Diachronic Approach Research Articles

Forms of address in TV series from the 1960s to the present day as part of informalisation processes of late modern Lithuanian and Danish societies

By focusing on public communication, the current study aims to investigate how the concepts of solidarity and equality have influenced the norms of public communication in the West (Scandinavia) and what differences can be found in the context of Lithuania, where the late modernity did not follow the same patterns as in Western societies. This comparative study takes a diachronic approach to the use of the pronouns du/De and tu/Jūs and other address forms in Danish and Lithuanian. We examine these forms in view of democratization processes and the decreasing level of formality in the two societies. The question in focus is how address forms are used in Lithuanian and Danish dialogues in TV-series, which represent everyday communication between strangers in the second half of the 20th century and the 21st century. The empirical data for the research consists of two Danish series ”Ka' De li' østers?” (1967) and ”Bedrag” (2016-2019), as well as two Lithuanian TV-series ”Petraičių šeimoje” (1964-1972) and ”Giminės. Gyvenimas tęsiasi 3” (2017). The study covers almost six last decades and analyzes different forms of address that speakers use to meet the appropriate level of formality in daily conversations. The results have revealed significant differences in the development of Lithuanian and Danish societies and formal communication. The data indicates that Danish dialogues have become less formal over time, public communication emphasizes equality of interlocutors and does not mark differences in social status. Communication between Lithuanians remains formal; the results suggest that the choice of strategies in Lithuanian dialogues between strangers correspond to those used by Danes in the second half of the 20th century. However, it may be assumed that the process of informalisation in Lithuanian public communication is still in progress.

The History of the Arts in Selected Writings

This work presents a history of the arts in selected writings. These documents give an insight to the history and the major findings of this discipline. The diachronic approach to the topic art allows to study each document as an individual testimony of its time and the development and changes in the whole discipline of art history, which emerged under the name art history in the 19th century, but had been practiced under other names in the previous times.

General medicine theses supervised by GPS: New methods for new research topics

This paper examines whether the development of general medicine as a specialty in France since the mid-2000s has had an impact on medical theses. It analyses the changes resulting from the discipline's autonomatization process, involving an investment in some human and social science methods.Purpose of research: In a diachronic approach, all dissertations defended in a general medicine department in 1999, 2007 and 2015 were analyzed (N=291). We performed systematic coding of the types of methods used, the areas of research investigated, as well as the supervisors' areas of specialization. We used this coded data to develop a typology of research topics (using a hierarchic classification method based on the coordinates of a principal component analysis). Over the period under study, we observed a complexification of medical theses, which increasingly addressed multi-dimensional research topics. We also noted the emergence of new types of subjects, dealing with the exercise of the specialty and close to social science concerns (on the practices and dispositions of healthcare actors). Qualitative methods have been used more and more often, as a result of the increase in the number of theses supervised by GPs. The reform of general medicine has impacted the subjects treated and methods used in theses, and sheds light on thedynamics of the emergence of a new health research field.

Soil Water Content Diachronic Mapping: An FFT Frequency Analysis of a Temperature–Vegetation Index

Among the indirect estimation approaches of soil water content in the upper layer of the soil, the “triangle method” is one of the most common that relies on the simple relationship between the optical and thermal features sensed via Earth Observation. These features are controlled by water content at the surface and within the root zone but also by meteorological forcing including air temperature and humidity, as well as solar radiation. Night- and day-time MODIS composites of land-surface temperature (LST) allowed applying a version of the triangle method that takes into account the temporal admittance of the soil. In this study, it has been applied to a long time-series of pair images to analyze the seasonal influence of the meteorological forcing on a triangle method index (or temperature–vegetation index, TVX), as well as to discuss extra challenges of the diachronic approach including seasonality effects and the variability of environmental forcing. The Imera Meridionale basin (Sicily, Italy) has been chosen to analyze the method over a time-series of 12 years. The analysis reveals that, under these specific environmental and climatic conditions (strong seasonality and rainfall out of phase with vegetation growth), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LST pairs move circularly in time within the optical vs. thermal feature space. Concordantly, the boundaries of the triangle move during the seasons. Results showed a strong correlation between TVX and rainfall normalized amplitudes of the power spectra (r2 ~0.8) over the range of frequencies of the main harmonics.

