Development Of Mental Disorders Research Articles

Prognostic Factors for Behavioral Problems and Psychiatric Disorders in Children Born Very Preterm or Very Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review.

Risk factors associated with adverse behavioral outcomes in very preterm (VPT) or very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are poorly understood. The aim of this article is to identify prognostic factors for behavioral problems and psychiatric disorders in children born ≤32 weeks gestational age or with birth weight ≤1250 g. A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, and Pyscinfo databases to identify studies published between January 1, 1990 and June 1, 2014 reporting multivariable prediction models for behavioral problems or psychiatric disorders in VPT/VLBW children. Fifteen studies were identified and 2 independent reviewers extracted key information on study design, outcome definition, risk factor selection, model development, reporting, and conducted a risk of bias assessment. The 15 studies included reported risk factor analyses for the following domains: general behavioral problems (n = 8), any psychiatric disorder (n = 2), autism spectrum symptoms/disorders (n = 5), and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 1). Findings were inconclusive because of the following: small number of studies in each domain, heterogeneity in outcome measures, lack of overlap in the risk factors examined, and differences in strategies for dealing with children with neurological impairments. There is a lack of evidence concerning risk factors for behavior problems and psychiatric disorders among VPT/VLBW survivors. This review has identified the need for further research examining the etiology of disorders of psychological development in the VPT/VLBW population to refine risk prediction and identify targets for intervention. Large well-conducted studies that use standard diagnostic evaluations to assess psychiatric disorders throughout childhood and adolescence are required.

Disorders of cognitive and emotional development in children of mothers with substance abuse and psychiatric disorders

Aims The aim of this study was to investigate whether the mother's substance abuse, psychiatric problems and socioeconomic situation are related to 1) disorders of psychological development, 2) behavioural and emotional disorders, and 3) mood disorders and neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders in children aged 0–12 years. Data & Methods The research is based on data on all children born in Finland in 1997 who have not died before their first birthday (n=58 761). These children were followed until their 12th birthday. Information from national registers covering health and social care, education, relationship status, age and receipt of income support were analysed using cross-tabulation with χ2-tests and logistic regression analysis. Results Based on the register data of children, 1.4% (n = 798) had a mother with substance abuse problems only, 3.2% (n = 1854) had a mother with psychiatric disorders only, and 1.1% (n = 652) had a mother with both substance abuse and psychiatric disorders. Among children with mothers with substance abuse, psychiatric disorders or both, the risks of all categories of psychiatric diseases studied were significantly higher than in the comparison group. It was a bigger risk for the child to have a mother with both substance abuse and psychiatric disorders than either of these alone. Conclusion The mother's substance abuse and her other psychiatric disorders are significant risk factors for her children's psychiatric development, even when the socioeconomic factors are taken into account. Children of mothers with both substance abuse and psychiatric disorders are at a particularly high risk.

Mental disorders in childhood and young adulthood among children born to women with fertility problems.

Is the risk of hospital admission or outpatient contact for mental disorders increased in children born to women with fertility problems compared with children born to women without fertility problems? We found an increased risk of hospital admission or outpatient contact for mental disorders in children born to women with fertility problems. Few studies have investigated the risk of mental disorders in children born after fertility treatment and although some studies have pointed to an increased risk, others found no association. The inconsistent results may be due to methodological constraints in many previous studies, including small sample size and short follow-up, resulting in imprecise risk estimates and lack of information on risk patterns of mental disorders in adulthood. This nationwide retrospective register-based cohort study included all 2 412 721 children born in Denmark between 1969 and 2006. All children were followed from date of birth until date of hospital contact for a mental disorder, date of emigration, date of death or 31 December 2009, whichever occurred first. Information concerning maternal fertility status for all children in the cohort was obtained by linkage to the Danish Infertility Cohort, which contains data on nearly all women with fertility problems in Denmark since 1963. A total of 124 269 (5%) children were born to women with fertility problems and 2 288 452 (95%) to women without fertility problems. To identify children hospitalized for a mental disorder, the cohort was linked to the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Registry. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between maternal fertility status and the risk of hospital admission or outpatient contact for various groups of mental disorders, including any mental disorder and all 11 main discharge diagnostic groups, classified according to the International Classification of Diseases, version 10. During a mean follow-up period of 21 years (range, 0-40 years), 168 686 (7%) children were admitted to hospital or had an outpatient contact for a mental disorder. Children born to women with fertility problems had a significantly higher risk of any mental disorder (HR 1.23; 95% CI 1.20-1.26) and for most of the 11 main discharge groups, including schizophrenia (HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.07-1.27), mood (affective) disorders (HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.15-1.28) and disorders of psychological development (HR 1.15; 95% CI 1.09-1.21) as well as the subgroup of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (HR 1.36; 95% CI 1.29-1.45) compared with children born to women without fertility problems. The risk estimates did not change markedly when analyses were performed separately for mental disorders diagnosed during childhood (0-19 years) and in young adulthood (20-40 years). The true risk of mental disorders may be somewhat underestimated, as only severe disorders requiring hospital admission or outpatient contact were considered as events. Furthermore, we could not determine whether the increased risks observed were due to factors related to the underlying infertility or to fertility treatment procedures. This is the first report on mental disorders in adulthood among children born to women with fertility problems. Furthermore, we have assessed the risk of several severe mental disorders not previously studied (e.g. neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders and disorders of adult personality and behaviour). These important findings should be investigated further in large epidemiological studies designed to differentiate between factors related to fertility treatment and to the underlying infertility. The study was supported by internal funding from the Unit of Virus, Lifestyle and Genes at the Danish Cancer Society Research Center. All authors report no conflicts of interest.

