a landholding master in command through the privilege and power of racial, gender and class "superiority," "naturally" inferior beings such as women, [End Page 377] blacks, indigenous peoples, and immigrants become unremittingly relegated to the role of servitude (92). In similar fashion, Luiz Ruffato's fiction addresses these same structural parallels in Brazil's society: its hierarchical, top-down sociopolitical composition and the economic ramifications that historically and unremittingly polarize the country into "haves" and "have-nots." Within the family, this draconian configuration forces the disenfranchised into desperate, dog-eatdog situations that often reproduce the same oppressive model on an intimate scale. In Inferno Provisório, therefore, to fight for legitimacy or entitlement is an uphill battle that pits subaltern individuals–even family members or bosom buddies–against each other, in a cutthroat race for survival that often ends in defeat. Ruffato's work thus portrays alienated human beings, cut off from citizenship and lineage. Violent mechanisms of exclusion In Chapter One of Citizenship and Crisis in Contemporary Brazilian Literature (23-71), scholar Leila Lehnen expertly examines Inferno Provisório in light of the quest for citizenship, or civic entitlement, many times seemingly within reach, yet rarely attainable. According to Lehnen, the stories in Vista parcial da noite (originally published by Record in 2006, and to which "O Ataque" belongs) point to an inequitable society that is incapable of incorporating a downtrodden class of individuals into its fold. Within the five-tome set (subsequently published by Companhia das Letras as a single volume in 2016),1 Vista parcial da noite, set in the 1960s and 70s, contains elements of sociopolitical critique grounded in its timeframe. In other words, in keeping with Chaui's analysis, Ruffato's narrative thread in Vista parcial da noite registers a palpable undercurrent of oppression, stemming from several interrelated axes of power: political, of course, in its underlying representation of the dictatorship period, yet also economic, social and familial. Leila Lehnen's analysis confirms these multiple layers of coexistent oppression or, in her words, "modalities of violence" (25), found within both [End Page 378] "internal and external frameworks" (47). According to Lehnen, Ruffato's work points to "violent mechanisms of exclusion that permeate the Brazilian social fabric" (25), which she probes by examining specific stories and characters...

Intelectuales de la Educación en la reconstrucción de la democracia en la Argentina

No final da ditadura na Argentina, em 1983, a reconstituição dos espaços de produção de conhecimento em educação mereceu uma série de debates sobre a modernização interrompida e o futuro da educação nacional. Estava em disputa a intenção de consolidar consensos que fortalecessem o discurso e as capacidades educacionais do Estado. Ao analisar os documentos e intervenções intelectuais, discuto tanto as tensões quanto as possibilidades que se apresentam nos depoimentos dos acadêmicos da Educação na Argentina na luta para o fortalecimento de uma burocracia estatal especializada.As conclusões permitem considerar três tensões: (i) a debilidade técnico-burocrática e estatística do sistema educativo; (ii) a falta de coesão deste espaço profissional; e (iii) a dificuldade para estabelecer um programa científico moderno, com acesso a posições de poder no Estado

An enduring sovereign mode of punishment: Post-dictatorial penal policies in Spain

When analysing the features of the Spanish criminal justice system from the perspective of the late-democratisation of the Spanish polity, the system's evolution is characterised by an almost uninterrupted penal expansionism and a relatively prominent level of severity. This paper examines those features from the viewpoints of the legal reforms, institutional practices and collective perceptions and expectations experienced since the end of the dictatorial period. In addition, the article explores some reasons which may explain the relatively high punitiveness of the Spanish criminal justice system, before adding a coda on the changes of the penal system fostered by the Great Recession.

Amazon Forest Interconnected: 530 students, 18 counties, 20 simultaneous professors

The issues involving public health in Brazil have its history in the first half of the last century. We went through periods of military dictatorship with control over the Brazilian public health. The social movements have managed to change our social and political landscape, culminating with the creation of our health system. We currently offering an undergraduate degree in public health, training health workers who intend to integrate this healthcare system. …

A desconstrução da política linguística educacional: em foco a identidade do professor de português

Using the approach deconstructive discourse, this paper reflects on the national language policy conveyed in the Portuguese National Curriculum (primary school) - whose speech is translated into a sophisticated method of control and in an effective way to manage change (LAWN, 2001, p. 117), in order that every system of education is a political way of maintaining or modifying the appropriation of discourses, with the knowledge and the powers they bring with them (FOUCAULT, 2008, p.45).Through this approach, we intend to present and discuss the results analyzed, whose focus is on the representation (s) ID (s) and competencies built for the teachers in this discourse, social representations of the profession of teacher in contemporary Brazilian society, marked by events that follow the dictatorial period, therefore, the country’s democratization and modernization of the state before the demands of the globalized worlds.

