Diameter Of Clear Zone Research Articles

Intensification process in thyme essential oil nanoemulsion preparation based on subcritical water as green solvent and six different emulsifiers

Abstract In order to alter the solubility and bioavailability of various functional lipids and plant essential oils (EOs), it is possible to prepare their oil in water (O/W) nanoemulsions. Thyme O/W nanoemulsions were prepared under subcritical water conditions (at 120°C and pressure of 1.5 atm for 2 h), using Tween 20, Tween 80, saponin, Arabic gum, xanthan gum, and sodium caseinate as emulsifiers. Results indicated that nanoemulsions with minimum mean droplet size of 11.5 and 12.6 nm were produced using Tween 20 and 80, respectively. Moreover, nanoemulsions with minimum polydispersity index (0.139) and maximum mean value of zeta potential (−24.5 mV) were provided utilizing xanthan gum and saponin, respectively. Results also revealed that the prepared nanoemulsions using saponin had maximum antioxidant activity based on percentage of scavenging ability (40.6%) and bactericidal effects against Streptococcus mutans as manifested in the formed clear zone (diameter of 21 mm). Morphological assessment of all the prepared nanoemulsions demonstrated that spherical thyme nanodroplets were formed in the colloidal solutions which revealed that all the prepared nanoemulsions had high thermodynamic stability due to the minimum surface energy level of the formed nanodroplets. This can increase applications of the prepared thyme O/W nanoemulsions in the aqueous food and pharmaceutical formulations.

Antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Dengke Naniura of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against diarrhea-causing pathogenic bacteria

Abstract. Nasri, Harahap U, Silalahi J, Satria D. 2021. Antibacterial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Dengke Naniura of Carp (Cyprinus carpio) against diarrhea-causing pathogenic bacteria. Biodiversitas 22: 3098-3104. Diarrhea is the discharge of liquid or watery stools 3 to 4 times a day caused by a bacterial infection. Treatments for diarrhea are probiotics, which have a beneficial effect on the health of the host such as antibacterial. Traditional Batak Toba fermented food, Dengke Naniura, is a source of probiotics. This study aimed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and leakage of DNA and protein from lactic acid bacteria against pathogens. Isolation of LAB was obtained from Dengke Naniura by pour plate method on deMann Rogosa and Sharpe Agar + CaCO3 1%. In this study, Characterization and analysis of bacterial sequencing used Polymerase Chain Reaction. Determination of MIC used the agar diffusion method. The MBC test used the streaking method which was a stroke from the inhibition zone formed. DNA and protein leakage was measured using spectrophotometry UV-VIS (260nm and 280nm). The isolation results obtained were Lactobacillus fermentum, the characterization showed that the bacteria were Gram-positive, bacilli, non-sporing, catalase-negative, and able to ferment sugar. The MIC determination was obtained at a concentration of 10%v/v with a clear zone diameter. Determination of MBC against pathogens was obtained at different concentrations. The results of DNA and protein leakage showed an increased absorption (260nm and 280nm).

In Vitro and In Silico Analysis for Antibacterial Activitiy of Various Extracts of Gracilaria salicornia (Rhodophyta) from Selayar Islands, Indonesia

This study aims to evaluate the toxicity, antibacterial activity, and chemical profiling of Gracilaria salicornia extract. The research stages included the extraction, bioactivity test, GC-MS, and docking analysis. The antibacterial activity showed better sensitivity against Escherichia coli than Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition zone against E. coli ranged from 7.73-17.30 mm, while S. aureus ranged from 6.91-13.44 mm, and all of the extracts were toxic to Artemia salina Leach. The chloroform extract showed the highest activity with the clear zone diameter was 17.3±1.65 mm and 13.44 ± 0.04 mm to E. coli and S. aureus respectively. The presence of steroids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and alkane based on GC-MS and docking analysis were responsible for these activities. Molecular docking analysis showed that Cholest-5-en-3-ol and Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-ol showed better interactions than control with binding energy -9.99 and -9.67 kcal.mol-1 against 5BMM, -8.00 and -7.93 kcal.mol-1 against 3LPS respectively. Based on this data, it can be stated that G. salicornia extract is highly potential as the source of antibacterial compounds.

