Dialectical Systems Research Articles

Accentuation Systems in Byzantine Greek Inscriptions and Graffiti in Cappadocia

Introduction. An analysis of fresco inscriptions from different regions of the Byzantine Empire has shown that their spelling may reflect dialectal features. At the same time, the accentuation systems used in them also characterize the author’s style and often vary, combining elements of the Alexandrian, Byzantine, and logical systems. Methods. Cappadocian inscriptions and graffiti were analyzed according to Jerphanion’s publication in comparison with photographs of Cappadocian frescoes from various Internet repositories. Material. The article presents the results of the analysis of the use of accentuation marks in 142 inscriptions on frescoes of the 10th – 12th centuries and in 19 graffiti. Results. The 142 inscriptions on the frescoes reflect a special tradition of using trema that existed in Cappadocia. In addition to the classic case of placing it at the beginning of a series of names, such as John, Jacob, etc., it is often placed in the initial position in place of a thick aspiration. Another variant of its use is to emphasize those cases when iota is written instead of η. In a number of monuments, almost all the inscriptions are accentuated in a system close to the Alexandrian, with marking of unstressed syllables and with a visual display using prosody signs of tone movement. In other inscriptions, the first element of the diphthong is marked with stress, which is characteristic not only of the Alexandrian system. Stresses on abbreviations are also found in the function of logical stress. The authors of 19 graffiti used accentuation signs, including for shortening words and indicating a line break. And the gravis in them often marked words within the framework of the logical accentuation system.

ESG performance and the ecosystem-based business model innovation: evidence from Chinese firms

ABSTRACT To implement the United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs), corporate focus has shifted towards firm environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices. We use Yin-Yang dialectical systems and institutional theory to examine ecosystem-based business model (EBM) innovation and investigate conflicting results in extant empirical studies of the relationship between ESG, EBM innovation, and cross-cultural legitimacy in China. Using panel data from Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2023, we reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between ESG and EBM innovation moderated by cross-cultural legitimacy and suggest how Chinese enterprises can achieve ESG objectives while navigating cultural conflicts within a systemic framework.

The High Rising Terminal in the Intonation System of the Modern English Language

Introduction. The article examines changes taking place in the intonation systems of modern varieties of the English language by analysing the use of the High Rising Terminal (HRT). Received pronunciation (RP), which is recognised as standard pronunciation in the United Kingdom, Australian English accents and Northern Irish English accents (accents of Belfast) have been chosen as the subject for this study. Intonation contours containing the HRT are compared in order to reveal any similar features regarding their realisation and functions. The results of this comparative analysis will show to what extent other varieties of English may be attributed to the changes in the intonation system of the modern RP. The present study is unique in that the material for the comparative analysis of the functions of the HRT includes recordings of spontaneous speech of the speakers of modern English accents. This study is relevant due to the growing interest in the modern changes in the intonation systems of different modern English dialects. The results of the comparative analysis show whether these changes can be considered universal across different English dialects.Methodology and sources. The material for the present study includes audio samples of spontaneous speech represented by dialogues between native speakers of Standard British English, Australian English and Belfast English. The samples containing the HRT have been acoustically analysed. The lexical and communicative context of the samples have been evaluated in order to determine the functions of the phonetic contour.Results and discussion. One of the main findings of this study is a new function of the HRT in RP that has not been found in the classical descriptions of the accent. The acoustic analysis of the realisations of the HRT has also revealed a number of similar features between the modern accents of English analysed in this study.Conclusion. Many changes taking place in modern varieties of English have been caused by globalisation. Even though RP accent is considered to be the standard accent of British English, it is also subject to change.

