Dialect Dictionary Research Articles

Lexical Vernacular in the Speech of Literary Language Users Residing in Perm Region

The article considers the influence of dialectal layer of the languages by means of incorporating vernaculars into the lexical system of the literary language. It is stated that substandard verbs most frequently get the status of colloquial verbs due to their expressive semantic content or to their wider area of usage. The material for the analysis was 24 substandard verbal lexemes recorded in the explanatory and dialectal dictionaries of the Russian language and found in the speech of native speakers of the literary language. Data on the use of these units were obtained from recordings of the speech of residents of Perm and cities of Perm Krai (the total duration of the audio is about 30 hours). The research is based on the description of the semantic and functional-stylistic potential of vernacular vocabulary. The dynamics of stylistic characteristics of a word is described on the basis of the data recorded in lexicographic publications of different years. It is shown that the transition of words from one subsystem of the Russian language to another is a natural and logical process that contributes to the enrichment of the vocabulary of the Russian language. It has been confirmed that vernacular is a transitional space between dialects and literary language.

V.N. Dobrovolsky and Smolensk Regional Dictionary: Possibilities of Use for Dialect Studies

The article deals with Smolensk Regional Dictionary compiled by a famous researcher of Smolensk dialects V.N. Dobrovolsky. This unique set of regional vocabulary of the early XX century is an invaluable source that can be
 used for dialectological research. Released in 1914, Dobrovolsky’s work is now
 a kind of historical basis for a modern «Dictionary of Smolensk Dialects», a reprint
 of which is being prepared at the Russian language department of Smolensk
 State University.
 The article analyzes principles of compiling Dobrovolsky’s Dictionary in
 detail and describes methodology used for collecting dialect material. The great interest to modern dialectologists is caused by the reasons for the changes in the composition of Smolensk dialects for half a century, that is, since the beginning
 of the dialect material collection. The article analyzes samples of the dictionary
 entries and their content in detail. In addition, it highlites advantages and certain
 disadvantages of giving examples illustrating the meanings of dialect
 words. The author considers possibilities of using V.N. Dobrovolsky’s work for
 modern dialectologists’ research.
 The detailed analysis of the various dictionary entries makes it possible to compare the principles of the words presentation in the dialect dictionary of the early XX century and the modern one, which is of great use for lexicographers. Moreover, it can also assist to identify some aspects that should be paid attention today in the examination of Smolensk territories (for example, the existence of diminutive popular forms of personal names).

İlköğretim 2. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Kelime Servetini Zenginleştirme Üzerine Deneysel Bir Çalışma

Bu çalışma, ilköğretim ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinin deyim öğrenebileceği düşünülerek hazırlanmıştır. Ana dili öğretiminde, kelime ve deyim öğretimi için çoğunlukla geleneksel yöntemler kullanılmaktadır. Geleneksel yöntemlerin dışında yöntem ve tekniklerle deyimlerin erken yaşlarda öğrenilebileceği varsayımından hareketle görseller ve tahkiyeli metinler aracılığıyla ilköğretim ikinci sınıf öğrencilerine deyim öğretme çalışmanın amacını oluşturmuştur. Bu amaçla deneysel yöntem tercih edilerek Kırıkkale ili Merkez ilçesinde rastgele seçilen bir okulun ikinci sınıf öğrencilerinden deney ve kontrol grubu oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmada programda yer alan “Dünyamız ve Uzay” teması ile alakalı 15 deyim ve “Hayvanlar”ın yer aldığı 15 deyim Metin Yurtbaşı‟nın “Deyimler Sözlüğü”nden seçilmiştir. Bu deyimlerin bilinip bilinmediğini belirlemek için ön test uygulanmıştır. Ön test sonucunda öğrencilerin deyimleri bilmedikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bir derste beş deyim öğretileceği planlanarak 6 metin yazılmıştır. Bu metinler için uzman görüşü alınmıştır. Seçilen deyimler deney grubunda kullanılmak üzere bir uzman tarafından deyimin anlamına ve hikâyede geçtiği duruma uygun olarak resmedilmiştir. Deney grubunda görseller ve hikâyeler aracılığı ile öğretim yapılırken kontrol grubunda geleneksel yöntem izlenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda ikinci sınıf düzeyindeki öğrencilerin deyim öğrenebildiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Görsellerin kullanıldığı deney grubunda öğrenme yüzdesi çok yüksektir. Bu çalışma ile kelime öğretimine başlandığı andan itibaren deyim de öğretilebileceği ortaya konmuştur. Kelime ve deyim öğretiminde kullanılan teknik ve tekrarın önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir.

