Dialectical Theory Research Articles

По ту сторону утопии. Два взгляда на постиндустриальный труд

Statism and anarchism are a binary opposition that divides Marxists into two irreconcilable camps. This opposition was felt especially irresistible during the Iron Curtain. But already in the 1980s, both in Soviet philosophy and in European Marxism, the idea of dialogue and communication was actively gaining popularity, which called for compromise between opponents. And today, when the depoliticizing nature of late capitalism tendentiously smooth out “rough edges,” imposing radical centrism according to Anthony Gidden contradictions completely lose their fundamental importance. Within the framework of this hypothesis, the author constructs a theoretical dialogue between Italian post-Operatism (Antonio Negri, Paolo Virno, Franco Berardi, Maurizio Lazzarato, etc.) and domestic cultural philosophies (Vladimir Bibler, Vadim Mezhuyev, Nal Zlobin, Moses Kagan, Arnold Arnoldov, etc.), which are usually located at opposite poles of the political spectrum: postoperatives are known as anarchists, and cultural philosophers are more conservative and rather closer to the Social Democrats. Both schools, referring to Karl Marx’s early works, analyze a new reality where the role of the main producer is occupied by a cultural person (scientist/artist) or a postindustrial worker. Both schools experience a certain affect of disappointment in radical political changes, and therefore see the main way to improve society no longer in political struggle, but in culture and communication. But while Italian Marxists urge to seek horizontal solidarity in subcultures, cultural philosophers take a position of power, developing pedagogical programs to make from proletariat the so-called cognitariat. The post-operatives label the new society emerging with the term “Empire.” The author of the article draws parallels between the new Empire and the late USSR, in which cultural philosophers worked. The article compares critical and apologetic views on post- Fordist production, as well as examines two proposed Enlightenment projects. The article attempts to demonstrate the theoretical similarities of the two directions and lays a certain foundation for their convergence with the aim of creating a dialectical theory that would combine both elements of pedagogy and a program of horizontal solidarity.

이규경의 악률 변증설에 대한 연구

This study aims to examine the dialectic theory on traditional music in Oju
 yeonmun jangjeon sago presented by Lee Gyugyeong, an intellectual in the late
 Joseon Dynasty. It focuses on his approach to the '12-tone theory', the
 'length, circumference, and diameter of the hwangjong-pitch pipe', the
 'method of using climate and seasons', and 'yuljun' (律準, lit. rule).
 First, the 12-tone theory was based on the Eastern philosophy proved
 through the theory of Bang lee Ji, a Chinese Ming scholar. The relationship
 between yin and yang was an important factor in this theory. In particular,
 this theory was intended to prove the hwangjong-pitch pipe in the Lüshi
 Chunqiu, an old Chinese literature. Lee Gyugyeong asserted that it meant the
 distance between the first-note and the last-note hole of the hwangjong -pitch
 pipe, and interpreted that seven notes could be produced by opening the hole
 within the distance one by one.
 Secondly, regarding the length, circumference, and diameter of the
 hwangjong -pitch pipe, Lee Gyugyeong emphasized that the circumference and
 diameter should be obtained through the bottom area and volume of the
 hwangjong-pitch pipe, and the circumferential ratio of 3.14 should be used.
 Therefore, it can be assumed that the hwangjong-pitch pipe suggested by Lee
 Gyugyeong was 3.46 in diameter, 10.86 in circumference, 9 pun (分) in bottom
 area, and 810 pun in volume.
 Third, Lee Gyugyeong thought that it was a very practical way to determine
 a pitch pipe using climate and seasonal factors. In particular, it might have
 been important for those who made a living in agriculture.
 Finally, while experiencing yanggeum (hammered dulcimer), Lee Gyugyeong saw that it was appropriate to set the tone based on the string. Therefore, to
 confirm this, he dialectized the music theory of ancient Chinese scholars and
 them applied it to music at the time. Therefore, he emphasized that the
 method of setting tones based on strings should be made based on 12 tones
 and revealed that geomungo (plucked zither) was used to set tones based on
 its strings in Joseon Dynasty.