The emergence of vowel harmony in Armenian dialects

Abstract We find vowel harmony systems in many non-standard varieties of modern Armenian. It has been speculated that these may have acquired vowel harmony due to contact with Turkic varieties (Scala 2018). On the basis of an exploration of the synchrony and typology of Armenian vowel harmony, consideration of historical changes that could have caused harmony to develop, and evaluation of new data bearing on the origins of backness and rounding harmony in Oghuz, we propose that the vowel harmony systems of the modern Armenian dialects show evidence of having been influenced by Turkish, but the numerous differences between Armenian and Turkish vowel harmony point against a straightforward copying of the Turkish phonological system. We theorize that vowel harmony in Armenian arose due to a combination of language-internal and ‑external factors: vowel shifts in some Armenian dialects, alongside universal analytic and channel biases, provided the necessary preconditions for the development of vowel harmony by the 11th century AD, prior to the arrival of Turkic speakers in the Armenian homeland. Extensive contact with Turkic vowel systems may then have encouraged the phonologization of this assimilation process, but in strikingly different ways than are found in Turkic languages.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CATEGORY OF OPPOSITION IN DIALECT TEXTS

A dialect text is an informative and valuable source for researching the entire dialect system of a language, as well as for interdisciplinary studies related to cultural studies, folklore, ethnography, etc. The issues of the category of opposition were studied by L.A. Bulakhovskyi, F. de Saussure, O.O. Potebnia and others; Ukrainian linguists today consider antonymy mainly with regard to pragmatics (F.S. Batsevych, D.V. Movchan, K.V. Taranenko, N.O. Rusnak). In the article the category of opposition as one of the most widespread in the dialect text, the basis for creating informativeness about the past for the present life is analysed. It has been found that the category of opposition in oral stories-memoirs of dialect speakers is realised in the form of concepts-oppositions. Specific examples are used to illustrate the use of verbalisation techniques for concepts with oppositional meanings within the semantic field of the КОЛИСЬ – ЗАРАЗ. Іn dialect discourse, speakers focus on distinct differences in life and activity over time, and for the informativeness of communication, they talk about modern traditions and point out the differences in the past, thus expressing their attitude to such changes. The category of opposition is based on the opposite, which covers all spheres of human existence. In statements, two opposite states of an object or a subject are realised, and most importantly, the attitude of the linguistic personality, which makes it possible to create connotatively coloured linguistic units. The category of opposition as a logical procedure based on opposition (dissimilarity, incompatibility, comparison of objects, states, characteristics by certain differential features) covers the entire reality of human existence. Statements can represent two opposite states of an object or a subject, and most importantly, the attitude of a linguistic personality, which makes it possible to create connotatively coloured linguistic units.

A minimal dynamical model of Intonation: Tone contrast, alignment, and scaling of American English pitch accents as emergent properties

The pitch accent system of Mainstream American English (MAE) is one of the most well-studied phenomena within the Autosegmental-Metrical (AM) approach to intonation. In this work we present an explicit model grounded in dynamical theory that predicts both qualitative phonological and quantitative phonetic generalizations about the MAE system. While the traditional AM account separates a phonological model of the structure of the accents from the F0 algorithm that interprets the phonological specification, we propose a unified dynamical model that encompasses both. The proposed model is introduced incrementally, one dynamical term at a time, to arrive at the minimal model needed to account for observed empirical generalizations, avoiding unnecessary complexity. The quantitative and qualitative properties of the MAE system that inform the dynamical model are based on an analysis of a large database of productions of the four most well-studied pitch accents of American English: three rising accents (H*, L+H*, L*+H) and a low-falling accent (L*). The dynamic model highlights the importance of velocity-based measures of F0, not typically invoked in intonational research, as key to understanding F0 differences among pitch accent categories. Although the focus of this work is on the MAE pitch accent system, suggestions are made for how the unified phonetic-phonological dynamical framework presented can be further developed to account for other pitch-based phenomena in a variety of languages.

