Diabetic Female Research Articles

WHR: common anthropometric indicators for identifying insulin sensitivity and resistance in female

Diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic level worldwide. South Asians are known for increased predisposition of diabetes which has become an important health problem. Obesity is a well-established risk factor for diabetes mellitus and Insulin resistance. Early detection of reduced insulin sensitivity (IS) and insulin resistance (IR) is need of the time. The aim of the present study was to assess most suitable anthropometric indicator for identifying IR or IS and determine the cutoff points of the most effective indicators. A total of 742 subjects were included in this cross-sectional study. Hormone and glucose levels were estimated using standard protocols. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and the HOMA-IS and HOMA-IR were determined. The correlations between the anthropometric indices and IS and IR were determined. ROC analysis was used to determine the areas under the curve (AUC) and cutoff points. Among the obese non diabetic females, WHR (r = -0.386; P = <0.001) showed substantially significant correlation with HOMA-IS (homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity). The ROC curve demonstrated statistical significance for BMI, WC and WHR, and the best cutoff points were 28.06 kg/m2, 94.75 cm and 0.91, respectively. It also showed substantial significance for WHR (AUC = 0.65±0.06; P = 0.021), and the best cutoff points was 0.85 in all studied anthropometric indices. Among the obese non diabetic female, WHR showed substantially greater correlation with IR/IS.

Effects of royal jelly supplementation on glycemic control and oxidative stress factors in type 2 diabetic female: A randomized clinical trial

It has been proposed that royal jelly has antioxidant properties and may improve oxidative stress and glycemic control. Therefore, we investigated the effects of royal jelly supplementation in diabetic females. In this pilot, parallel design randomized clinical trial, 50 female volunteers with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to the supplemented (25, cases) and placebo (25, cases) groups, based on random block procedure produced by Random Allocation Software, given a daily dose of 1,000 mg royal jelly soft gel or placebo, respectively, for 8 weeks. Before and after intervention, glycemic control indices, antioxidant and oxidative stress factors were measured. After royal jelly supplementation, the mean fasting blood glucose decreased remarkably (163.05±42.51 mg/dL vs. 149.68±42.7 mg/dL). Royal jelly supplementation resulted in significant reduction in the mean serum glycosylated hemoglobin levels (8.67%±2.24% vs. 7.05%±1.45%, P=0.001) and significant elevation in the mean insulin concentration (70.28±29.16 pmol/L vs. 86.46±27.50 pmol/L, P=0.01). Supplementation significantly increased erythrocyte superoxidase dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and decreased malondialdehyde levels (P<0.05). At the end of study, the mean total antioxidant capacity elevated insignificantly in both groups. On the basis of our findings, it seems that royal jelly supplementation may be beneficial in controlling diabetes outcomes. Further studies with larger sample size are warranted.

Breast abscess due to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in a young diabetic female

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) is occasionally associated with abscess formation in various organs of the body. But breast abscess by S. Typhi without the general and specific symptoms of typhoid fever is unusual. We report a case of breast abscess due to S. Typhi in a 20 year old nonlactating diabetic female without the features of typhoid fever. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcj.v7i1.17743 Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2013; 7(1): 16-17

Biochemical Evaluation, Anthropometric Measurements in Assessment of Microvascular Complications in Females with Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: To investigate the role of the biochemical parameters in the prediction of the microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes and non-diabetes female patients. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in R L Jalappa hospital attended to Sri Devearj Urs Medical College, Kolar. Randomly selected 45 female type 2 diabetes and non diabetes patients with the age group of 45-55 years attending medicine outpatient department from March 2011 to January 2012 were included in the study. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were analyzed by standard methods. Results: Among variables studied height, obesity index and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were statistically significant between diabetes and non-diabetes. Diabetic female subjects showed higher values for insulin (16.90mcU/ml), uric acid (4.36mg/dl), urine albumin (305.71mg/dl) and albumin creatinine ratio (13.18mg/g) when compared with non-diabetic female subjects. The mean values for total cholesterol (182.09mg/dl), triglycerides (209.04mg/dl), high density lipoproteins (HDL-c) (36.44mg/dl), low density lipoproteins (LDL-c) (100.09mg/dl), Non-HDL (145.64mg/dl) and eGFR (97.03) in diabetes females and in non diabetes females 187.69mg/dl, 143.78mg/dl and 43.46mg/dl,115.20mg/dl, 144.22mg/dl, 87.03 for TC, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, non-HDL and eGFR respectively. Among parameters evaluated triglycerides and LDL-c were significant between diabetic and nondiabetic female subjects. Conclusion: In this study we observed 26.6% of nephropathy, 13.3% of retinopathy and 6.6% of neuropathy in diabetes females. However non-diabetes female subjects showed higher significant TC and LDL-c levels. This suggests that above the age of 45 year females requires comprehensive evaluation of anthropometric and biochemical parameters to avoid micro and macro vascular complications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v5i2.8651 Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-5(2) 2014: 113-119