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on dichotic listening test results in children with disorders of psychological development

Abstract Introduction We use dichotic listening (DL) test to assess functional brain asymmetry when we treat children with disorders of psychological development (DPD) by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Aim In this work we carry out retrospective analysis of children with DPD and study the influence of tDCS on auditory verbal stimuli perception characteristics obtained by DL tests. Material and methods We analyzed the DL test results of 6–13-year-old children; 26 children with specific developmental disorders of scholastic skills (SDDSS), 31 children with specific developmental disorders of speech and language (SDDSL), and 39 healthy children were tested. Some of the children with DPD (21 children) were tested only once, 26 – before and after tDCS, and 10 – before and after the treatment without tDCS. In all cases we estimated laterality indices (LI) and the amounts of “erroneous” answers (ErrA). Results and discussion In the DPD group before the treatment the LI values were lower and the ErrA values were higher in comparison to the values of healthy children; the differences were more significant in the SDDSL than in the SDDSS subgroup. In the SDDSL subgroup after tDCS the LI values got closer to those of the healthy children, and the ErrA values decreased. The LI and ErrA values of children who had not received tDCS treatment did not change. Conclusions The DL test reveals the characteristics of brain asymmetry in case of DPD, and can be useful when planning tDCS treatment and estimating its effectiveness.

LONG - TERM OUTCOMES OF HYPOXIC - ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY OF NEWBORNS

Neonatal encephalopathy is a major cause of disability of term infants and one of the most universally recognized causes of severe, long-term neurological deficits. The aim was to study the neurological and mental development at age 1 year and 6 year old children who were born full term and had hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Analysis of early neonatal period 36 term infants was compared with the results of neuropsychological development at the age of 1 year and 6 years of age. Adverse effects of the neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy associated with resuscitation, not inadequate of protocol recommendations in 25% of patients, later transportation to a tertiary level of care, the need for prolonged mechanical ventilation. Adverse effects in the approximate age of 1 year recorded in about 50% of children who have suffered hypoxic - ischemic encephalopathy. Adverse long-term consequences aged 6 years is every fifth baby, including 30% cerebral palsy and 8% of a complex pathology. Children who at the 1 year age are diagnosed moderate delayed neuro-mental development after the rehabilitation process have the opportunity to neuro - psychological development disorders have not aged 6 years.

Umbilical Reconstruction in Children: A Simplified Operative Technique

The umbilicus has a paramount aesthetical function for the abdomen and when removed due to a surgical procedure, an umbilicoplasty is mandatory: indeed, its absence could contribute to the development of psychological disorders, especially in childhood. Herein, we describe a straightforward technique to obtain a seemingly natural umbilical scar. This technique, easily taught in a general pediatric surgery environment, may be amenable for any kind of umbilical reconstruction. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Social and Psychosocial Impacts for Refugees Post Conflict Between Sunni - Shia in Sampang Madura

Horizontal conflicts involving religious issues in Indonesia is still very dominant. The conflict between Sunni and Shia in Sampang Madura is the one case of the large impact. the case that occurred on August 26, 2012 has caused in one person died, dozens of people were injured, dozens of homes burned and hundreds of Shias were evacuated. This phenomenon has encouraged me to analyze the psychosocial and social impacts experienced by refugees. This research was focused to the background of horizontal conflict that occured between Sunni and Shia in Sampang, Madura; Conflict resolution efforts, the psychosocial and social impacts for Refugees Shi'ites in Rusun Puspa Agro Jemundo Sidoarjo? This study has used descriptive qualitative. The subject of the research was focused on Shiites who has been evacuating in Jemundo Sidoarjo. The results of this study showed that the conflict was influenced by many factors: ideological, family conflict, economic motive, and local politics. The conflict resolution has been conducted in several stages: stages of de-escalation; stages of humanitarian intervention and political negotiations; stages of problem solving approach; and the last, Peace of building stages; which includes the transition, reconciliation, and consolidation. The social impacts of refugees in Jemundo Sidoarjo were Loss of residence; Loss of livelihood sources; created a dependency with others; For children, they can not access a proper education as well as have been experiencing disorders of psychological development; The refugees have not have basic freedoms: Limited access to health social services; Moreover, there will be impoverishment in the long term.