Research progress of astragaloside IV in treating acute kidney injury.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common clinical critical illnesses, with decreased glomerular filtration rate, retention of nitrogen products, water and electrolyte disorders, and acid-base imbalance as the main clinical manifestations. Presently, there is no effective treatment for acute kidney injury, but the main treatment is to cure the primary disease, remove risk factors, maintain acid-base and water-electrolyte balance, and undergo kidney replacement. However, the mortality rate is still high. Investigations and studies showed that the mortality rate of patients with acute kidney injury in the ICU is 5-80% [1]. In recent years, Chinese medicine has been widely used in acute kidney injury treatment due to its complete dialectical system and rich experience. Astragalus is a commonly used medicine in traditional Chinese medicine to treat acute kidney injury. Astragaloside IV is the main active component of traditional Chinese medicine, Astragalus membranaceus. This article summarizes the relevant studies on treating acute kidney injury with astragaloside IV.

Financial control: Evolution of the concept and modern challenges

Aim. To determine the directions of further research on the development of financial control in Russia.Objectives. To reveal the content of financial control, its essence and features, including from the point of view of historical aspects of its formation; to determine the stages of development of financial control; to analyze modern problems and challenges facing the system of financial control.Methods. The authors have studied specialized literature devoted to the topic under consideration. The research is based on the dialectical system approach, logical analysis, comparison, grouping, application of general scientific methods.Results. The article reveals the content of financial control, its essence, including from the point of view of historical aspects of its formation. The key stages of financial control development are characterized, the analysis of modern problems and challenges arising in this system is carried out. On this basis, the directions of further development of financial control in Russia are determined.Conclusions. The development of the financial control system at the corporate level is essential to ensure the efficiency of companies' activities. The need for monitoring and control is an integral part of a closed system of business activity. The ability of the company to timely respond to risks and predict potential changes, as well as the ability to promptly make management decisions can be attributed to one of the key aspects of effective entrepreneurial activity in modern economic conditions characterized by increased competition, growing pressure from sanctions, economic volatility, etc.

Regional differences in the production of tones in standard mandarin

This study investigates the intricate patterns of tonal variations in monosyllabic words across distinct regional accents of Standard Mandarin, with a focus on Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Beijing. Due to the differing tonal systems of the local Chinese dialects in the three cities, speakers from these areas may exhibit distinct patterns in their production of tones in Standard Mandarin, influenced by their native Chinese dialects. Therefore, to capture the nuances of tonal differences, the study extracts the time-normalized f0 values of four tones (i.e., level, rising, dipping, and falling tones) from monosyllabic words in a Mandarin Chinese speech corpus. The overall f0 contours of the four tones within and across the three regional accents are modeled using growth curve analysis. We expect to find that regional accents of Standard Mandarin exhibit significant tonal variations such that the tone shapes of speakers from Shanghai and Guangzhou may significantly deviate from those of Beijing speakers. Specifically, there are variations in contour shape and temporal dynamics, particularly in the quadratic term for dipping tones and the slopes of rising and falling tones. These findings can provide valuable insights into the intricate characteristics of regional tonal variations in Standard Mandarin.

Combining artificial and human intelligence to manage cross-cultural knowledge in humanitarian logistics: a Yin–Yang dialectic systems view of knowledge creation

PurposeAiming to resolve cross-cultural paradoxes in combining artificial intelligence (AI) with human intelligence (HI) for international humanitarian logistics, this paper aims to adopt an unorthodox Yin–Yang dialectic approach to address how AI–HI interactions can be interpreted as a sophisticated cross-cultural knowledge creation (KC) system that enables more effective decision-making for providing humanitarian relief across borders.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is conceptual and pragmatic in nature, whereas its structure design follows the requirements of a real impact study.FindingsBased on experimental information and logical reasoning, the authors first identify three critical cross-cultural challenges in AI–HI collaboration: paradoxes of building a cross-cultural KC system, paradoxes of integrative AI and HI in moral judgement and paradoxes of processing moral-related information with emotions in AI–HI collaboration. Then applying the Yin–Yang dialectic to interpret Klir’s epistemological frame (1993), the authors propose an unconventional stratified system of cross-cultural KC for understanding integrative AI–HI decision-making for humanitarian logistics across cultures.Practical implicationsThis paper aids not only in deeply understanding complex issues stemming from human emotions and cultural cognitions in the context of cross-border humanitarian logistics, but also equips culturally-diverse stakeholders to effectively navigate these challenges and their potential ramifications. It enhances the decision-making process and optimizes the synergy between AI and HI for cross-cultural humanitarian logistics.Originality/valueThe originality lies in the use of a cognitive methodology of the Yin–Yang dialectic to metaphorize the dynamic genesis of integrative AI-HI KC for international humanitarian logistics. Based on system science and knowledge management, this paper applies game theory, multi-objective optimization and Markov decision process to operationalize the conceptual framework in the context of cross-cultural humanitarian logistics.