The Crime of Enforced Disappearance under the Rome Statute: The Possibility for Prosecution of the Crimes Committed During the Brazilian Dictatorship

This paper addresses the possibility that the International Criminal Court (ICC) has to prosecute the perpetrators of the crimes of enforced disappearance committed during the dictatorship period (1964-1985) in Brazil. As a consequence, this study analyzes the elements of the crime of enforced disappearance under international criminal law and the ICC jurisdiction in the light of the Final Report of the Brazilian National Truth Commission. Moreover, this paper briefly inquiries on the possible impacts that international prosecutions could have in the country through the lenses of the fight against impunity for the crimes committed by state agents in Brazil.

Historical overview of the development of jazz in Portugal, in the first half of the twentieth century

The principal aim of this article is to give an historical overview of the development of jazz in Portugal during the first half of the twentieth century. As a matter of fact, little is known in the international jazz research community about Portuguese jazz historiography. Perhaps the best-known jazz-related episode was Charlie Haden’s arrest by the Portuguese political police in November 1971. However, the history of jazz in Portugal as musical and social practice is more complex than just the American musicians who visited the country. This article traces a broad perspective of the perceptions and attitudes of jazz held by musicians, aficionados and detractors, and the way in which those representations, perceptions and attitudes were conditioned by certain social-political conditions of the Portuguese history. It starts with the reception of the music in Portugal in the post WWI years and early jazz criticism. Statements about jazz that represent the dominant positions are analysed according to the Portuguese colonial ideology of the time. It continues with the development of jazz during both the Military Dictatorship period (1926–1932), and the Portuguese Estado Novo regime’s early years (1933–1945). It concludes in the post WWII years, with the emergence of Lisbon’s jazz scene and the foundation of Hot Club of Portugal.

Um papel histórico para a teleficção: a minissérie Anos rebeldes e a cultura histórica brasileira dos anos 1980

O artigo coloca em debate o emprego da teledramaturgia como elemento da cultura brasileira revelador de aspectos “silenciados” das memórias sociais e merecedor de se tornar fonte nas pesquisas históricas. O objeto da pesquisa consiste da análise da minissérie Anos rebeldes para investigar de que maneira repercutiu nas manifestações pró-impeachment do Presidente Fernando Collor de Mello. O argumento é que, ao assistir a Anos rebeldes, o público jovem encontrou uma narrativa na qual, por um lado, eram articuladas algumas das experiências de décadas anteriores e, por outro, orientaram suas ações na esfera pública. A análise referenciou-se nos argumentos de Rüsen e da Didática da História, bem como na articulação de três autores, cujas teses permitem abordar uma narrativa audiovisual como uma minissérie: Vygotsky, Bakhtin e Williams. A investigação exigiu que, metodologicamente, noções de outros campos fossem empregadas. A pesquisa também sugere uma nova categoria analítica: as “memórias coletivamente compartilhadas”.

Statistics, expertise and politics: Corrado Gini and the course of Italian history

This paper seeks to offer an analytical and contextual reconstruction of Corrado Gini’s intellectual trajectory up to 1945. The four decades to be covered were important from the perspective of the history of Italian statistics, since they were marked by methodological innovation and major developments in the organization of teaching, research and dissemination of the discipline. It was also during that period that official statistics were thoroughly reorganized with the creation of the Istituto Centrale di Statistica (ISTAT) in 1926. This period was also crucial with regard to Italy’s political history, with the country’s involvement in two global wars and the period of fascist dictatorship between them. Taking into account the constraints and opportunities that were available in this context provides us with a more thorough understanding of some of the developments undergone by Italian statistics and of the complex situation in which evolved technocratic intellectuals such as Gini.

The Politics of Justice: Rethinking Brazil's Corporatist Labor Movement

This article analyzes the role of collective bargaining in the Brazilian labor courts in two very different political settings: the democratic era preceding the 1964 coup and the initial period of the military dictatorship, from 1964 to 1968. The study is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of collective grievance procedures handled by the Regional Labor Council of São Paulo State. While observing the performance of the labor courts in regard to labor relations, it focuses primarily on three issues: compulsory arbitration, the right to strike, and wage increases. It seeks to reexamine the role of the labor courts in the broader context of Brazilian corporatism and its relations with the labor movement, against the backdrop of a critique of the binary opposition between corporatist and contractualist models of regulating labor relations. In this study, labor judges are viewed as important social actors because their decisions and political and ideological positions were crucial in the enforcement of labor laws.