Effect of ultrasonic technology on cellulase enzyme activity produced by local bacterial isolate

The research aimed to obtain new bacterial isolate producing cellulase enzyme, and ultrasonic effect on enzyme activity. Three bacterial isolates were isolated from different agricultural wastes samples. Their effectiveness in cellulolytic was detected by measurement of the clear zone diameter around bacterial growth. The enzyme was extracted after the growtht of local bacterial isolate which has highest enzyme activity. The enzyme was exposed to ultrasound intensity of 40 KH, low, medium and high power, and exposure time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60) min, enzymatic activity was measured after each treatment compared with control. It was found at low level that an increase in the cellulase activity with increased ultrasonic exposure time, the higher activity at 60(min). The effect of ultrasonic treatment at mid-level, showed higher activity at 20 (min), while at high level the activity decrease with exposure time when compared with control. Protein concentration was estimated, there was no significant difference on protein content after ultrasonic treatment in samples at (10, 20, 30, 40) min while decrease in protein content in samples at (50, 60) min, compared with with control.

Uji Daya Hambat Isolat Actinomycetes sebagai Antibakteri terhadap Pertumbuhan Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 secara In Vitro

Pneumonia is a lung parenchymal infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.It is Gram negative bacteria that have developed antibiotic resistance. Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria that produce secondary metabolites which have the ability as antimicrobial. Objectives: To identified the ability of Actinomycetes isolates to inhibit the growth of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The samples in this experiment were from Kebun Raya Bogor that had been rejuvenated on Starch Casein Agar (SCA). Methods: Six dilution series 10-1; 10-2; 10-3; 10-4; 10-5; 10-6 Actinomycetes isolates were used to observe the inhibition zone of P.aeruginosa growth on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media by diffusion method. Results: The effective incubation time occurred at 24 hours, and then it resulted in the average clear zone diameter of 14.70 mm, 10.57 mm, 8.53 mm, 8.47 mm, 6.97 mm, and 5.30 mm. The results of the One – Way Anova test with p-value = 0.000 (p < 0.005) showed some differences at each concentration to inhibit the growth of P.aeruginosa ATCC 27853 at 24 hours incubation period. Conclusion: The most effective concentration of Actinomycetes isolates that can potentially be antibacterial was the concentration of 10-1 with potential solid inhibitory power.Keywords: Actinomycetes, antibacterial, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Synthesis of Mn(II) Complexes-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Schiff Base Salicylaldehyde and Antibacterial Activity

The development of compounds with a better antibacterial activity is highly needed. One way to achieve this is by modifying the structure of the compound using chitosan as a starting material, because of its abundant natural source in Indonesia, its biodegradable properties, and its structure where free amines are present. This study aims to obtain Mn(II) -Carboxymethyl Chitosan Schiff Base-Salicylaldehyde complex to increase its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative). Schiff Base carboxymethyl chitosan-salicylaldehyde was synthesized from carboxymethyl chitosan with salicylaldehyde. Next, the Schiff Base Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Salicylaldehyde was complexed with MnCl2.4H2O and then characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, and AAS and tested for antibacterial activity with the disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The product of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Schiff Base-salicylaldehyde is a brownish yellow solid with a yield of 64% (w/w) and has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (clear zone diameter 11 mm) and Escherichia coli (clear zone diameter 13 mm). The product of Mn(II) Complexes-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Schiff Base-salicylaldehyde is a black solid with a yield of 59% (w/w) and has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (clear zone diameter 13 mm) and Escherichia coli (clear zone diameter 17 mm).