Diabetic uterus environment may play a key role in alterations of DNA methylation of several imprinted genes at mid-gestation in mice

BackgroundMaternal diabetes mellitus not only has severe deleterious effects on fetal development, but also it affects transmission to the next generation. However, the underlying mechanisms for these effects are still not clear.MethodsWe investigated the methylation patterns and expressions of the imprinted genes Peg3, Snrpn, and H19 in mid-gestational placental tissues and on the whole fetus utilizing the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic mouse model for quantitative analysis of methylation by PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. The protein expression of Peg3 was evaluated by Western blot.ResultsWe found that the expression of H19 was significantly increased, while the expression of Peg3 was significantly decreased in dpc10.5 placentas of diabetic mice. We further found that the methylation level of Peg3 was increased and that of H19 was reduced in dpc10.5 placentas of diabetic mice. When pronuclear embryos of normal females were transferred to normal/diabetic (NN/ND) pseudopregnant females, the methylation and expression of Peg3 in placentas was also clearly altered in the ND group compared to the NN group. However, when the pronuclear embryos of diabetic female were transferred to normal pesudopregnant female mice (DN), the methylation and expression of Peg3 and H19 in dpc10.5 placentas was similar between the two groups.ConclusionsWe suggest that the effects of maternal diabetes on imprinted genes may primarily be caused by the adverse uterus environment.

Abstract 501: Enhanced Expression of the Endocannabinoid 2-AG and CB-1 Receptor in the Kidney of the Diabetic Hypertensive Female Rat

The cannabinoids arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are endogenous ligands for the cannabinoid receptors including CB1 and CB2 subtypes. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is typically associated with regulation of metabolic balance and appetite, although CB1 receptors (CB1R) may contribute to diabetic renal injury while CB2R are protective. The hypertensive mRen2.Lewis (mRen2) females have less renal injury than the males; however, diabetic female mRen2 lack this protection and show comparable indices of injury to the diabetic males. The present study addressed whether female and male diabetic mRen2 exhibit similar alterations in the renal ECS. Diabetes was induced with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ at 65 mg/kg; ip). Cortical content of AEA and 2-AG was quantified by UPLC MS/MS. Receptor levels and the metabolizing enzymes for AEA (FAAH) and 2-AG (MAGL) were quantified by protein immunoblot. Basal 2-AG content was higher in male versus female mRen2, and significantly increased in both diabetic females and males (figure, n=6) while AEA was unchanged. Cortical Ang II correlated to 2-AG [p&lt;0.01; r = 0.89]. CB1R protein expression was higher in female diabetic mRen2 but unchanged in the males (figure, n=4). CB2R expression was lower in the male diabetics [p&lt;0.01; n=4], but not changed in females. MAGL expression was &gt;70% lower in female diabetics compared to controls [p&lt;0.05; n=4] while FAAH was not changed. Elements of the renal ECS are differentially regulated in the diabetic mRen2. Higher expression of both 2-AG and CB1R, but reduced MAGL (females) and CB2R (males) may contribute to the development and progression of renal injury in this model.

English

Virilizing or masculinizing features in a female can be an alarm for the doctor and a source of embarrassment for the patient. These features appear as a result of hyperandrogenism, the source being ovary or adrenal gland. Here is a case of Virilizing ovarian tumour in a 51 year old diabetic female. This patient presented with a 14 year history of appearance of hair all over the body with loss of scalp hair. She also had complaints of pain in lower abdomen with excessive micturition for 3 months. Examination showed hirsutism and features of virilisation. Suprapubic mass was present on abdominal examination. Per vaginal exam revealed a soft mass? Ovarian. Radiological tests showed features suggestive of ovarian malignancy with possible uterine involvement and mild ascites. Most routine hematological investigations were normal. Total testosterone was grossly elevated (>1500 ng/dl); CA-125 was also raised (103.7 U/ml). FSH & LH values were low, TSH was normal while estradiol& progesterone were raised. Urine microscopy had features of urinary tract infection; hence treatment was started for the same. Patient underwent panhysterectomy. Histopathological studies confirmed steroid cell left ovarian tumour (T1aN0Mx), which was the source of virility in the patient. Patient improved dramatically