Urban military geographies: New directions in the (re)production of space, militarism, and the urban

AbstractArmed forces in urban areas are a very visible source of socio‐spatial and urban change. Even in contemporary cities ‘at peace’, this presence and ensuing changes can be wide‐ranging, evident across infrastructure, organisations, narratives of place, events, and everyday activities. Although over the past 2 decades critical military studies and urban geopolitics have explored some of these themes, an urban studies perspective on such military geographies in peacetime has elicited far less attention. The aim of this article is to open up opportunities for deeper conceptualisation and research on urban military geographies. This article establishes a dialogue between critical military studies and urban geopolitics, to review the different dimensions of the influence of a military presence in urban space, and to provide a synthesis of these two bodies of literature. Using Lefebvre's dialectical theory of spatial production, this review shows how cities can be privileged spaces for the reproduction of militarism and preparation for war. Moreover, it examines how the presence of military forces in peacetime can influence the material and immaterial production of urban space.

«Мировая революция» в русском анархизме

The purpose of this article is to identify the specifics of the theory of the "world revolution" in the ideological and political heritage of Russian anarchism. Historical, comparative, hermeneutic methods of scientific research were actively used to write the article. The ideologists of Russian anarchism in their interpretation of the "world revolution" competed with Marxist doctrine, with its popular dialectical theory of socio-economic formations and class struggle, where the final stage of historical progress was to be the achievement of global communism. Rejecting the Marxist concept of "dictatorship of the proletariat", the Russian anarchists proceeded from an alternative methodology that emphasizes the primacy of natural, biological factors of social processes. According to anarchists, the basic factor of progress is the natural inclination of people to solidarity and mutual assistance. Hence the Russian anarchists opposed the natural nature of the evolution of mankind to any "forced" forms of social organization. This applied, first of all, to the institution of the state, regardless of its external form – communist, liberal-democratic, despotic. The basic parameters of the social ideal in the theory of Russian anarchism were the principles of anarchy and freedom, the building of social existence on the basis of self-organization, self-government and a global decentralized confederation structured "from the bottom up". The former territorial and political borders were abolished, nations were abolished. The anarchists saw the achievement of this ideal as an exclusively revolutionary way, gradually embracing all new countries, regions, continents. The article emphasizes the constant appeal of Russian anarchists to the arguments of universal morality - "freedom", "justice", "brotherhood", "justice", "equality" in justifying the need for a world anarchist revolution, which in practice turned into political abstractions with destructive consequences for societies. At the same time, the "secondary" ideology of Russian anarchism as an intellectual product is noted in relation to Marxism and natural science theories of the XVIII-XIX centuries, as well as the tendency of anarchists to utopian thinking, to speculative building of their global social ideal.

Творчество В.В. Розанова: техника описания и теория изменения вещей как образ исторического осмысления действительности

The creativity of V.V. Rozanov is a special kind of theory (speculation), allowing one to see things as potencies. The thinker perceives the phenomena and processes of the material and spiritual plane in the context of this speculation. Istria defines the internal and external relationship of these processes as a set of external and internal changes. External changes are defined by the concept of uncertainty, and internal definitions of a certain potency. Rozanov considers the interaction of these potencies simultaneously statically and dynamically. Statically, it presupposes the existence of regularities and the victory of order over chaos. Dynamically manifested as the primacy of randomness in life, since all potencies can not be realized. The interaction of these two forms of change creates life in all its complexity, Rozanov's theory helps us comprehend, therefore, at different periods of the thinker's creativity, both static and dynamic aspects of potentiality that create the history of the world as a sounding word and as a silence. This avoids subjective and one-sided interpretations of the thinker's philosophical heritage. The author uses the method of reconstruction in the work, which makes it possible to show that the philosophical heritage of Rozanov is a semantic field formed around the concept of "potentiality." The scientific novelty of the study lies in the possibility of isolating broad contexts of Rozanov's work and considering its various aspects as a complete metaphysical and dialectical theory, that helps to integrate different aspects and sides of Rozanov’s creativity and makes it more understandable.