Synthesis of Mn(II) Complexes-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Schiff Base Salicylaldehyde and Antibacterial Activity

The development of compounds with a better antibacterial activity is highly needed. One way to achieve this is by modifying the structure of the compound using chitosan as a starting material, because of its abundant natural source in Indonesia, its biodegradable properties, and its structure where free amines are present. This study aims to obtain Mn(II) -Carboxymethyl Chitosan Schiff Base-Salicylaldehyde complex to increase its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative). Schiff Base carboxymethyl chitosan-salicylaldehyde was synthesized from carboxymethyl chitosan with salicylaldehyde. Next, the Schiff Base Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Salicylaldehyde was complexed with MnCl2.4H2O and then characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis Spectrophotometer, and AAS and tested for antibacterial activity with the disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The product of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Schiff Base-salicylaldehyde is a brownish yellow solid with a yield of 64% (w/w) and has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (clear zone diameter 11 mm) and Escherichia coli (clear zone diameter 13 mm). The product of Mn(II) Complexes-Carboxymethyl Chitosan Schiff Base-salicylaldehyde is a black solid with a yield of 59% (w/w) and has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (clear zone diameter 13 mm) and Escherichia coli (clear zone diameter 17 mm).

매실 추출물의 Streptococcus mutans KCCM 40105 균주에 대한 항균활성 및 안정성

In this study, natural materials with antibacterial activity against the Streptococcus mutans KCCM 40105 strain were selected, and the most efficient extraction conditions were observed. The active substance was stable under various treatment conditions. Of the 10 food materials groups, only Prunus mume fruit showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans strains. The antimicrobial activity by the various extraction solvents was 18.66 mm (clear zone diameter) in the ethanol extract and 20.18 mm in the water extract. Measurements of the antibacterial activity according to the mixing ratio of the two solvents revealed the 30% ethanol extract to have the highest activity (20.49 mm). Measurements of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed activity at a concentration of 3.0 mg/mL. The stability to heat was observed, but the extract was not active at pH 6.0 or higher. The antimicrobial activity of the 30% ethanol extract of P. mume treated with enzymes was the same with both 10 ppm and 100 ppm of the nine enzymes. On the other hand, the activity tended to decrease slightly at 1,000 ppm. The activity of the catazyme enzyme and hydrogen peroxide treatment decreased at the treatment concentration of 100 ppm.

매실 추출물의 Streptococcus mutans KCCM 40105 균주에 대한 항균활성 및 안정성

In this study, natural materials with antibacterial activity against the Streptococcus mutans KCCM 40105 strain were selected, and the most efficient extraction conditions were observed. The active substance was stable under various treatment conditions. Of the 10 food materials groups, only Prunus mume fruit showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans strains. The antimicrobial activity by the various extraction solvents was 18.66 mm (clear zone diameter) in the ethanol extract and 20.18 mm in the water extract. Measurements of the antibacterial activity according to the mixing ratio of the two solvents revealed the 30% ethanol extract to have the highest activity (20.49 mm). Measurements of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed activity at a concentration of 3.0 mg/mL. The stability to heat was observed, but the extract was not active at pH 6.0 or higher. The antimicrobial activity of the 30% ethanol extract of P. mume treated with enzymes was the same with both 10 ppm and 100 ppm of the nine enzymes. On the other hand, the activity tended to decrease slightly at 1,000 ppm. The activity of the catazyme enzyme and hydrogen peroxide treatment decreased at the treatment concentration of 100 ppm.

Synergetic Effect of Green Tea Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts with Ciprofloxacin Against some Standard bacterial Strains: In vitro study