Maternal Diabetes Causes Alterations of DNA Methylation Statuses of Some Imprinted Genes in Murine Oocytes1

Maternal diabetes has adverse effects not only on oocyte quality but also on embryo development. However, it is still unknown whether the DNA imprinting in oocytes is altered by diabetes. By using streptozotocin (STZ)-induced and nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse models we investigated the effect of maternal diabetes on DNA methylation of imprinted genes in oocytes. Mice which were judged as being diabetic 4 days after STZ injection were used for experiments. In superovulated oocytes of diabetic mice, the methylation pattern of Peg3 differential methylation regions (DMR) was affected in a time-dependent manner, and evident demethylation was observed on Day 35 after STZ injection. The expression level of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) was also decreased in a time-dependent manner in diabetic oocytes. However, the methylation patterns of H19 and Snrpn DMRs were not significantly altered by maternal diabetes, although there were some changes in Snrpn. In NOD mice, the methylation pattern of Peg3 was similar to that of STZ-induced mice. Embryo development was adversely affected by maternal diabetes; however, no evident imprinting abnormality was observed in oocytes from female offspring derived from a diabetic mother. These results indicate that maternal diabetes has adverse effects on DNA methylation of maternally imprinted gene Peg3 in oocytes of a diabetic female in a time-dependent manner, but methylation in offspring's oocytes is normal.

Sex Differences in Aortic Endothelial Function of Streptozotocin‐induced Diabetic Rats: A Possible Role of Superoxide Production

Little is known of the interaction between diabetes and gender in the vasculature. This study was designed to investigate 1) whether there were gender differences in rat aortic endothelium‐dependent vasodilation (EDV) in streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg, iv)‐induced diabetic rats at early stage of the disease (1 wk), and 2) the potential role of superoxide in diabetes‐induced vascular dysfunction. EDV to acetylcholine (ACh; 10−8 to 10−5 M) was measured in aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine (2 μM) before and after pretreatment with MnTMPyP (10 mM), a superoxide scavenger. In addition, the level of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and NADPH oxidase (Nox, a potent sources of superoxide) 1, 2 and 4 mRNA expression were determined using real‐time RT‐PCR. ACh‐induced relaxations were significantly impaired in aortic rings from both male and female diabetic rats. However, the extent of impairment was significantly greater in diabetic females than diabetic males. Preincubation with MnTMPyP increased EDV only in diabetic female group. Accordingly, our data showed that in females, the level of Nox4 mRNA expression was substantially enhanced, whereas the level of eNOS mRNA expression was decreased at 1 wk after the induction of diabetes. These data suggest that the predisposition of female rat aorta to vascular injury in diabetes is possibly due to the superoxide production (supported by NIH/NIDCR).

Rhinomaxillary mucormycosis in a diabetic female

Rhinomaxillary mucormycosis in a diabetic female

Hematological changes in opium addicted diabetic rats.

BackgroundChronic opioid treatment in animal models has shown to alter hematological parameters.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of opium on the number of peripheral blood cells and red blood cells (RBCs) indices in diabetic rats.Materials and MethodsPeripheral blood samples were collected from diabetic, opium-addicted, diabetic opium-addicted and normal male and female rats and hematological parameters were measured.ResultsThe mean number of white blood cells (WBCs) was significantly higher in diabetic opium-addict females compared to diabetic non-addict female group. In both male and female, the mean number of neutrophils was significantly higher and the mean number of lymphocytes was lower in diabetic opium-addicted rats than those observed in diabetic non-addicted group. In diabetic opium-addicted male group the mean counts of RBC significantly increased as compared with diabetic male group. However, in diabetic addicted female, the mean number of RBCs was significantly lower than diabetic non-addicted female group. In both males and females, the mean number of platelets was significantly lower in diabetic addict rats compared to diabetic non-addict group.ConclusionsGenerally, the results indicated that opium addiction has different effects on male and female rats according to the number of WBC, RBC and RBC indices. It could also be concluded that in the opium-addicts the risk of infection is enhanced due to the weakness of immune system as a result of the imbalance effect of opium on the immune cells.

Pielonefritis, colecistitis y cistitis enfisematosas en paciente con diabetes mellitus descompensada

Pyelonephritis, cholecystitis, and emphysematous cystitis in a diabetic patient Background. Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a necrotizing infection characterized by gas production that usually is located in the kidney tissue, urinary tract and retroperitoneal tissue. Gas can escape following the renal veins and accumulate in the hepatic veins and other places. E coli is the most common causative organism. Clinical case: We report a 62 years old diabetic female, admitted to the hospital with a diabetic ketoacidosis. An abdominal CT scan disclosed a left emphysematous pyelonephritis, cholecystitis and cystitis. The patient was operated, performing a left nephrectomy, cholecystectomy and placement of sub hepatic and retroperitoneal drainages. The pathological study of the surgical piece showed an acute pyelonephritis with abscess formation and chronic cholecystitis. The patient died due to a multi systemic failure.