Non-standard English in UK students’ writing over time

This study examined the use of non-standard English features in 16-year-old students’ writing in the UK. Adopting a diachronic approach to the investigation of students’ written production, the study sought to identify changes in students’ use of non-standard English over the course of a decade, specifically from 2004 to 2014. It involved an analysis of 858 extracts of writing composed under standardised examination conditions by students from across the UK. The study found an increase in the use of non-standard English features over time. This increase affected mainly low-attaining students. While attainment emerged as a factor influencing the use of non-standard English features, gender did not. Other findings reported in the paper include a list of the most commonly used non-standard English features in 2004 and 2014 pointing to the features that should be prioritised in teaching, and indications about their geographical distribution. Some insights into dialect levelling in the UK are also provided. The paper argues that the role of language education should be re-evaluated and re-defined at regular intervals, as students’ language needs seem to change over time.

Neil McCormick’s Theory of Legal Reasoning and Its Evolution

This paper traces, examines and demonstrates Neil MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning and its evolution. MacCormick’s views shaped gradually, therefore his theory could be divided into two main stages. Thus, a diachronic approach is justified. The aim of this paper is to analyse the difference between the theses of the theory of legal reasoning explained in Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (1978) and general revisions to this theory marked in Rhetoric and the Rule of Law (2005). According to the author, the most important change in MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning is the re-examination of the role of deductive reasoning in the process of judicial reasoning. This change leads to extension of the logical aspects of MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning (legal syllogism) to include rhetorical aspects (argumentative character of law) and ethical aspects (the idea of the rule of law). The evolution of MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning seems to be a model example of the changes in contemporary philosophy of law.

Актуализация концепта “Home” через понятийные лексемы в английской культуре Позднего Средневековья

The article deals with the study of the relevance of the concept “Home” as an integral part of the daily communication of English people during the Late Middle Ages. The purpose of the article is the etymological analysis of the concept and its nominee — “home” and “house”, as well as highlighting the key conceptual lexemes, which formed fixed combinations with the concept in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the study, the authors used descriptive and comparative-historical methods in a diachronic approach. According to A. Jucker’s theory of “Collective Characteristics of the Concept”, each historical period includes a set of concepts capable of revealing both the social structure and the linguistic norms of the culture studied. This confirms the practical significance of the study: by revealing one of the most significant concepts of medieval society, it is possible to immerse deeper into its customs and informal laws. The authors have examined the etymology of the concept on the basis of ancient English, ancient German and Gothic languages. Thanks to this, it is possible to establish the cultural and linguistic field of the concept. The concept “home’’ includes lexemes of figurative, conceptual and value aspects, but it is conceptual that allows, even with a severe lack of material, to observe the verbalization of the concept. By producing an analysis of “home” and “house” based on Oxford and Cambridge dictionaries, the modern meaning of words has been identified. Next, the lexemes applied to the concept in the 14th and 15th centuries, namely, nouns, verbs, and adjectives have been examined and the significance of the diachronic approach to the study of language concepts was confirmed. The study was supported by examples from A. Jucker’s medieval legal and artistic works — “The History of English language and English Historical Lin-guistics” and J. Firbas’ — “On Defining a Theme in Functional Analysis of Proposals”. The perspective of the study is to make a comparison between all concepts in the English culture of the Late Middle Ages and to fully disclose the social dynamics of this historical period.