Resistance to commonly-prescribed antibiotics is a global public health problem. Unfortunately resistance has been reported even to newer, potent and expensive antimicrobial agents thus, it necessary to find alternative treatment, such as medicinal plants either alone or in combination with antibiotics due to their fewer reported side effects moreover, their possible affordability and availability. Green Tea (GT) has potential benefits in many aspects most notably in cardiovascular diseases, cancer and obesity. The present study designed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of different concentrations of GT aqueous and alcoholic extracts against standard strains of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Moreover, this study provides novel findings about the synergetic activity of GT alcoholic extract and Ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Two standard antimicrobial susceptibility procedures were used, well diffusion method and broth dilution technique. The clear inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of each extract was measured. The results obtained showed that the GT alcoholic extract had promising antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923 only whereas, the two tested strains were resistant to all concentrations of GT aqueous extract. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the GT alcoholic extract against S. aureus ATCC 25923 were 225 mg/ml and 250 mg/ml respectively. Moreover, sub-MIC (200mg/ml) of GT alcoholic extract increased the IZD of Ciprofloxacin against S. aureus ATCC 25923 by 62.5 % which confirmed the synergistic effect. Finally, further studies in the GT with other organic solvents are of paramount importance and highly recommended.

Biological synthesis of copper nanoparticles and its antimicrobial potential on selected bacteria food-borne pathogens

In this study, copper nanoparticle (CuNPs) was synthesized using green technology and the CuNPs was characterized with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) which confirmed the presence of copper. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed the morphology and the average size was calculated to be 2.47 ± 1 nm. The functional groups were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and this revealed that OH functional group was anchored on the surface of the nanoparticles. Antimicrobial activity of the synthesizedCuNPs was investigated at varying concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mg/ml) dissolved in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). It was tested against five food borne pathogenic organisms: Salmonella typhimurium, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Enterococcus faecalis, Shigella flexneri, and Acinetobacter baumannii using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion and agar well method. The results showed that the antimicrobial zone of inhibition increased with an increase in concentration of the CuNPs, an average diameter of 25 mm at 7 mg/ml, 22 mm at 5 mg/ml and an average diameter of 13 mm at 2 mg/ml of 100% DMSO. Nanoparticles at 0.25 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml concentration failed to produce any clear zone across all the test organisms while only Enterococcus faecalis was sensitive with a clear zone diameter of 10 mm at 1 mg/ml CuNPs. MRSA has the least susceptibility: 9 mm clear zone diameter at 2 mg/ml and at 7 mg/ml clear zone diameter of 20 mm, relative to other tested organisms. The test organisms were not sensitive to the following conventional antibiotics: Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime, Erythromycin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid and Cloxacillin, but only sensitive to Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone and Ofloxacin. MRSA on the other hand was not sensitive to all the eight antibiotics tested but susceptible to the CuNPs. The results obtained from this study indicated that copper nanoparticles can be used in the food industry to control both Gram positive and negative bacteria tested.
 Keywords: Synthesis, Copper nanoparticles, Antimicrobial activities, Bacteria.

Induction of gene expression and chitinolytic activities of putative chitinase gene bacteria Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13

The most dominant disease that causes low production of chili in Indonesia is anthracnose. Anthracnose disease is caused by the pathogenic fungi called Colletotrichum sp. The control of anthracnose disease can be done by using bio fungicides which can be developed from the class of enzymes that degrade pathogenic fungal cell walls. These enzymes are known as hydrolase enzymes, one of which is Chitinase. Chitinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of chitin polymer compounds in β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Chitin is a polymer compound that makes up the fungal cell wall. Chitinolytic bacteria can produce chitinase enzymes. S. plymuthica bacteria produce chitinase enzyme, one of which is putative chitinase [Chi_Put]. The purpose of this study was to express the Chi_Put gene from S. plymuthica UBCF_13 in pGEM-T Easy vector using Escherichia coli BL21 and to test the chitinolytic activity of Chi_Put in degrading chitin in-vitro. Chi_Put gene expression was induced by IPTG and in combination with Mg2+ and Cu2+ metal ions. The highest gene expression was marked by the thickest protein band on the SDS-PAGE visualization with a molecular weight of 47 kDa, namely in the treatment of expression induction with IPTG plus Mg2+ metal ion. The chitinolytic activity of Chi_Put UBCF_13 was tested using solid LB media containing 3% colloidal chitin. The longest clear zone diameter on the last day of observation was the expression induction treatment with Mg2+ with a length of 2.90 cm.