An Unusual Complication of Liver Abscess

A 58-year-old diabetic female, presented to our emergency room with 5 days history of high-grade fever and pain in right hypochondrium. Prior to admission in our hospital she was diagnosed to have a solitary right lobe amoebic liver abscess (44 × 37 mm) and was being treated with cefuroxime and metronidazole. At the time of presentation she had persistent fever, tachycardia and tender hepatomegaly. Laboratory investigations revealed hemoglobin 13.4 gm/dl, total leukocyte counts 16300/cumm, platelet count 240,000/cumm, with normal liver function renal function tests.

Hemichorea-hemiballismus in nonketotic hyperglycemia

Hemichorea-hemiballismus (HC-HB) is a rare, but dramatic complication of nonketotic hyperglycemia specially in elderly Asian females. We report a case of HC-HB syndrome with emotional lability in a poorly-controlled diabetic female. MRI brain showed T1 and FLAIR hyperintensities in the right caudate and hippocampus.

Efficacy of Flaxseed Supplementation on Nutrient Intake and Other Lifestyle Pattern in Menopausal Diabetic Females

Ninety non-insulin dependent menopausal diabetic female subjects free from serious complications were selected and equally divided into three groups, viz. E1, E2 and C. Subjects of group E1 and E2 ...

Studies on Serum Lipids, Lipoproteins and High Sensitive C-reactive Protein in Type 2 Diabetes

The aim of the study was to determine the association of lipid profile with high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), obese, hypertensive in type 2 diabetes in north Chennai area, Tamil Nadu, India. Nearly 300 blood sample were collected from patients in JPM diagnostic centre, north Chennai, Tamil Nadu and grouped them into diabetic (n=150) and non diabetic (n=150). Behavioral characters were calculated by using the data from the questionnaire like age, sex, height, weight, food habits, obesity, blood pressure (BP), family history, alcohol and smoking habits were correlated for interpretation. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured by using standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was diagnosed as per the criteria provided by the WHO (1959&1978). The body weight was calculated by taking weight in kg and height was measured in cms. The body mass index was calculated from the formula BMI = weight in kg/(height in meters) 2 Patients were taken as obese if their body mass index was 29.9. All biochemical analyses were done on a semi autoanalyser (RA 50). hs-CRP levels were measured with Elisa reader (Star Fax 325). The lipid concentration level was significantly higher in diabetic patients compared with non diabetic patients, serum total cholesterol mean ± SD 209.57±26.56 (P<0.001), serum triglycerides mean ± SD 184.78±49.10 (P<0.001), serum LDL - cholesterol mean ± SD 165.27±29.43,(P<0.001) and decrease in serum HDL-cholesterol levels mean ± SD 42.30±7.12, (P<0.001), and total cholesterol/HDL ratio, mean ± SD 5.13±1.27 (P<.001), Regression analysis revealed obese to be strongly associated with diabetes observed. BMI mean±SD 26.93-3.10 (P<0.001). hs-CRP values increased with increase of obese mean ± SD 6.71±2.78 (ANOVA P<0.001) and HbA1c mean± SD 8.54±1.07 (ANOVA P<0.001). Lipid concentration is elevated in hypertensive with diabetes serum total cholesterol mean ± SD 211.61±26.21 (P<0.001) and compared with hypertensive with non diabetic subjects. Lipid concentration level increased (Total cholesterol, LDL, TGL&VLDL) and decreased (HDL) in diabetes subjects. Lipoprotein particles significantly higher in diabetic female, compared to diabetic male. hs-CRP, increased in obese diabetes when compared with non obese diabetics, and obese non diabetics. hs-CRP strongly associated in obese with diabetes. Lipid concentration elevated in hypertensive with diabetes. The risk factors such as obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, food habits and family history were found to promote the development of type 2 diabetes.