Construction of The Iftār Tradition In Sergang Village, Sumenep Regency

The author's research aims to explain the construction of the Ifthār tradition in Sergang Village and the reception of hadiths that underlie the emergence of the Ifthār tradition, as well as other hadiths related to the Ifthār tradition.
 The research method to be employed is field research, conducted by directly interviewing practitioners (insiders), the general public (outsiders), and community leaders in order to achieve comprehensive research. The research will utilize the theory proposed by Peter L. Berger, using the triad dialectic theory, namely: externalization, objectification, and internalization.
 The results of the research show that the transmission of the Ifthār tradition has been ongoing for over a century, starting from the third caretaker of Raudlatus Syabab Islamic Boarding School, K.H. Syarqowi. There are two main hadiths that serve as the foundation for this tradition, namely the hadith about Ifthār and the hadith about the virtue of giving charity. Initially, there were no pre-Ifthār rituals among the villagers in Sergang Village. However, over time, the alumni of Pesantren Pajung, who are scattered in various regions, began organizing Ifthār in their own areas, adding several pre-Ifthār rituals. As for the transformation of the hadiths in the Ifthār tradition in Sergang Village, it has undergone five periods, influenced by influential figures from the past until the present era.

Migration Decision-Making Process: Dialectic Contradictions Experienced by Asylum-Seeking Women

ABSTRACT Increasing numbers of migrants have fled human rights abuses, seeking refugee status. This study, involving semi-structured interviews with 12 African asylum-seeking women in Israel, explores their decision to leave home, journey to, and enter Israel without legal authorization. It further examines their retrospective view of leaving home amidst their experiences in Israel. Guided by a qualitative descriptive approach, the analysis reveals contradictory themes: autonomy/absence of autonomy in migration decision-making and positive/negative sentiments about life in Israel. We discuss these findings in relation to international migration determinant theories, relational dialectic theory, and research on communicative tensions experienced by refugees.

Adorno, Jiddu Krishnamurti, and Critical Theory: Negative Dialectics and Non-identity Thinking

ABSTRACT This paper explores the relationship between the thought of Theodor W. Adorno and Jiddu Krishnamurti. It focuses upon how both thinkers employ a determinately negative epistemology and revise Hegelian dialectics as a manner of ratiocination to resolve socio-political problems. It is argued that Krishnamurti’s negative epistemology is rendered more robust when read along with Adorno’s critical theory, aesthetic theory, and notions of negative dialectics and non-identity thinking. It is hoped that this synthesis of thought raises the possibility for ongoing creative responses to contemporary socio-political challenges over and above either political demonstration or intellectual retreat.

A Marxist-Humanist perspective on Stuart Hall’s communication theory

At the end of his life, Stuart Hall called for the reengagement of Cultural Studies and Marxism. This paper contributes to this task. It analyses Stuart Hall’s works on communication and the media.The goal of the paper is to read Stuart Hall in a manner that can inform the renewal of Marxist Humanism and the development of a Marxist-Humanist theory of communication. This involves reconstructing elements of Hall’s approach, criticising certain aspects of his work, and through this engagement developing new theory elements.The article’s analysis of Stuart Hall’s theory of communication and the media is conducted in four steps. First, the paper reengages and re-evaluates what Hall called the two paradigms of Cultural Studies: Structuralism and “Culturalism”/Humanism. It discusses the role of human agency in society. Second, the paper engages with Hall’s and Althusser’s notions of articulation and sets the notion of articulation in relation to the concept of communication. Third, it discusses the relationship between communication and work in the context of Hall’s works. Fourth, the article revisits and engages with Hall’s encoding/decoding-model in the context of digitalisation.This paper grounds a dialectical concept of communication that is based on the dialectic of articulating and articulatedness, the dialectic of work and communication, as well as the dialectic of communication in the public sphere and society’s power forcefields. It shows how a critical, dialectical theory of communication benefits from engagement with Stuart Hall’s works. The present work argues with, for, against, and beyond Stuart Hall in order or productively draw on ideas that emerge from this engagement.

Walking the Tightrope: Communicative Tensions in Disenfranchised Grief Among Families Managing Substance Use Disorder

ABSTRACT This study investigates the communicative tensions inherent to the experience of disenfranchised grief among family members of individuals with substance use disorder (SUD). In the context of a family member with SUD, 98 adult-affected family members (AFMs) described their struggles with disenfranchised grief, a form of grief characterized by deprivation of support or recognition from others. The results of a deductive, qualitative analysis guided by relational dialectics theory (RDT; Baxter & Montgomery, 1996) indicated that AFMs traverse the dialectical poles of integration-separation, stability-change, and expression-non-expression both within the relationship (internally) and with those “on the outside” (externally). Additionally, AFMs grappled with a tension cited in previous work examining contradictions among spouses managing adult dementia: presence-absence (Baxter etal., 2002). The findings (a) illuminate the disenfranchised grief experienced by AFMs, (b) unpack the interactional implications of this unique form of suffering by situating disenfranchised grief as a communicative phenomenon, and (c) call for increased social and clinical support for AFMs experiencing disenfranchised grief.