O corporativismo dos trabalhadores: leis e direitos na Justiça do Trabalho entre os regimes democrático e ditatorial militar no Brasil (1953-1978)

Much of the historiography dedicated to the Brazilian system of corporatist industrial relations has focused on the intellectual thinking of its creators, emphasizing the corporatism’s original authoritarian and controlling character and minimizing its praxis. In this sense, many studies end up in silencing the role of the workers and trade unions in the process of shaping the corporatist system, especially during the democratic period of 1945-1964. This article aims to contribute to the debates on corporatist systems by emphasizing the importance of the workers’ experience based on the narrow relation to the labor institutes (Labor Courts, trade unions, and the Ministry of Labor). By doing so, this paper aims to show how the workers were successful in given new meaning to the corporatist project. Besides, it calls attention to the making of a new political labor culture strongly based on the working-class struggle for labor rights. This study will analyze the uses of the corporatism by the working-class in two different political regimes: in the “populist” period (1950s and early 1960s) and the military dictatorial period, from 1964 on.

USOS DA MEMÓRIA: AS EXPERIÊNCIAS DO HOLOCAUSTO E DA DITADURA NO BRASIL

Observa-se hoje uma série de esforços voltados para a recuperação da memória do período ditatorial no Brasil. A partir da discussão da memória do holocausto, o artigo busca chamar a atenção para a necessária reflexão acerca do potencial que a memória do período ditatorial apresenta para a promoção da reconciliação nacional. Ciente do potencial libertador/restaurador da rememoração, este artigo discute, além da dificuldade de comunicar da memória traumática, os riscos relacionados ao seu uso. Ao discutir esses temas, esperamos contribuir para que os sentidos atribuídos às memórias de milhares de vítimas possibilitem a construção de projetos que modifiquem o presente e o futuro, de forma a evitar a manutenção de situações de violação de direitos humanos.

K. – relato de uma busca: a ficção a serviço da revisão da história nacional

O artigo analisa o romance K. – Relato de uma busca, de Bernardo Kucinski, para avaliar a contribuição dos eventos históricos, presentes na obra, no processo de consolidação da narrativa que, como manifestação artística, estimula seu leitor a vivenciar, por meio da ficção, o período da ditadura militar no Brasil. A obra narra a experiência de um pai que se depara com o desaparecimento da filha, professora de Química da USP, em 1974, e se confronta com o sentimento de culpa, com a dor da perda e com a angústia de uma busca infrutífera por informações sobre o ocorrido. As personagens centrais do romance são o próprio pai e a filha e, sobre ambos, o escritor busca, em sua memória, eventos fulcrais para revesti-los de ficcionalidade. Dessa maneira, ele proporciona ao leitor um acesso diferente daquele do registro histórico sobre esse período da história do país. Assim, aparecem, na obra, elementos do contexto geográfico, histórico e social, além da referência a personalidades, o que confere uma pseudoveracidade à narrativa e, ao mesmo tempo, potência e autoridade para impor-se como meio que expõe singular compreensão da ditadura. Nesse sentido, justifica-se a investigação, que identifica, no texto, remissões ao mundo extratextual, para verificar o tratamento estético que lhes foi conferido, ao entranhá-las na teia ficcional. Portanto, a comunicação colabora com as discussões atuais sobre a constituição do texto literário, especialmente no que tange à correlação entre Literatura e História.

Narrativas privadas y problemáticas colectivas: religión judía y dictadura

Este trabajo analiza la afiliación a la corriente religiosa liberal (no ortodoxa) llamada Conservative Judaism de un número importante de instituciones judeo-argentinas, durante el periodo dictatorial 1976-1983. A diferencia de las investigaciones focalizadas en la propia corriente, aquí se indaga a los receptores —los miembros de las instituciones judías— buscando conocer las razones que los acercaron a los rituales y propuestas del judaísmo conservador. Para ello, se estudia —principal y no exclusivamente— una serie de misivas que dichos receptores enviaron al Seminario Rabínico Latinoamericano, promotor de esa corriente religiosa. Esta documentación peculiar e inusitada posibilita inquirir en el entramado de experiencias que se repetían en las diversas instituciones, a la vez que habilita a reconocer las huellas epocales.