Studies on serum lipids, lipoproteins and high sensitive C-Reactive protein in type 2 diabetes

The aim of the study was to determine the association of lipid profile with high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), obese, hypertensive in type 2 diabetes in north Chennai area, Tamil Nadu, India. Nearly 300 blood sample were collected from patients in JPM diagnostic centre, north Chennai, Tamil Nadu and grouped them into diabetic (n=150) and non diabetic (n=150). Behavioral characters were calculated by using the data from the questionnaire like age, sex, height, weight, food habits, obesity, blood pressure (BP), family history, alcohol and smoking habits were correlated for interpretation. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure was measured by using standard mercury sphygmomanometer. Hypertension was diagnosed as per the criteria provided by the WHO (1959 & 1978). The body weight was calculated by taking weight in kg and height was measured in cms. The body mass index was calculated from the formula BMI = weight in kg/(height in meters)2 Patients were taken as obese if their body mass index was 29.9. All biochemical analyses were done on a semi autoanalyser (RA 50). hs-CRP levels were measured with Elisa reader (Star Fax 325). The lipid concentration level was significantly higher in diabetic patients compared with non diabetic patients, serum total cholesterol mean ± SD 209.57r26.56 (P<0.001), serum triglycerides mean ± SD 184.78r49.10 (P<0.001), serum LDL - cholesterol mean ± SD 165.27r29.43,(P<0.001) and decrease in serum HDL-cholesterol levels mean ± SD 42.30r7.12, (P<0.001), and total cholesterol/HDL ratio, mean ± SD 5.13r1.27 (P<.001), Regression analysis revealed obese to be strongly associated with diabetes observed. BMI mean±SD 26.93-3.10 (P<0.001). hs-CRP values increased with increase of obese mean ± SD 6.71r2.78 (ANOVA P<0.001) and HbA1c mean± SD 8.54r1.07 (ANOVA P<0.001). Lipid concentration is elevated in hypertensive with diabetes serum total cholesterol mean ± SD 211.61r26.21 (P<0.001) and compared with hypertensive with non diabetic subjects. Lipid concentration level increased (Total cholesterol, LDL, TGL & VLDL) and decreased (HDL) in diabetes subjects. Lipoprotein particles significantly higher in diabetic female, compared to diabetic male. hs-CRP, increased in obese diabetes when compared with non obese diabetics, and obese non diabetics. hs-CRP strongly associated in obese with diabetes. Lipid concentration elevated in hypertensive with diabetes. The risk factors such as obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, food habits and family history were found to promote the development of type 2 diabetes. Keywords: Lipid profile, lipoprotein C-reactive protein, type 2 diabetes, obese, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia,

Chronic Opium Treatment Can Differentially Induce Brain and Liver Cells Apoptosis in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Male and Female Rats

It has been shown that some opium derivatives promote cell death via apoptosis. This study was designed to examine the influence of opium addiction on brain and liver cells apoptosis in male and female diabetic and non-diabetic Wistar rats. This experimental study was performed on normal, opium-addicted, diabetic and diabetic opium-addicted male and female rats. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL and DNA fragmentation assays. Results of this study showed that apoptosis in opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted brain and liver cells were significantly higher than the both normal and diabetic rats. In addition, we found that apoptosis in brain cells of opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted male rats were significantly higher than opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted female, whereas apoptosis in liver cells of opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted female rats were significantly higher than opium-addicted and diabetic opium-addicted male. Overall, these results indicate that opium probably plays an important role in brain and liver cells apoptosis, therefore, leading neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. These findings also in away possibly means that male brain cells are more susceptible than female and interestingly liver of females are more sensitive than males in induction of apoptosis by opium.

Lifesaving Kissing Stent for Pulmonary Trunk Stenosis Due to Primary Angiosarcoma

A 62-year-old diabetic female was referred to our institution with a 6-month history of pulmonary hypertension and worsening right-sided heart failure. Computed tomography of the chest and pulmonary angiogram revealed a pulmonary artery mass. Due to patient's frail state, palliative kissing stenting to both pulmonary arteries was performed with optimal angiographic results and overt clinical improvement. At 5 month follow-up, both stents were patent and adequate lung perfusion was observed bilaterally.

Colagenosis perforante reactiva adquirida: Caso clínico

Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis is a perforating dermatosis characterized by transepidermal elimination of collagen. It is frequently associated to diabetes mellitus and chronic renal insufficiency, but it is also related to other systemic diseases. The lesions tend to resolve once the underlying condition is treated. We report two patients with the condition. A 65 year-old diabetic female on hemodialysis consulted for multiple itching cutaneous ulcers lasting one year. On physical examination, hyperpigmented papules and nodules were observed. A 65 year-old female with chronic renal failure in hemodialysis consulted for itching lesions in hands, forearms and arms. On physical examination, hyperpigmented lesions with ulcers, erosions and crusts were observed. In both cases, the pathological study of the lesions disclosed a reactive perforating collagenosis.