İzmir’in Bayındır İlçesi Ağzından Derleme ve Deyimler Sözlüğü’ne Katkılar

The Dictionary of Compilation (DS) completed between the years 1963-1982 by the Turkish Language Institution has a great importance in terms of revealing the existing vocabulary of Turkish dialects. This work also includes many idioms. As part of dialect research, one of the comprehensive studies on idioms is Proverbs and Idioms in Local Dialects (BAS), which emerged as a result of the efforts of many people under the directorship of Omer Asim Aksoy. In this article, it is aimed to contribute to these studies with the words and idioms compiled from the Bayindir dialect. In addition, Omer Asim Aksoy’s Dictionary of Proverbs and Idioms (DS-OAA) which is one of the most comprehsive works on Turkish idioms and Dictionary of Proverbs and Idioms (ADS-TDK) published by Turkish Language Institution were also taken into consideration while evaluating the subject.

Regional lexicography: zoological vocabulary in ideographic dictionary

In the article the working results on one section of the thematic dictionary of Samara dialects are summarized. The study is novel in the application of the ideographic description technique to the large lexical material, which was extracted from the unpublished files of dialectological expeditions in the villages of the Samara region. The author of the article reported that the language corps of vocabulary fixations was used as the main source of the thematic group of zoological vocabulary, which was compiled using the thematic questionnaire, given to respondents. The thematic zoological vocabulary was classified and divided into two main semantic blocks: Wild Animals and Home Animals.The author states that both semantic blocks represent complex system formations with developed differentiation of dialect nominations. Attention is drawn to the fact that the first block is dominated by the names of fish, birds, insects, and reptiles, while the most part of the second block consists of the animals and birds names grown in the household. In the Samara dialects there is a variety of word-formation dialect modifications of words, the presence of productive affixes. The author raises the question, if it is possible to represent systematically the names of individual members of the animal world, which were borrowed by Russians from the other languages of the Volga region people, in the dialect dictionary. The author claims that the material of the Samara dialects is optimally reflected in the dictionary compiled using the technique of ideographic description. The article concludes that the systemic connections identified as a result of the study in the thematic group of zoological names can be used in the complex characteristic of secondary dialects of the Volga region, along with the facts of other dialect languages levels.

Productivity and semantic classification of the phraseological pattern on + the + N

This paper presents the results of a semantic classification of the phraseological pattern on + the + N in English (on the run, on the take, on the sly, on the line), a very productive pattern with an open slot. From the realizations found in four dictionaries of idioms and in the Oxford English Dictionary six notional fields have been identified. Several processes contribute to the productive character of this pattern, namely analogical production, especially geographical variants and different language registers, the process of metaphorization and antonymic analogy.

佛敎文獻 中 接頭語 ‘打’ 語彙 考察

This study extracted the words including prefix ‘打’ from Tripitaka Koreana and the Korean Buddhist literature and analyzed them according to the classification of Lei Han Qing(雷漢卿) baseded on the vocabulary composition. Then, I looked at the historical aspects of the vocabulary by comparing them with modern Chinese.<BR> In this study, I was able to examine vocabulary words that were not included in the Dictionary of Dialect and Informal Terms(方俗語詞典). For example 打入/ 打野/ 打散/ 打就/ 打到/ 打眠/ 打瞎眼/打領/ 打徹/ 打橛/ 打擲/ 打刀/ 打龍/ 打雀/ 打話/ 打徹/ 打盞/ 打貼/ 打千般令/ 打耬/ 打鏁/ 打正/ 打良久/ 打个丿乀/ 打折合/ 打一歡.<BR> These words were enriched and the traces of the words including prefix ‘打’ were examined.