ГРЕЦЬКИЙ СЛОВОТВІР: ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СУФІКСАЦІЇ

The article analyzes the main features of the affixation as one of the ways of the Greek word formation, of suffixation in particular. In order to reveal the complete historical picture concerning the processes of appearance or loss of specific suffixes, besides the synchronic, the diachronic approach was used in the work. Firstly, the history of the development of linguistic traditions of the Greek language is mentioned, the main theoretical concepts are defined, such as: a word-forming type as the main classification unit of a word-forming paradigm, a word-forming meaning and a word-forming category. The Greek suffixes were divided into two types: those that add an emotional tone to the word (diminutive, augmentative), and give a new meaning to the word. Diminutive suffixes are are of substantival and adjective nature, while augmentative suffixes might also be added to the verb bases. It is noted that the augmentatives are used exclusively in masculine and feminine genders, while diminutives are used in three genders (of which the neuter prevails). Suffixes of the second type transfer the creative basis into another grammatical category, changing the meaning. In the system of Modern Greek nouns several word-forming categories were singled out, on the basis of which word-forming models and meanings of suffixal derivatives are demonstrated. Adjective suffixation is briefly examined. The most common verb and adverb suffixes are listed. The main data on the Greek suffixation are systematized in the article: the general features of MG suffixes, the main differences between the features of AG and MG suffixations, the evolution of MG suffixation is analyzed on the basis of four types of suffixes, the borrowed MG suffixes are classified by origin.

Comparing and Analyzing Cohesive Devices of SMT and NMT from Chinese to English: A Diachronic Approach

This work presents a detailed comparison and analysis of the usage of cohesive devices by three Machine Translation systems from Chinese to English, in both SMT and NMT situations. By both a general analysis of sentence length as well as cohesive devices and detailed analysis of a sentence translation in SMT and NMT with human translation as a reference, it is shown that, compared with SMT, NMT system is better at handling cohesive ties such as additive, adverbs and pronouns; however, both SMT and NMT underperform at dealing with demonstratives and lexical cohesion. This suggests an evidence of improved translation quality and the necessity of pre-editing and post-editing cohesive devices in MT translations.

Единство и борба на дидактиката и автодидактиката

The article describes the development of didactics and auto-didactics using the diachronic approach. The relation between didactics, as a major and traditional part of pedagogical science, and autodidactics, as its variety and alternative, is presented in the context of the law of unity and struggle of opposites, which is the "core" of dialectics. The validity of the general laws of dialectics and their relation to pedagogical science is argued. From a philosophical and pedagogical point of view, the basic principles are formulated, arising from the interdependence and contradiction in the didactics autodidactics system as factors for the sustainable development of education.

La complejidad de la imagen de los destinos de costa: aportaciones metodológicas a partir del estudio de Menorca

In this article, we try to conceptualize the image of coastal destinations based on the analysis of a specific place, Menorca. Both the content of the images and their meaning are studied to unravel their function in the configuration of the tourist image, as well as the role they play in the appropriation of universal archetypes. Two types of images are confronted: posters and public leaflets, on the one hand, and tourist guides, on the other, with a diachronic approach. As a result, coastal destinations are shown as a complex product in which, along with its obvious implications associated with the concept of sun and beach, an important landscape aspect emerges, and where their population centres are also relevant. In this way the projected image cannot be separated from the image perceived by tourists.

X-phemisms, or On the difficulty in distinguishing between euphemisms and dysphemisms

The present paper attempts to examine the existing approaches to the study on euphemisms and dysphemisms. The paper finds that the study on euphemisms and dysphemisms should be based on the holistic approach that entails combining particular aspects of diverse fields and provides a comprehensive understanding of language as a cognitive-communicative, sociocultural and biopsychological phenomenon. Applying both functional-pragmatic and diachronic approaches proves to be effective in identifying euphemisms and dysphemisms and distin- guishing between them. The results of the study indicate that not all low colloquialisms may be considered dysphemisms, although in some cases pejorative words, taboos and vulgarisms may serve as a conceptual source of dysphemisms. The study reveals that there can be no such notion as universal euphemism or universal dysphemism as the status of a word is determined by a set of social attitudes that may vary between dialect groups and even between individual members of the same community. Thus, when distinguishing between euphemisms and dysphemisms one should take into consideration diachronic meaning change, the current context, the previous context, subject-object relationship. The research data is taken from English socio-political discourse, media discourse, English monolingual and etymology dictionaries. The choice of the research data stems from the fact that media discourse and socio-political discourse reflect public ideologies and values, which allows to monitor diachronic meaning change conditioned by social factors. In addition to it, the dynamic nature of x-phemisms becomes observable in socio-political and media experiential contexts.

