Abstract
Common liverwort is widely distributed around the world, and its extract has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiseptic activities. This research investigated the antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from common liverwort (Marchantia sp.) and its potency as a material for hand sanitizer formulation. The green synthesis (eco-friendly and biosafe synthesis using the nontoxic reagents) of liverwort AgNPs (LAgNPs) was performed using the maceration technique and 1 mg AgNO3. Characterization of LAgNPs was carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) was performed to determine the nanoparticle size and elements. Then, the effectiveness of LAgNPs and LAgNPs-formulated hand sanitizer to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was analyzed. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer results from LAgNPs at wavelength ranged from 400 to 700 nm shows an absorbance peak at 422 nm. FTIR analysis indicates that the LAgNPs were stabilized by isothiocyanate and amide, which represents the presence of various phytochemicals in the liverwort extract. The SEM-EDX analysis clearly shows that the size of the nanoparticles lies between 0.020-0.040 nm, and it contains several elements O, C, N, and Ag. Also, 75% LAgNPs concentration inhibited the growth of E.coli and S.aureus with clear zone diameter at 19.75 ± 6.13 mm and 16.25 ± 0.54 mm, respectively; whereas the formulated hand sanitizer inhibition diameter for both bacterial species was at 11.33 ± 1.03 mm and 11.00 ± 0.54 mm, respectively. The LAgNPs exhibits a promising antimicrobial activity for application in a non-alcoholic hand sanitizer product formulation.
Highlights
One of the most effective ways to protect the body from illnesses is good personal hygiene
It is assumed that the constituent of phytochemicals in the liverwort extract reduced the silver metal ions into silver nanoparticles, and it is responsible for the excitation of the agents using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) surface plasmon resonance vibration
The results show that the liverwort AgNPs (LAgNPs) were significantly more effective in inhibiting the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared to the hand sanitizer gel product used in this research
Summary
One of the most effective ways to protect the body from illnesses is good personal hygiene. Researches on hand sanitizer formulations using natural extract have been carried out to obtain the most effective formula. Selvia et al (2015) conducted a study of hand sanitizer gel preparations from rambutan fruit extract They reported the antibacterial activity of the gel against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. (Ismail et al, 2017) The results of these researches indicate that certain plants have the potential antibacterial activity for hand sanitizers’ formulation. Even though the investigations of the antimicrobial activities of Marchantia spp. have been carried out, only a few studies have been conducted on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from these species. The results of the study by Paosen et al (2017) showed that AgNPs extract of Myrtaceae plants has excellent antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumanii, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The research results could be used as the reference by manufacturers of antiseptic products or hand sanitizers to utilize common liverwort as the ingredient in their product formulation
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