Ukrainian Fishing Vocabulary in the Foreign Language Space

The article studies Ukrainianisms in the fishing vocabulary of other languages. The topicality of research is determined by the importance of the analysis of names that reflect the centuries-old process of interethnic contacts, the long-term gradual development of the fishing experience of the Ukrainians. Data from etymological and dialect dictionaries and scientific research testify to the significant influence of the Ukrainian language on other languages in the process of their interaction in different historical periods, including in the field of fishing nominations. At the same time, linguists urge not to simplify the one-sidedness of linguistic influence, emphasizing that lexical borrowing is an integral part of the dynamic development of lexical-semantic systems of interacting languages. Therefore, it is worth talking not so much about a common foreign language element for them, but about the existence of a centuries-old language cauldron with various manifestations of Ukrainian-Romanian, Ukrainian-Turkic and other components. The findings of etymologists mainly correlate with archaeological data, such as those that testified to the spread in the late VI-V millennium B.C. of agricultural and pastoral economy of the Balkans on the territories between the rivers Bug and the Dniester and, accordingly, the Slavic vector of linguistic influence, comp.: * kotьсь ‘shelter for animalsʼ ˃ Serbian. кòтац , Maced. котец , Bulg. dial. ко́це ʻfishing tackleʼ ˃ Carpathian Ukr. кути́ц ‘ts’. ˃ Mold. kótec, Rom. cot ʹ et , Hung. kεtrec ʻts.ʼ Thus, the Ukrainian vector of the origin of fishing names in a foreign language space is evidenced by linguistic and extralinguistic factors. In particular, the originally reconstructed Ukrainian fishing verb derivatives, are worthy of attention, comp.: Proto-Slavic * kojiti ʻcalm downʼ ˃ Ukr. dial. коте́ць `reed fence for fishing', куті́ць 'cage, fence for pigs, sheep', Old Polish kociec ˃ kojec ʻbird cage or animal fenceʼ; Old Ukr. чаѩти ʻчекатиʼ ˃ Ukr. seagull `boat of Zaporozhian Cossacksʼ, Turk. çayka ʻboatʼ ˃ Serbo-Croatian шâjка , Bulg. ша́йка , Maced. (arch.) шаjка ʻboatʼ; psl. * s ě di ̯ ā ‘fishing tackle’ ˃ Ukr. сіжа ʻts.ʼ (from sit) &gt;Hung. szégye ʻts.ʼ etc. The analyzed material convinces of the need for further scientific studies on this issue.

Contrastive Analysis of English and Indonesian Idioms of Human Body

This research analyzes English Idioms which are equivalent in Indonesian Idioms especially idioms inrelation to human body. This research is conducted due to limited research on contrastive analysis in bothlanguages in the field of semantics. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Thedata in this research are idioms in English which have an equivalent in Indonesian idioms and vice versataken from dictionary of idioms and websites discussing idioms in both languages. Data are analyzed underthe framework of idiom classification by Fernando (1996) and types of contrastive analysis by Lado (1957).Based on the analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that mostly the equivalence of English andIndonesian idioms are in the form of pure idioms. In the level of contrastive analysis, the idioms arecategorized into three. The first is idioms in Indonesian and English which have similar meanings andsimilar forms of expressions. The second is idioms in Indonesian and English which have different meaningsbut similar forms of expressions. The third is idioms in Indonesian and English which have similarmeanings but different forms of expressions. The causes of similarities between the two idioms betweenEnglish and Indonesian is cultural factors between English and Indonesian in terms of percieving human body.Keywords: contrastive analysis, English Idiom, Indonesian Idiom, human body.