Innovación en E/A de Lengua y Literatura: conceptos y análisis desde perspectiva diacrónica

Twenty years have passed, the 21st century invites you to carry out a thoughtful and documented study of educational innovation in the area of Language and Literature. We apply the comparative diachronic approach, show the importance of the field from the 80s until reaching its consideration today. We show a studied vision of the advances that has been made in its development, this situation poses challenges to study the field of knowledge that runs quickly as changes in society. We finish this research evaluating the adaptation that the area shows to the new trends, a commendable work that starts from those who revitalize it.

Archaeological survey and understanding the rural landscape in Byzantine Greece: some specific examples

In a review of the second volume of the Nemea Valley Archaeological Project Series, a significant contribution in the use of archaeological survey data to explore complex sociopolitical phenomena in the development of the medieval settlement pattern of the northeastern Peloponnese, Michael Given states the following: ‘This volume publishes valuable and interesting material on a period for which, even after some four decades of intensive archaeological survey, there is a striking lack of fully published survey results. This in itself is a major contribution, particularly when combined with the high quality of the original survey, the care with which the pottery and site descriptions are presented, the extensive historical background and the superb illustrations. The volume itself does not present a fully integrated archaeological, historical, and landscape analysis of this important material. Its real value, however, is that it allows us all to do our own integration and analysis.’ Our paper seeks to follow on from this final statement, and as such it wishes first to investigate some general considerations about survey archaeology in the broader world of the eastern Mediterranean, and to then examine more specifically the ways in which they are appropriate to the medieval period in ongoing research. Drawing from our own survey work in northern Kythera and the eastern Korinthia, we will attempt to demonstrate the limitations of an overarching diachronic approach to archaeological survey, and the need for continuous re-evaluation of a survey’s research design and methodology to the specific demands dictated by each different archaeological/historical period.

THE WRETCHED OF THE AFRICAN EARTH. AN ATTEMPT AT DECONSTRUCTING THE STEREOTYPE OF AFRICANISED MIGRATION DESTINED FOR EUROPE

The aim of the article is to deconstruct the Africanization of migration destined for Europe, to disprove several cognitive scripts on migration from Africa, most frequently quoted in the conservative media discourse. In the introduction, the migration of Africans destined for Europe in relations to the migration of Asians via Africa destined for Europe were characterized inter alia on the basis of the official documents, UNHCR and FRONTEX reports. Then, the dynamics of transcontinental and intra-Africa migrations – in synchronous and diachronic approach, with the reference to the research results of scholars specialized in the demography, social policy, history of migration – were discussed. Finally, the cultural meanings of migration among Africans is presented.

Historical and linguistic commentary in the process of studying the Ukrainian language by students of pedagogical faculties