SEM ARGUMENTO: um projeto intelectual quase esquecido (revista Argumento, Brasil, 1973)

RESUMO As reflexões aqui propostas fazem parte do projeto de pesquisa intitulado "A Dor da História (I) - Estudos de História, Historiografia e Literatura: A Perplexidade no Brasil nos Anos 1970". Com base no editorial da Revista Argumento , n.1, São Paulo/Rio de Janeiro, Ed. Paz e Terra, 1973, este trabalho pretende analisar a relação entre intelectuais e sociedade na ambiência cultural do período ditatorial então em curso, buscando elucidar os sentidos possíveis para a noção de "perplexidade" mencionada na fonte, juntamente com seu mote fundamental: "Contra fato, há argumento". A presença de intelectuais de outros países no Conselho Consultivo da Revista, da América Latina, Europa e EUA, demonstra o esforço da Revista em construir apoios internacionais e consolidar a perspectiva então conhecida como "latino-americanismo". A hipótese central consiste em que a Revista pode ser vista como um lugar privilegiado para o registro, e as decorrentes reinterpretações historiográficas, de que as redes intelectuais latino-americanas foram uma resposta à dinâmica social da perplexidade, ao promover uma abertura à reflexão conjunta e à busca de possíveis soluções específicas para os problemas comuns, fosse no plano do pensamento ou da prática social.

‘No memory, no desire’: Psychoanalysis in Brazil during Repressive Times

Until recently, the growth and significance of Brazilian psychoanalysis has been neglected in histories of psychoanalysis. Not only is this history long and rich in its professional and cultural dimensions, but there was an especially important ‘event’ – the so-called ‘Cabernite-Lobo affair’ – that took place during the period of the military dictatorship, which can be seen as dramatizing some of the issues concerning the erasure of memory in psychoanalysis, especially in connection with political difficulties. In this paper, we provide an outline of the origins and dissemination of psychoanalysis in Brazil before looking again at the Cabernite-Lobo affair in order to examine in a situated way how psychoanalysis engages with political extremism, and particularly to explore the consequences of an unthinking generalization of the idea of ‘neutrality’ from the consulting room to the institutional setting. We draw especially on Brazilian papers in Portuguese, which have not been accessible in the English-language psychoanalytic literature.

“We have to Talk about it”

When a society fails to confront the dark episodes of its history, it leaves its past vulnerable to distortion and exploitation, argues journalist Fernanda Canofre. Brazil has never properly investigated the crimes of its military dictatorship period (1964-1985), and far-right politicians have been manipulating the country's collective memory of this era for their own gain. For the survivors of the regime's torture apparatus, the new nostalgia for repression can be traumatizing.

Aspectos ambientais no Plano Nacional de Logística e Transporte do Brasil

O governo brasileiro tem investido e deveria investir ainda mais em infraestrutura de transporte. De acordo com as leis ambientais, esse tipo de empreendimento exige um estudo de impacto ambiental (EIA). No entanto, o EIA é uma medida reguladora aplicada pós-projeto, o que permite limitadas mudanças no projeto. Para aumentar a viabilidade ambiental, as alterações deveriam ser feitas nas etapas iniciais do projeto no contexto do planejamento estratégico regional ou nacional. Para o setor de transportes, o Plano Nacional de Logística e Transporte (PNLT) recomenda objetivos, metas e planos para ampliação da infraestrutura do Brasil no futuro. Nós avaliamos a abordagem dos aspectos ambientais como apresentada nos três relatórios do PNLT de 2007, 2009 e 2012. O primeiro relatório (2007) resumiu a trajetória do planejamento de transportes no Brasil, desde o período da ditadura militar nos anos 1970, mostrando a necessidade de considerar os impactos ambientais dos projetos de transporte e de respeitar as leis ambientais. Os relatórios posteriores indicaram a necessidade ampliar a matriz modal de transporte, que até o momento está concentrada em rodovias, e mencionaram a importância da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE). O instrumento AAE permitiria identificar, antecipadamente, os efeitos cumulativos e sinérgicos de projetos como previsto no PNLT, entretanto, ele permanece ainda como uma proposta de aprimoramento na legislação ambiental brasileira. Acreditamos que usando a AAE, orientada pelo Zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico (ZEE) e alguns conceitos básicos de Ecologia de Paisagens e Ecologia de Estradas, a proteção de regiões ambientalmente vulneráveis e de áreas prioritárias para conservação da biodiversidade no Brasil guiariam efetivamente os objetivos, metas e planos do PNLT.