Nominations of the Speaking Process of Finniс Origin in Russian Colloquialisms of Karelia and Neighbouring Regions (Semantic Aspect)

This article examines the level of content of dialect nominations of the process of speaking with a Finnic basis. The Russian dialects of Karelia and neighbouring regions testify to the long process of mutual relations between Russians and Vepsians and Karelians, first in centres with a mixed ethnic structure of society, and then in regions considered as Russian, where the processes of language interference were quite active both at the structural and semantic levels. The peculiarity of the studied nominations is their integration along with the native Russian lexemes in the semantic field of “Speaking Person”. It is relevant to consider the specifics of semantic and motivational transformation of borrowed words in the lexical and semantic system of Russian dialects, which serves as the purpose of this study. The article focuses on verb nominations found in Russian lexicographic sources. They are compared with the data revealed in the Vepsian, Karelian, and Finnish languages. In the first stage, based on L. G. Babenko's ideographic description of Russian verbs, the author identifies groups and subgroups of verbs representing different acts of speech activity. Then the author determines methods of semantic transfer of words with Finnic base into the lexical system of Russian dialects. The analysis of the semantics of verbs from the point of view of anthropocentrism show that onomatopoetic lexemes motivated by zoological and natural codes, key in understanding the sounding picture of the human world, were of particular importance.

Old-Karelian language features in written language heritage of the second half of the 17th — early 18th centuries

The article presents the results of a study of the phonetic, phonological, and morphological systems of three dictionary entries made in the mid-17th century— early 18th century in the Karelian Proper supradialect of the Karelian language: 1) Karelian-Russian glossary made by Archimandrite Theofan in 1667 on Solovetsky Islands; 2) Karelian-Russian dictionary by Prokhor Kolomnyatin, 1668, presumably written down in the Upper Volga or the Northern Ladoga region; 3) early 18th century Karelian-Russian glossary from the collection of P. P. Vyazemsky, probably based on Middle Karelian patois. The comparative analysis of the relatively identical materials from these manuscripts performed here for the first time and involving also data from modern Karelian-Proper dialects has revealed some distinctive features of the Karelian language at the time of mass migrations of Karelians. Noteworthy phenomena in the phonetic system, characteristic of the final stage in the functioning of the Old Karelian language, are incomplete diphthongization process, reduction of geminates in front of descending diphthongs, voiced/voiceless consonant opposition, differentiation of “hissing” and “whistling” fricatives, minor palatalization of front consonants. The language of Karelian immigrants obviously featured all types of consonant alternations found in modern Karelian-Proper dialects. As the material was derived from dictionaries, we could not reconstruct the full inflectional paradigms of the Karelian language of the time. The data available, however, proved sufficient for concluding that the morphological system of the Karelian-Proper supradialect has been relatively stable over the past several centuries. The material presented in this study will occupy a worthy position in the process of studying the history of the Karelian language development and formation of its dialectal system.