THE DIALECTIC OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERTAKINA ADMINISTRATORS AND PERTAKINA MEMBERS IN ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES

The phenomenon regarding Indonesian Migrant Workers (PMI) concerns the government in empowering their abilities after returning from working abroad. One non-governmental organization that houses the former PMI is the Association of Retired Workers and Families (PERTAKINA). The members who are former PMI are empowered in PERTAKINA organizational activities. There are organizational problems, namely the members' dissatisfaction with the management, which causes tension between the management and members. This research aims to find, understand and analyze the dialectics of the relationship between PERTAKINA and its members in organizational activities and to find the right relational communication model for PERTAKINA in organizational activities. This study uses Relational Dialectic Theory (RDT) to analyze these problems. The method used is a case study, with data collection techniques through interviews with PERTAKINA management and members and observation techniques in completing research data. The findings in the study indicate that members have dissatisfaction and distrust of the management, which causes tension in organizational activities. However, the members were reluctant to convey this openly to the organization's management, so it only became a conversation behind the management's back. Based on these findings, it becomes a new element in the relationship pole, namely tolerance as an element for Relational Dialectic Theory.

“I hate all the children, especially mine”: Applying relational dialectics theory to examine the experiences of formerly childfree regretful parents

Guided by relational dialectics theory (RDT), we analyzed 85 first-person testimonials of parental regret written by users of the /r/childfree subreddit. We interrogated how competing discourses animate what it means to be a parent (our semantic object). Contrapuntal analysis revealed dominant and marginalized Discourses of Parenting as Heaven (DPHN) and Parenting as Hell on Earth (DPHL), respectively, as well as a third Discourse of Parenting as (the Only) Choice (DPOC). We identified three kinds of dialogically contractive practices including a new form we call fear of missing out (FOMO), two forms of diachronic separation, four forms of synchronic interplay including a new form we introduce (i.e., allying) that is useful when more than two discourses compete, and one form of dialogic transformation. We argue that FOMO serves as a catalyst for diachronic separation. We offer practical implications for fencesitters (those “on the fence” about having children), counselors, and policymakers.

The concept of a state as a condition for juridical law

The article notes the tradition of considering the concept of the state in the general theory of the state and law without taking into account the concept of law and without sufficiently defining the nature of their relationship, as a result of which the development of the theory of law and the theory of the state is inhibited. It is noted that the domestic legal science has embarked on the path of a false paradigm. Also noted that domestic legal science has embarked on the path of a false paradigm of overcoming the normativistic approach and the Soviet understanding of law, focusing on the Western European scientific tradition, while moving away from the dialectical-materialistic methodology of knowledge of law and the state. The scientific paradigm in Ukraine is moving in the direction of including other elements (legal principles, legal awareness, etc.) in the content of law in addition to legal norms. However, domestic legal opinion states that there was no "scientific revolution" in legal science in Ukraine on this path. In the Central European legal doctrine within the framework of the philosophy of law, law is studied without its "tying" to a specific state-organized society at a certain stage of historical development, law acts as an "idea of law" (law in general). Attention is drawn to the ignoring by domestic theorists of a new paradigm in the development of the understanding of law, which positions itself as a dialectical theory of law, which has revolutionary significance for clarifying the concepts of law and the state and the nature of their relationship. The fundamental scientific novelty of this theory is presented, the author's definitions of the concepts of law and the state are provided, and their necessary relationship is revealed. It is claimed that a "scientific revolution" takes place when an established scientific paradigm changes depending on a fundamental change in the methodology of formingthe basic concept of a scientific theory, which leads to significant changes in its definitions. Due to the dialectical-materialist methodology, the dialectical theory of law, unlike all existing theories, defines the generic concept of law and its types: primitive customary law, juridical law, and humanistic law. The state is organically connected toonly one type of law, namely, juridical law. Key words: legal doctrine, scientific paradigm, dialectical theory of law, state,state functions, juridical law.