Expression induction of Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 metalloprotease gene with various types of metal ions

Bacteria as biocontrol agents can produce hydrolytic enzymes, one of them is a protease which plays an important role to degrade cell membranes or plasmalemma in fungi composed of protein. Metalloproteases are proteases that contain one or two metal ions on their active sites. The role of metal ions in metalloproteases is to activate water molecules, which act as nucleophiles in the catalysis process. The metalloprotease function of Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 is unknown, therefore this study aimed to determine the effective metal ion to induce the expression of the UBCF_13 metalloprotease gene. The metalloprotease gene from Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 was ligated into a pGEM T-easy plasmid. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 by the heat shock method. The metalloprotease gene expression was induced by IPTG and a combination of several metal ions namely Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, and Ca2+. The highest gene expression was characterized by the thickest protein band based on the result of SDS-PAGE visualization with a molecular weight of 27 kDa after being induced by Fe2+ metal ions. Proteolytic activity of metalloprotease UBCF_13 was tested using solid LB media containing 2% skim milk. The longest clear zone diameter was obtained up to 0,83 cm after being induced by IPTG combined with Ca2+ metal ion. These results can be used as a reference for the expression of the UBCF_13 metalloprotease gene. However, further enzyme purification is to be able the enzyme as an antifungal compound.

Antibacterial Potential of Bidara Laut (Ximenia americana) Plant Against Vibrio alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus Bacteria

Background: Vibriosis is currently still a major problem in marine aquaculture and is highly dependent on availability of antibacterial agents in its handling. Investigation of antibacterial potential of the coastal plants of Bidara Laut (Ximenia americana) has been carried out. Methods: Parts of the X. americana plant taken are Old Fruit, Young Fruit, Old Leaf, and Young Leaf. A total of ± 200 grams of each part of X. americana plant was taken to be extracted using maceration method. The antibacterial activity test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) media. Observations were made in time units, namely every 6 hours of incubation for 24 hours. Results: The tested extract of plant parts of X. americana showed an inhibition zone against the growth of V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus bacteria in each replication in all-time units of observation. Of the four types of extracts tested, old leaves showed strong category resistance to V. alginolyticus with the highest clear zone diameter of 16 mm (average 14.67 mm) at 6 hours incubation. Young leaves gave the highest of 18 mm (average 16.33 mm) against V. parahaemolyticus at 6 hours incubation. Conclusions: X. americana plants have potential for antibacterial against Vibriosis disease in aquaculture. The ability of power to be seen tended to decrease for all tests until the end of observation, but until the end of observation, the ability of extract inhibition of all parts of the plant was still in the moderate to strong category.

The potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in Teluk Bakung Peat Area, Kubu Raya District, Indonesia

Abstract. Khotimah S, Suharjono, Ardyati T, Nuraini Y. 2021. The potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in Teluk Bakung Peat Area, Kubu Raya District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1981-1990. Fungi play important roles in degrading cellulose in the maturation process of peat. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of cellulose-degrading fungi at various peat maturities in the forest. Peat soil samples were collected from Teluk Bakung Village, Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan using a random sampling method. Peat soil samples were obtained at six sampling sites in forests and palm oil plantations. The fungi were cultured by the pour plate method on 1% CMC media. The cellulose-degrading fungi were determined based on a clear zone formation around the colony in CMC agar media. The cellulolytic fungal population in the fibric, hemic, and sapric peats of the secondary forest were 3.2 × 103, 4.6 × 103, and 5.6 × 103 CFU/g, respectively, whereas at fibric, hemic, and sapric of the shrubs were 5.6 x 104, 3.9 × 105 and 4.7 × 104 CFU/g, respectively. Among the 25 cellulolytic fungal isolates, 5 isolates (HS1.5, HS3.4.1, HB2.2, SS2.4.1, and SB2.5.1) showed high average clear zone diameter (21-28 mm). The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolates had cellulase enzyme activity of 132.16 and 127.3 U/mL, respectively. These isolates can grow and degrade cellulose at 30°C to 35°C and pH of 2, 3, 4, and 5. The HS3.4.1 and HS1.5 isolate were closely related to Penicillium citrinum based on the phylogenetic tree analysis.