不定冠词“个”与江西上饶广丰话的三种无定名词短语

摘要: 作为吴语西部地区的分支方言，江西上饶广丰话在表达无定语法意义时与其他方言有很大不同：除了常见的“一量名”短语和省略数词“一”形成的“量名”短语外，广丰话还可使用“个量名”短语。从音系、句法和语义三个角度对“一量名”和“个量名”短语的观察发现，虽然广丰话中的“一”和“个”还保留了数词“一”的解读，但就语法性质而言，它们都基本上演化为了不定冠词。从“个量名”的句法表现可以推测，“个”的不定冠词用法是通用量词语法化的结果，这与之前发现的“量名”短语在许多方言中表有定意义、量词正逐渐演化为准定冠词的情况完全不同，可看作是对汉语方言指称系统和量词语法研究的重要补充。“一量名”和“个量名” 短语目前在广丰话中处于两者共存，相互竞争的局面，这一情况应该是广丰话同时受到上饶话和闽北、闽中地区方言影响的结果。 ABSTRACT: As a variety of west Wu dialect, Guangfeng dialect of Shangrao, Jiangxi is distinctive from others in indefiniteness encoding: Aside from “ ieʔ 5 ‘one’-Classifier-N” and “Classifier-N” phrases frequently observed in other dialects, Guangfeng dialect also takes “ kɤʔ 5 (个)-Classifier-N” phrases to encode indefiniteness. Phonological, syntactic and semantic examinations of the three types indefinite noun phrases suggest that ieʔ 5 ‘one’ and kɤʔ 5 are indefinite articles though their quantity interpretations remain. What is striking is that kɤʔ 5 (个) in “ kɤʔ 5 (个)-Classifier-N” has been grammaticalized into an indefinite article from a general classifier, which is in contrast with the previous findings that “Classifier-N” phrases are used to encode definiteness and classifiers in this structure is being changed into a quasi-definite article. This finding is an important supplement to the studies of the referentiality system of Chinese dialects and the grammatical properties of classifiers. Currently, “ ieʔ 5+classifier+noun” and “ kɤʔ 5+classifier+noun” phrases co-exist in Guangfeng dialect and are competing with each other. Such a situation is assumed to be the consequence of language contact among Guangfeng dialect, Shangrao dialect and dialects in northern central areas of Fujian.

Особенности вокализма эрзянских говоров Присурья

in the Mordovian dialect area, the study of the specifics of the Sura dialects is essential for analyzing the dynamics of the development of dialects that arose as a result of mixing closely related languages – Erzya and Moksha. The description of the features of vowel phonemes, their variants and variations in the dialects of the Sura region makes it possible to show the current state of the phonetic system and establish the main trends in the development of the analyzed dialects, as well as phenomena characteristic only of this dialect landscape. Objective: identification of phonetic features in the vocalism system of some Erzya dialects of the Sura region related to the differentiation of phonemes, their variants and variations in strong and weak positions. Research materials: field materials of the authors collected during linguistic expeditions in the Sura River basin on the territory of the Mordovia Republic and dialect materials of the dialect room of the National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University. Results and novelty of the research: the analysis revealed a number of features of the vocalism system in the Mordovian dialects of the Sura region: 1) the presence of two vowel systems – with a five-phonemic and six-phonemic composition; 2) the use of ῐ-shaped and ǝ-shaped reduced vowels in non-first syllables of a word; 3) the presence of ä-shaped and â-shaped reduced vowel in the end of a word; 4) the formation of labialized vowels in a non-first syllable of a word. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the fact that for the first time it provides the comparative analysis of the vocalism system of the Mordovian dialects of the Sura region in the general context of Mordovian dialectology.

Employee Psychological Resources as a Microfoundation for Organizational Knowledge Creation Across Cultures: A Yin–Yang Dialectical Systems View

In the new normal, characterized by intensifying digitalization and cross-cultural conflicts, organizational knowledge creation (KC) for the purpose of innovation necessitates better orchestration of stakeholders with culturally distinct beliefs and polychronic working patterns. This implies an imperative to address organizational KC from a microangle that can help decipher profound cultural codes in human mental programming. Thus, this research departs from a Yin–Yang dialectical system view that can interpret cross-cultural cognitive paradoxes and uses a microfoundational approach to explore how employees’ psychological capital (PsyCap) affects the KC capability and moderating effects of social capital-enhancing HR configuration on the above mechanisms. Using cross-border e-business models as the setting, the results of this article show an inverse U-shaped relationship between hope/optimism/self-efficacy and KC and a positive association between resilience and KC. Moreover, we found that social capital-enhancing HR configuration may intervene in these relationships. Our study adopts a Yin–Yang dialectical system framework to theoretically decode how different components of PsyCap act as a microfoundation to co-engineer KC processes with culturally diverse stakeholders, enriching the positive psychology and knowledge management literature. The results offer implications for orchestrating the intertwining streams of polychronic KC among multinationals in turbulent times.