“I Wanted It to Be Flowers and Sunshine, but That Was Not It at All”: A Relational Dialectics Theory Analysis of Black Motherhood

ABSTRACT Research on motherhood in family communication scholarship has traditionally focused on White women’s experiences in the U.S. Few communication studies have reported the experiences of Black mothers in their findings. However, there is still a dearth of scholarship in studies that centralize the voices of Black mothers. While the paths to becoming a mother might be fairly similar, the experiences of mothers differ based on many factors. African American women exist on the margins of race, gender, and the legitimacy of “how they became mothers.” Centralizing the voices of Black mothers in communication scholarship, this study analyzed the stories of 31 African American mothers. Using Relational Dialectics Theory as a theoretical framework, the discourse of intensive mothering (DIM) and the discourse of motherhood as distressing (DMD) emerged from the data. The DIM and DMD interplayed through diachronic separation, synchronic interplay, and dialogic transformation (discursive hybridity).

Understanding parents’ sense-making of their role in adolescent daughters’ social media use through the lens of relational dialectics theory 2.0

ABSTRACT With the development of social media, parents must figure out how to guide their children’s use or even whether to allow it. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews with 30 parents of daughters aged 12–18. Relational dialectics theory 2.0 was used to analyze how parents’ talk revealed their sense-making of their role in adolescent daughters’ social media use. Analysis revealed that parents voiced competing discourses pertaining to “bad” versus “good” parents and monitoring versus trusting daughters. Discourses that take place at the distal level compete with those at the proximal site of the utterance chain, challenging parents to engage in sense-making. Findings suggest that the advice of open communication between parent and adolescent addresses only the proximal level and not the distal level of societal expectations for monitoring and close involvement required of the “good parent.” To make sense of and manage competing discourses, parents appear to couple conversations with daughters with voicing discourses of daughter uniqueness as a way to favor trusting over monitoring and still maintain a “good” parent identity.

Dialektika Relasional Komunikasi Orang Tua dan Anak dalam Proses Belajar-Mengajar di Lingkungan Jatisari Kelurahan Gisikdrono Semarang Barat di Masa Pandemi Covid- 19.

Relational Dialectic is a theory that explains the relationship (relationship). This theory tries to explain how the dynamics and obstacles that occur in a relationship. In the context of studying at home, where the new system in education makes parents inevitably play the role of educators, regardless of a teacher carrying out their functions. This study aims to understand the Dialectic of Communication between Parents and Children in the teaching and learning process in the Jatisari Environment, Gisikdrono, West Semarang during the Covid-19 pandemic. The theory used in analyzing the object of this research is the Relational Dialectic Theory initiated by Bahktin. The research method used is descriptive qualitative and phenomenological approach. Criteria for Informants Mothers who are actively working also take care of the household, on the other hand they must accompany their children in learning. Children aged 7-12 years who are still in elementary school. The result of this study is that the dialectic between mother and<div>child occurs because of contradiction. Refers to the forces that affect whether or not a relationship is good. Relationships work well if there is a supporting force (centripetal force), and conversely the relationship does not work well due to obstacles (centrifugal force).</div>

Young women's dialectical responses to fitspiration and thinspiration: A qualitative study

With the popularity of image-based social media platforms like Instagram, researchers have begun to study relationships between social media and body image. Much of this research has used quantitative research methods, which cannot capture the rich, inner experiences of individuals. Given the dearth of qualitative research on what young women internally experience when viewing “Thinspiration” or “Fitspiration,” this study used the consensual qualitative research (CQR) method, with the aim of capturing in their own words what young women feel and think in response to viewing fitspiration and thinspiration. Twelve young women viewed Fitspiration and Thinspiration profiles and were interviewed about these and similar everyday experiences. The CQR analytic team identified 10 general, 18 typical, and 11 variant domains (i.e., topic areas). An example general domain was “body image,” under which the category “body dissatisfaction,” fell; by viewing Thinspiration or Fitspiration, these young women were reminded how they are dissatisfied with how they see their own body or were prompted to believe others are reminded of this when viewing such content. An example typical domain was “diet/disordered eating”; several participants associated Thinspiration or Fitspiration with diet or disordered eating. From five of the 10 general domains emerged what we call an emergent dialectical theory of social media and body image. When viewing Thinspiration or Fitspiration, young women often seemed to feel or think two seemingly opposite things simultaneously within the topic areas of attainability, emotional reactions, social comparison, body image, and health.