Biocompatibility of New SiO2 Anti‐Bacterial Material Synthesized by Sol–Gel Route

AbstractSilica material is prepared through sol–gel route using tetramethylorthosilicate as alkoxide precursor. The material is characterized by Fourier transformed InfraRed spectroscopy, and its amorphous state is ascertained by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD). The SiO2 sol–gel bio‐glass shows antibacterial activity towards the Gram‐negative Escherichia coli with a clear halo zone diameter. Furthermore, in order to assess biocompatibility, a primary fibroblast cell line is seeded on biomaterial fragments, sterilized, and directly introduced inside the culture dishes. To show the relations between biomaterial‐cultured cells, a morphological study is performed by light microscopy during all the incubation time and finally the cultures are stopped after 7, 14, and 21 days of incubation. A suitable biocompatibility of the SiO2 sol–gel bio‐glass is observed. In fact, cells maintained their conventional star shape and the monolayer stratified at the dish bottom show only minimal disruption in the biomaterial‐rubbing points, without any other morphological alteration.

ISOLATION OF AMYLASE PRODUCING FUNGI FROM CASSAVA FLOUR

Amylases are among the most important enzymes with potential applications in the present-day industry. Thus, isolating pure culture from cassava as the cheap source has manifold importance for food industries. In the present study, eleven amylase producing fungal strains were isolated from cassava flour and growth pattern, as well as optimum growth condition, was determined. All isolates showed amylases activity but isolate BR005, BR001 and GR003 recorded maximum clear zone diameters of 54.75 ± 0.957 mm, 53.25 ±0.645 mm 51.5 ± 1.414 mm, respectively. The submerged fermentation method was employed for crude amylase and biomass production. There were significant differences (p˂0.05) in starch concentrations and growth rates between the three isolates. GR003 and BR005 attained their optimal amylase activities of 4.23±0.25 U/mL and 3.75±3.16 U/mL at 50 °C, respectively, whiles BR001 attained its optimum amylase activity of 3.43±0.77 at 60 °C. Whereas, BR005, BR001 and GR003 attained their optimal amylase activity of 5.14±1.99 U/mL, 4.53±0.01 U/mL and 1.25±1.11 U/mL at a pH range of 6 to 7, making them neutrophilic fungi. Moreover, isolates BR005, BR001 and GR003 recorded the highest amylase activities of 4.31±0.14U/mL, 4.67±1.16±U/mL and 3.16±0.12U/mL at the starch concentrations of 3%, 2%, and 2.5% and fermentation period of 48 h, 66 h and 42 h, respectively. Lastly, BR005, BR001 and GR003 achieved their optimal amylase activities of 5.41±0.11U/mL, 6.24±0.14 U/mL and 6.22±0.12 U/mL at 48 h, 66 h and 42 h of incubation, accordingly. Indicating that cassava flour is a good source of amylolytic fungi with a potential application under wide conditions.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM MARCHANTIA SP. EXTRACT: TESTING AN ALCOHOL-FREE HAND SANITIZER PRODUCT FORMULA