The article considers the view that the students of pedagogical higher educational establishments need to understand the facts of modern Ukrainian not only in relation to its functioning (synchronic approach), but also regarding its genesis and development (diachronic approach). In particular, the author discusses the necessity of adding a subject «The Ukrainian Language: Genesis and Functioning» to the curriculums of the specialty «Primary Education» due to the fact that the students should obtain certain linguistic competences. The mentioned subject aims to provide the students, who are going to be primary school teachers, with a thorough understanding of the Ukrainian language developmental history in general and the genesis of common phonetic and morphological phenomena in particular so that they could understand general directions of language system evolution.In addition, the subject will contribute to the broadening of students’ general knowledge, their competences concerning Ukraine, the development of logical thinking, better understanding of their native language essence.The aim of the article is to justify the viability of adding a subject «The Ukrainian Language: Genesis and Functioning» to the curriculums of the specialty «Primary Education» considering the fact that the students of this specialty should obtain certain linguistic competences, that the subject has intellectual and educational resources, and to propose the substantial content for the course.Numerous works of Ukrainian scientists are dedicated to the issues of linguistic training for the specialists in Pedagogy including primary school professionals. Among these works, we should distinguish the studies by M. Vashulenko, V. Sobko, N. Kypychenko, S. Skvortsova, Yu. Vtornikova et al, who analyzed the current approaches to acquire linguistic competences by students, the ways and the means to intensify primary school pupils’ knowledge of Ukrainian. In these works, the authors pay attention to the general issues of the Ukrainian language teaching methods in primary school and to the formation of linguistic and oratory skills for teachers in Ukrainian speaking space, the professional and communicative as well as terminological competences for the future primary school teachers.At the same time, it is worth noting that in Ukrainian linguodidactics there are no works dedicated to the issues of future primary school teachers’ learning of the selected important details about developmental history of phonetic and grammatical systems of Ukrainian, and that is why this paper is of great importance.In the paper, the author highlights the didactic specificity of the subject «The Ukrainian Language: Genesis and Functioning», justifies the importance of historical and linguistic approach to the analysis of modern linguistic facts, suggests the topics and questions for the studying program of the mentioned subject.

Le rural, une catégorie opératoire pour penser les mutations socio-spatiales françaises.La géographie rurale d’hier à aujourd’hui

L’article propose un cheminement a travers le dernier siecle de geographie rurale. Il ne s’agit pas pour nous de retracer toute l’histoire de la discipline, mais d’en isoler certaines inflexions majeures. Nous avons choisi de le faire a partir du couple emblematique ville-campagne qui ne cesse de ressurgir et qui a modele les approches, tant de geographie rurale que de geographie urbaine. Apres avoir analyse comment la mise en tension entre urbain et rural a failli aboutir a la quasi-disparition de cette categorie spatiale dans les annees 70, nous verrons comment la geographie rurale a reussi a s’affirmer en s’octroyant un certain nombre de themes « reserves ». Le dernier temps sera consacre au periurbain, synthese (im)possible du rural et de l’urbain.

Introduction to the Hebrew Bible and Deutero-Canonical Books

Introduction to the Hebrew Bible and Deutero-Canonical Books

ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЕ АФФИКСОИДОВ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article examines the origin of root affixes functioning in the modern Russian literary language. Originality of the paper includes the diachronic approach to studying the Russian root affixes. The paper aims to identify the sources of affixoidation as a word-formative means and to ascertain the stages of differentiation of root affixes and productive stems. Analysing the Old Slavonic and the Old Russian compounds, the authors conclude that the key role in the formation of the Russian root affixes belongs to the Old Slavonic words.

The Rethinking of Great Britain’s Role: From the World Empire to the Nation State

In the article, it is stated that Great Britain had been the biggest empire in the world in the course of many centuries. Due to synchronic and diachronic approaches it was detected time simultaneousness of the British Empire’s development in the different parts of the world. Different forms of its ruling (colonies, dominions, other territories under her auspice) manifested this phenomenon.The British Empire went through evolution from the First British Empire which was developed on the count mostly of the trade of slaves and slavery as a whole to the Second British Empire when itcolonized one of the biggest states of the world India and some other countries of the East; to the Third British Empire where it colonized countries practically on all the continents of the world. TheForth British Empire signifies the stage of its decomposition and almost total down fall in the second half of the 20th century. It is shown how the national liberation moments starting in India and endingin Africa undermined the British Empire’s power, which couldn’t control the territories, no more. The foundation of the independent nation state of Great Britain free of colonies did not lead to lossof the imperial spirit of its establishment, which is manifested in its practical deeds – Organization of the British Commonwealth of Nations, which later on was called the Commonwealth, Brexit and so on.The conclusions are drawn that Great Britain makes certain efforts to become a global state again.