Верхнекамское наречие коми-пермяцкого языка: особенности вокализма

the article presents the results of the study of the vocalism system of the Upper Kama dialect of the Komi-Permyak language: the articulatory characteristics and distribution of vowels are considered; phonetic phenomena in the area of vowels, such as assimilation, intra-dialect correspondence, alternation, contraction, were analyzed; features of accentuation are described. A comparison of the linguistic phenomena of the described idiom with similar phenomena in the Komi-Permyak and Komi-Zyryan dialects are carried out. Objective: to identify and describe the peculiarities of vocalism of the Upper Kama dialect of the Komi-Permyak language. Research materials: the empirical basis of the research consisted of language materials from the author’s dialectological expeditions to the area of residence of the Kirov Permyaks. Results and novelty of the research: the article for the first time considers the peculiarities of vocalism of the Upper Kama dialect of the Komi-Permyak language. It has been established that the vowel system in this idiom is represented by seven phonemes: и, э, ы, ö, у, о, а, which have the same articulatory-acoustic characteristics as in the other Komi dialects. In native words, the vowels и, ы, ö, a can occupy any position: anlaut, inlaut, auslaut; they can be used both in the first and in subsequent syllables of a word; the vowels у, э, о occur predominantly in the first syllable. A significant place in the idiom under study is occupied by assimilative phenomena, which, in turn, are the source of intra-dialectal correspondences of vowels: o // a // y, ы // a, ö // o, ы // y, ö // ы. It has been revealed that the accentuation system of the Upper Kama dialect of the Komi-Permyak language is characterized by the stress on the first syllable, as well as features of morphologization and vocalization. The analyzed dialect material complements the available information about the features of the Komi-Permyak dialects and can be used in compiling generalizing studies on the Permian languages, creating dialect dictionaries and atlases, studying systemic changes as a result of interlanguage contact

Діалектна лексика в романі Марії Матіос «Мами»

The problem raised in the article is relevant in the context of the representation of dialect vocabulary in the artistic discourse as an element of reflecting the color of the depicted territory and characters' speech, reproduction of their mentality. Despite a number of linguistic studies devoted to the functioning of dialectisms in Maria Matios’ works, the novel “Mothers” (2023) chosen for analysis has not been considered by linguists from the standpoint of the writer’s use of dialect vocabulary in it. The purpose of the article is to characterize the dialect vocabulary in the writer's novel under study as an important component of Maria Matios’ idiostyle and a sourse of the spoken language in the dialects of the southwestern dialect.
 Maria Matios’ new novel “Mothers” with the subtitle “Drama in six acts” continues the tradition of using dialect vocabulary, which was started by the writer in other prose works, presented both in footnotes (63 lexical units) and in the text of the work itself, mainly in the speech of the characters. The dialect lexemes used in the novel are diverse in terms of part-language affiliation, although verbs with different semantics dominate among them, nouns and adjectives are less common, and adverbs are much less common. At the same time, such units are representatives of a number of lexical-semantic groups, the main ones of which are LSG nomens to designate the names of actions and processes, names of persons according to various characteristics, everyday vocabulary, and abstract vocabulary.
 Analysis of a number of lexicographical works in which the lexical richness of the South-Western ethnolinguistic continuum is represented, gives grounds for asserting the presence of dialect lexemes used in the novel, and the frequent preservation of their semantics in the modern dialects of the specified area, which confirms the opinion that the writer possesses her mother tongue dialectal speech and skillfully weaves colloquial words into the linguistic fabric of the prose text
 At the same time, many other phonetic, accentuation, morphological, and phraseological dialectisms revealed in the novel under study can be used for further scientific studies of the dialect system presented in the drama in six acts. Comparative studies of other prose works by this writer are supposed to identify common and different tendencies in the use of dialect elements. The issue is topical, as this is a significant component of Maria Matios’ idiostyle which makes her works recognizabl.