SEMANTIC MODEL “DILIGENT” IN THE BALTIC-FINNIC LANGUAGES

The article presents a semantic-motivational analysis of twenty Baltic-Finnic dialect and literary language words used to nominate a hard-working person. The source of the material was the dialect dictionaries of individual Baltic-Finnish languages and their file cabinets. The data of etymological dictionaries are also involved. The undertaken research was carried out in line with ethnolinguistics, which is developing successfully in Slavic linguistics, despite the fact that practically no such studies were conducted on the material of the Baltic-Finnish languages. Involving as a comparison the corresponding results according to the Russian dialects showed that the linguistic image of the hardworking is characterized by certain universals in the motivation for naming. However, the Baltic-Finnish units differ in their specificity. The nominations of hardworking people are secondary in them and go back to the names, on the one hand, of dynamic qualities ‘quick, brisk, energetic’, on the other hand, spiritual characteristics (‘enthusiastic, passionate, greedy’) that turn out to be etymologically closely related. It was revealed that they correlate with the basics marking fast, sharp, intense movement - from walking to a blow or a gust of wind. At the same time, a significant part of the verbs of this series can be confidently qualified as having a descriptive, onomatopoeic nature, which is also inherited by the names of hard workers. The revealed regularity of semantic evolution (‘quick abrupt movement’ → ‘fast, energetic, passionate’ → ‘hardworking’) is important for establishing the etymological sources of words that represent the idea of hard work, as it defines a certain algorithm for such a search. Now the lexemes representing the established semantic paradigm are actually divorced according to different etymological articles and the connection between them is most often not indicated in any way.

What did Joseph Wright mean by meaning

EDD Online, the online version of Joseph Wright’s English Dialect Dictionary, was completed by a project team at the University of Innsbruck in 2019. The sophisticated search-engine of the new interface 3.0 reveals the multi-faceted role of semantics in dialect words. Its complexity is due to both the fuzziness of lexical forms and the ambiguity of their meanings. This paper, beyond the theory-biased “complexity debate”, supports the opinion that traditional regional dialects, qua low-contact varieties, have developed a higher degree of lexical complexity than high-contact varieties, i.e. pidgins and creoles, and, in terms of word formation, than the Standard variety of English. The paper first discusses the often polysemous or homophonous meanings of headwords, then of strings within word compositions and phrases. The lemmas also sometimes turn out to be (bound) morphemes or variants. A major aspect in this paper is the wealth of figurative meanings in dialect. This is simply due to the essential role of iconicity, that is, a result of the fact that dialect speakers (“people”) want to “see” in their minds what they mean.

Idiom-Based Features in Sentiment Analysis: Cutting the Gordian Knot

In this paper we describe an automated approach to enriching sentiment analysis with idiom-based features. Specifically, we automated the development of the supporting lexico-semantic resources, which include (1) a set of rules used to identify idioms in text and (2) their sentiment polarity classifications. Our method demonstrates how idiom dictionaries, which are readily available general pedagogical resources, can be adapted into purpose-specific computational resources automatically. These resources were then used to replace the manually engineered counterparts in an existing system, which originally outperformed the baseline sentiment analysis approaches by 17 percentage points on average, taking the F-measure from 40s into 60s. The new fully automated approach outperformed the baselines by 8 percentage points on average taking the F-measure from 40s into 50s. Although the latter improvement is not as high as the one achieved with the manually engineered features, it has got the advantage of being more general in a sense that it can readily utilize an arbitrary list of idioms without the knowledge acquisition overhead previously associated with this task, thereby fully automating the original approach.

The Rise and Development of Lexicography &amp; Dictionary Craft in Tiechiu-Swatow Dialect during Late Qing Dynasty

In the first half of the 19th century, the Christian churches of Britain and America successively sent missionaries to the southeast Asia. American Baptist missionaries William Dean and Josiah Goddard, who preached in Bangkok, published First Lessons in the Tiechiw Dialect 1841 and A Chinese and English Vocabulary in the Tiechiu Dialect in 1847. They started the activities of missionaries and foreigners in China to compile dictionaries of Tiechiw-Swatow dialects. After the second Opium War, missionaries went deep into the hinterland of China, and the activities of compiling dictionaries of Chinese dialects became more active. The compilation techniques such as content design, Roman pronunciation scheme and tone annotation, and Chinese-English comparison, became more perfect. From the 1870s to 1911, foreign missionaries in Tiechiw-Swatow area compiled and published nine dictionaries. The purpose of this paper is to sort out the compilation process of Tiechiw-Swatow dialect dictionaries in the late Qing dynasty and the recognition of the regularity of compilation techniques, so as to provide reference for the study of compilation techniques of Tiechiw-Swatow dialect dictionaries and the dissemination of Tiechiw-Swatow regional culture in the English world.