Common liverwort is widely distributed around the world, and its extract has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiseptic activities. This research investigated the antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from common liverwort (Marchantia sp.) and its potency as a material for hand sanitizer formulation. The green synthesis (eco-friendly and biosafe synthesis using the nontoxic reagents) of liverwort AgNPs (LAgNPs) was performed using the maceration technique and 1 mg AgNO3. Characterization of LAgNPs was carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) was performed to determine the nanoparticle size and elements. Then, the effectiveness of LAgNPs and LAgNPs-formulated hand sanitizer to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was analyzed. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer results from LAgNPs at wavelength ranged from 400 to 700 nm shows an absorbance peak at 422 nm. FTIR analysis indicates that the LAgNPs were stabilized by isothiocyanate and amide, which represents the presence of various phytochemicals in the liverwort extract. The SEM-EDX analysis clearly shows that the size of the nanoparticles lies between 0.020-0.040 nm, and it contains several elements O, C, N, and Ag. Also, 75% LAgNPs concentration inhibited the growth of E.coli and S.aureus with clear zone diameter at 19.75 ± 6.13 mm and 16.25 ± 0.54 mm, respectively; whereas the formulated hand sanitizer inhibition diameter for both bacterial species was at 11.33 ± 1.03 mm and 11.00 ± 0.54 mm, respectively. The LAgNPs exhibits a promising antimicrobial activity for application in a non-alcoholic hand sanitizer product formulation.

Optimasi Formula Pasta Gigi Kombinasi Ekstrak Rimpang Temu Kunci dan Sereh dengan CMC-Na dan Carbomer sebagai Bahan Pengikat Menggunakan Metode Simplex Lattice Design

Comercial toothpaste contain fluoride to prevent dental caries. The usage of fluoride in large quantities may cause irreversible enamel fluorosis, brittle bones, brittle teeth, premature aging, spontaneous abortion, and carcinogenic. Objective this experiment is knowing the extract concentration of finger roots and lemongrass which is equivalent to positive control and then performed optimization of toothpaste preparation formula with different concentrations of CMC-Na and carbomer with pH and viscosity parameters using the Simple Lattice Design method. The antibacterial test of lemongrass extract, finger roots and its combination with a concentration of 5% against Streptococcus mutans bacteria, showed the average diameter of the largest clear zone: finger roots extract was 11.167±0.288mm; combination of lemongrass extract:finger roots extract (1:2) was 10.83±0.288mm; combination of lemongrass extract: finger roots (2:1) was 10,067±1,006mm; lemongrass extract was 9.33±0.751mm; The combination of lemongrass extract:finger roots extract (1:1) was 9,133±0,321mm.. Post Hoc test results shows comparable to positive controls were 5% finger roots extracts, combination of lemongrass:finger roots 1:2 combination, and 2:1 combination. The optimum formula was obtained using the SLD method with a combination of 0.900% CMC-Na and 1,100% carbomer as a binding agent. The optimum pH formula of toothpaste was 7,613±0,076 and Viscosity 2,43,104cps±2571,640. The paired t-test pH obtained p-value 0.222 and the viscosity obtained p-value 0.934. The experimental results were not significantly different from the results predicted by the software simply latex design. The 5% finger roots extract can be developed into an herbal toothpaste with binding agent CMC-Na and a carbomer ratio of 0,9:1,1.

Chemical profile and antibacterial activity of Mentha viridis L. essential oils and ethanolic extract

Mentha viridis was the model plant for this study to estimate the antibacterial activity and define the essential metabolites' essential chemical compositions. This study was designed to estimate ethanol extract's chemical composition and essential oil isolated from leaves of commercial M. viridis. The essential primary and secondary metabolites were estimated and defined as: total protein (45.29 µg/ml), total alkaloids (0.116 mg/g), total flavonoids (0.9931 mg/g), and total phenolic compounds (0.2326 mg/g). The antibacterial activity of M. viridis ethanol extract was screened against two-gram negative bacterial strains, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (DH5-α). This work proved that both the ethanol extract and the essential oil extract of M. viridis leave have potent antibacterial activity against tested bacteria. There is a difference in clear zone diameter by comparing the control ethanol treatment to the ethanol extract. The total essential oil obtained by hydro-distillation technique and identified by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main compounds of the oil were Cyclohexanone, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethylidene)- (33.46%), D-Carvone (32.30%), Cyclohexanol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)-, (1.alpha., 2.beta., 5.alpha.) (7.13%), Carveol (5.31%), Dihydrocarvyl acetate (5.30%). All these characterizations enable M. viridis to have antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, essential oils, ethanol extract, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Mentha Viridis.