Instrumental Case of Noun Plurals in the Western Polissian and Contiguous Dialects

The dialectal system of noun formation often demonstrates much greater inflectional variability in a single case position than in the literary language. This feature of the dialect paradigm is determined by the consequences of the active interaction of ancient substantive stems and innovation at the present stage of form formation of word-change norms.
 The best way to trace the specific features of filling the paradigm in general and the degree of inflectional variability specifically in a particular link is to observe spontaneous dialect speech for a long time and to form a corpus of textual records based on fixed spoken testimonies. This approach to the description of the relevant linguistic phenomena provided the basis for realizing the goal of this study – to find out the specifics of the formation of the instrumental case in the plural of substantives in the Western Polissian and related dialects based on the most complete composition of dialectal manifestations of nouns; to comment on the factors influencing the existence of dialectal differences in the studied case position.
 The case study materials of the research are the authors' records of factual material made in 146 localities in the Volyn and Rivne regions.
 The presented and analyzed material gives grounds to assert that the formation of the instrumental case of the plural nouns in the dialectal language system, as well as in the literary one, is determined by the unification of inflectional types based on the model of the corresponding manifestations of the substantives, primarily ancient *-ā-, *-jā-stems, rarely – formal vocal *-ǐ-stems. The folk conversational tradition also indicates innovations that reflect the consequences of phonetic processes. Thus, inflectional variability in the analyzed case position is determined by differences in the realization of vowel and consonant sounds, typical to the sound system of the Western Polissian and related dialects. Among the archaic word-change phenomena in the studied range, the remnants of ancient dual forms of the instrumental case of substantives are attested.
 The article provides demonstrative examples of variant implementation of a particular ending in a particular subdialect, as well as inflectional variants of a case position of a particular noun, which may indicate that forming dialectal inflectional norms is still ongoing.

The influence of behavioral factors on financial decision making

Aim. To determine the prospects of taking into account the cost estimation of behavioral factors in making financial decisions in modern conditions to ensure a decrease in the levels of fears, concerns of the entrepreneur and, as a consequence, to create conditions for increasing interest in the use of new financial instruments and opportunities for generating new ideas and development strategies.Objectives. To consider the evolution of the formation of behavioral finance from the introduction of the concept of economic man, receipt of the Nobel Prize in this field to modern research and achievements; to develop a system of behavioral factors united within the groups of financial, personnel and production factors, and to provide for the possible consequences of the impact of these factors, determining the amount of costs that will arise for the economic entity when making the appropriate financial decision; to establish the procedure for assessing behavioral factors.Methods. The authors have analyzed specialized literature in the context of the topic of this article. The research is based on the dialectical system approach, as well as logical and factor analysis, the use of general scientific methods.Results. Prospects of taking into account behavioral factors in modern conditions are determined by the reduction of the level of negative impact, fears and concerns of the entrepreneur due to the possibility of their cost estimation and creating conditions for finding more effective financial solutions based on the definition of their effectiveness indicator calculated with the costs that will arise for the economic entity when making the appropriate financial decision.Conclusions. In conditions of increasing accessibility of financial services and taking into account the developed system of behavioral factors, as well as in view of the possibility of their cost estimation, new horizons for the realization of ideas and potential are opening before economic entities.

Proto-Nivkh Accent System

Abstract The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the Proto-Nivkh accent system and vocalism with the help of loanword analysis and internal reconstruction. It is shown that the place of the Proto-Nivkh accent depended on vowel height and syllable structure. The paper also argues that the unstressed vowel loss, which led to a radical change in Nivkh phonotactics, consonant system and morphophonology, occurred after the breakup of the last common ancestor of modern Nivkh varieties.