„Zmierzch bezpowrotny?” O gwarze mazurskiej we współczesnych nieprofesjonalnych słownikach gwarowych.

This paper discusses the content of amateur dialect dictionaries related to the Masuria region, which have been published in recent years, as well as the presentation methods of the lexical material. It was also pointed to the fact that interest in dialects has increased and the trend for revitalising various dialectal systems has been noticeable lately. The analysis of Masuria dialect dictionaries allowed for the number of entries, applied graphy, method of defi ning the meanings of entries. The importance of the amateur material for enriching the resource of professionally compiled dictionaries was noticed, at the same time indicating numerous shortcomings in the word register preparation method, which arose from insuffi cient skills of the authors.

Metaphorical and metonymic conceptualization in body part idioms in English and Hungarian

Introduction. In modern linguistics, the study of metaphorical and metonymic conceptualization in the phraseology of different structural languages is relevant. The main purpose of the article is to study the similarities and differences in metonymic and metaphorical conceptualization, through body part idioms in English and Hungarian. The conceptual mechanisms of somatic phraseological units in the English language and their Hungarian equivalents were studied. Materials and Methods. The article is based on Corpus of the English body part phraseological units from the Соllins Соbuild Dictionary of Idioms, Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. 605 idioms were singled out by continuous sampling. The most adequate translation equivalents of the English metaphorical linguistic expressions are taken from Anglo-Hungarian idiom dictionaries and from Brief General Dictionaries. The descriptive method and elements of the comparative-historical method were used in the work. Results and Discussion. By analyzing phraseological units of body parts and their Hungarian equivalents, the author divided them into thematic groups according to the body part criteria, namely English body part idioms with such components as ‘body’, ‘bone’, ‘flesh’, ‘muscles’, ‘chest’, ‘eyebrows’, ‘ear’, ‘nose’, ‘mouth’, ‘throat’, ‘neck’, ‘knee’, ‘toe’, and their Hungarian equivalents represented by various metaphorical and metonymic models. Conclusion. The research showed significant similarity between the English and the Hungarian languages. The languages are characterized by similar conceptual metaphors, metonymies and a variety of traditional/cultural background. The analysis of body part idioms has revealed similarities at the generic level, whereas differences tend to exist at the specific level. Different ways of conceptualization can be expressed in several ways in English and Hungarian. Linguistic differences may relate to literary meanings of expressions, the choice of specific conceptual mechanisms, and the expression of the same or different conceptual metaphors and metonymies.

DEYİMLERE GÖRE BOŞNAKÇA VE TÜRKÇE HAYVAN ALGISI

Idioms and proverbs are taken an important place in teaching of Turkish to foreigners from B1 level. Proverbs and idioms play a big role in the conceptual skill gain that require abstract thinking. Idioms are the most concrete indicator of a nation's thinking system, emotions and perspective on the world. The meanings attributed to idioms also show how societies make sense of the world. In the study firstly, animal perception in Bosnian and Turkish idioms was tried to be determined. Especially in the idioms where the animal name is mentioned, many similarities have been found. Some animals have similar characteristics, while others have opposite meanings. In Bosnian, horses, donkeys or bulls have negative meanings. Although the donkey has a negative meaning in Turkish, there is no negative meaning attributed to the horse. This shows the importance of horse in Turkish society. Animals such as rat, turkey, rooster, parrot, panther and snail are included in Bosnian idioms and not in Turkish idioms dictionary. In the study firstly, the dictionary of Bosnian idioms was searched, idioms with the name of animals were identified, and then these animal names were searched in the Turkish idioms dictionary. This study is thought to be useful in teaching Turkish to Bosnians. In this study which is a qualitative research, document analysis was used. The data used in the study were obtained from the Bosnian idioms dictionary which was prepared by Sakir Bayhan and Turkish idioms dictionary which was prepared by Omer Asim Aksoy.