Existential Truth in Dialectical-symbolic Understanding

The subject of research in this article is the phenomenon of existential truth. The author relies on the distinction between epistemic and existential truth proposed by D.V. Pivovarov. The latter is the correspondence of knowledge (or being in the case of ontological truth) to the subject-object unity, human being, which is the basis of cognitive activity. The ideas related to the existential understanding of truth in the works of B. Pascal, S. Kierkegaard, M. Unamuno, H. Ortega y Gasset, L. Shestov, N.A. Berdyaev, K. Jaspers, G. Marcel, A. Camus, J.-P. Sartre and M. Heidegger are presented. "Cordiality", subjectivity, vitality, perspectivism, irrationality, creative nature, communication, personality, "rebellion", freedom, "non-concealment" of existential truth are highlighted. With the help of A.F. Losev's dialectical methodology, an attempt is made to comprehend these signs as moments of symbolism of existential truth. The mainstay is the works of A.F. Losev, in which the symbol is understood as a communicative and interpretive expression of a transcendent essence ("the very self"). This expression is a "directly-intuitively" given generality, naturally decomposed into a number of separate singularities, which can be realized in reality and thereby become a "myth" in Losev's understanding. The myth, immanent to personal existence, is intensively experienced by a person, manifests itself in an irrational "miracle". The symbol and myth reveal the considered signs of existential truth and at the same time take into account the objective, functional sides of the truth. From the point of view of the dialectical-symbolic approach, existential truth is the correspondence of knowledge (or being) to a dialectically concrete symbolic reflection of reality, subject-object unity, which is a "directly intuitive" given in immanent personal being. The novelty of the work lies in the application of A.F. Losev's dialectical theory of the symbol to the study of the existential understanding of truth.

Discerning Between the “Easy” and “Hard” Problems of AI Governance

While there is widespread consensus that artificial intelligence (AI) needs to be governed owing to its rapid diffusion and societal implications, the current scholarly discussion on AI governance is dispersed across numerous disciplines and problem domains. This paper clarifies the situation by discerning two problem areas, metaphorically titled the “easy” and “hard” problems of AI governance, using a dialectic theory synthesis approach. The “easy problem” of AI governance concerns how organizations’ design, development, and use of AI systems align with laws, values, and norms stemming from legislation, ethics guidelines, and the surrounding society. Organizations can provisionally solve the “easy problem” by implementing appropriate organizational mechanisms to govern data, algorithms, and algorithmic systems. The “hard problem” of AI governance concerns AI as a general-purpose technology that transforms organizations and societies. Rather than a matter to be resolved, the “hard problem” is a sensemaking process regarding socio-technical change. Partial solutions to the “hard problem” may open unforeseen issues. While societies should not lose track of the “hard problem” of AI governance, there is significant value in solving the “easy problem” for two reasons. First, the “easy problem” can be provisionally solved by tackling bias, harm, and transparency issues. Second, solving the “easy problem” helps solve the “hard problem”, as responsible organizational AI practices create virtuous rather than vicious cycles.

Inter-Cultural Communication: Sipakatau-Sipakalebbi Among Bugis-Kaili Couples in Palu

This article investigates intercultural marriage from the perspective of communication between ethnic Bugis (migrants) and ethnic Kaili (natives) in Palu City, Central Sulawesi. This study seeks to analyze and investigate the cultural principle of sipakatau-sipakalebbi (mutual respect and humanization) among married Bugis and Kaili couples in Palu City. Through an examination of the patterns and practices of intercultural communication and family communication through the lens of Indonesian local culture, this research contributes to the Relational Dialectic Theory using a case study methodology. The empirical findings of this study indicate that the sipakatau culture (mutual humanization) and the sipakalebbi principle (mutual respect), which are the guiding principles and communication strategies of Bugis ethnics, are still adhered to in their interactions with others, even though many of them are married to individuals of different cultural and ethnic backgrounds. This study also found that Bugis and Kaili inter-ethnic marriage partners understand the dynamics and communicate all the dynamics concerning these cultural differences, allowing for the resolution of problems and estrangement, including those that contribute to marital conflict. Due to a lack of comprehension of the sipakatau sipakalebbi principle on the part of Kaili couples, this principle has yet to satisfy Bugis couples in practice.