ETNOLINGUISTIK LEKSIKON TUMBUHAN DALAM IDIOM BAHASA JERMAN

The study entitled Plant Lexicons Ethnolinguistic in German Idioms and aims to explain the culture reflected in German idioms that use plant lexicons. This ethnolinguistic study is qualitative in design. The data source used in this study is the German idiom dictionary named Duden Redewendungen in 2012, while the data used in this study are sentences containing idioms that contained in the Duden Redewendungen dictionary in 2012. Reflection of culture in the results of research on German idioms which use this plant lexicon is divided into seven parts, namely independence, self-actualization, achievement, work skills, self-esteem, brotherhood, and finally the responsibility.

ETNOLINGUISTIK LEKSIKON TUMBUHAN DALAM IDIOM BAHASA JERMAN

The study entitled "Plant Lexicons Ethnolinguistic in German Idioms" and aims to explain the culture reflected in German idioms that use plant lexicons. This ethnolinguistic study is qualitative in design. The data source used in this study is the German idiom dictionary named Duden Redewendungen in 2012, while the data used in this study are sentences containing idioms that contained in the Duden Redewendungen dictionary in 2012. Reflection of culture in the results of research on German idioms which use this plant lexicon is divided into seven parts, namely independence, self-actualization, achievement, work skills, self-esteem, brotherhood, and finally the responsibility.

Semantic Originality of the Nest *MORK- in Russian Dialects

The article analyzes the semantic structure of the nest * mork - ‘flicker’ in Russian dialects. Extensive lexical material extracted from dialect dictionaries, as well as unpublished card indexes containing materials from field collections of the Toponymic expedition of Ural University (Russian North and Upper Volga Region). A hypothesis is proposed and proved that the values of the * mork - continuants turn out to be related to different stages of flickering, which is a return movement, when either one of the extreme points (darkness or light) comes to the fore, or the intermediate stage is actualized - movement from light to complete darkness and vice versa. A thematic and motivational classification of dialect vocabulary is carried out, during which two main semantic blocks are distinguished: “Nature” and “Man” (there is a third block - “The subject world” - but it is extremely small and contains values derived from the sphere “Man”). It is emphasized that the first block implements primarily meteorological semantics, while the second one shows a wide range of meanings (behavioral, communicative, perceptual, related to the field of physiology, mental, intellectual activity, etc.). Contamination processes are analyzed, the actants of which become elements of the nest being studied (during attraction to the extensions of mor -, smorod -, morsh -, etc.). An explanation of the phenomenon of enantiosemia observed in the semantic space of the studied nest is proposed.

Dialect Lexicography: to the Problem of Thematic Presentation of Vocabulary of the Middle Volga Dialects

The results of work on a multi-aspect thematic dictionary of Samara dialects is summarized in the article. The novelty of the study is that the created dictionary is the first combined dialect dictionary in the region. It is reported that the language corpus of vocabulary fixations compiled by participants in dialectological expeditions using the methodology for presenting a thematic questionnaire to respondents is used as the main source of material for the thematic dictionary. The question is raised about the possibility of a systematic representation of the vocabulary of secondary dialects. The idea is proved that the thematic presentation of vocabulary material occupies an essential place in the complex characterization of the Volga dialects along with methods for presenting facts at other levels of the language (phonetic, morphological, etc.). The possibility of establishing classifying semantic and word-formation features is demonstrated in the example of separate thematic groups of the dictionary. Attention is drawn to the variety of word-formation formants in lexical-semantic groups, their role in the organization of a certain semantic space. It is concluded that the publication of a thematic dictionary offers great opportunities for the study of dialects of territories of late settlement in various aspects. The author of the article states that the thematic principle of the presentation of vocabulary material makes the structure of the dictionary open, the study of the lexical level of modern dialects is promising.