Mental disorders and new opportunities to identify suicide risk in children and adolescents with disabiliting diseases

To study mental health of children and adolescents with disabiliting diseases and comorbid mental disorders and to develop an instrument for assessment suicide risk. The structure of mental disorders in 800 students of correctional schools with disabilities, who have disabiliting diseases (somatoneurological, musculoskeletal, sensory impairment, intellectual disorders), was studied. The prevalence of mental disorders was 83.5%. The highest prevalence was observed for developmental disorders, mental retardation and disorders due to damage or brain dysfunction. High levels of anxiety were found in 33%. There were difficulties in the diagnosis of emotional disorders and signs of suicidal behavior in adolescents with disabiliting diseases and comorbid disorders of psychological development. To detect the signs of suicidal behavior, authors have developed a clinical questionnaire for assessment of suicide risk in people of this category. The results of the screening are presented.

The Structure of Cognitive Vulnerabilities to Depression and Anxiety

Cognitive theories of psychopathology posit that maladaptive patterns of cognitions confer elevated risks to individuals in the development of psychological disorders. This meta-analysis examined the extent to which six cognitive vulnerabilities associated with depression (i.e., pessimistic inferential style, dysfunctional attitudes, and ruminative style) and anxiety (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and fear of negative evaluation) were related with one another. A total of 159 effect sizes from 73 articles were obtained to estimate the mean correlations among the vulnerabilities. Results indicated that they were moderately to strongly correlated. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling was applied to evaluate two alternative factor analytic models underlying the associations among the vulnerabilities. A one-factor model provided the best fit to the meta-analytic data, suggesting a common etiologic factor shared among the vulnerabilities. This suggests that the vulnerabilities are not distinct at a broad level and their common core presents an avenue for transdiagnostic interventions.

Why do older people change their ratings of childhood health?

A growing number of studies in life course epidemiology and biodemography make use of a retrospective question tapping self-rated childhood health to assess overall physical health status. Analyzing repeated measures of self-rated childhood health from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), this study examines several possible explanations for why respondents might change their ratings of childhood health. Results reveal that nearly one-half of the sample revised their rating of childhood health during the 10-year observation period. Whites and relatively advantaged older adults-those with more socioeconomic resources and better memory-were less likely to revise their rating of childhood health, while those who experienced multiple childhood health problems were more likely to revise their childhood health rating, either positively or negatively. Changes in current self-rated health and several incident physical health problems were also related to the revision of one's rating of childhood health, while the development of psychological disorders was associated with more negative revised ratings. We then illustrate the impact that these changes may have on an adult outcomes: namely, depressive symptoms. Whereas adult ratings of childhood health are likely to change over time, we recommend their use only if adjusting for factors associated with these changes, such as memory, psychological disorder, adult self-rated health, and socioeconomic resources.

Assessment of Growth and Maturation in Female Athletes at a Single Point in Time

Growth and maturation may impact adolescent behavior and development of psychological disorders. Currently age at menarche is used as the primary marker of maturation, even though it occurs later than other indicators of growth such as peak height velocity (PHV). Maturity offset predicting age at PHV has not been validated in diverse samples. Anthropometric measures and self-reported age at menarche were obtained for 212 female athletes ages 11 to 16 years (M = 13.25). Shared variance between menarcheal age and estimated age at PHV (APHV) was small (R2 = 5.3%). Discriminant validity was established by classifying participants as pre- or post-PHV or menarche (X2 = 32.62, P < .0001). The Pearson’s correlation between chronological age and age at PHV (r = .69) was stronger than with age at menarche (r = .26). Making informed decisions about accounting for growth and maturation using estimated age at PHV are offered.

95. Altered dynamics of the peripheral immune system in mice exposed to an early life inflammatory insult

Previous studies have indicated that individuals who experience early life trauma may have altered levels of inflammation and furthermore be more susceptible to the development of psychological disorders. To gain insight, this study investigates the dynamics of early life inflammatory insult on peripheral cytokines levels at different stages of development. To mimic inflammation as a response to early life trauma, young mice were immune “sensitized” by injection on postnatal days (PND) 3 and 5 with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Baseline levels of an array of peripheral cytokines were then assessed and compared with un-sensitized controls. In addition, the immune response to an acute LPS stimulation was also assessed. Results from these experiments reveal that in response to acute injections on PND 14, sensitized mice display a significant TNFα and IL-6 response ( p p p

Применение Глиятона в коррекции нарушений психологического развития у детей

В статье дана информация об этиологии, патогенезе, диагностике, основных клинических проявлениях нарушений психологического развития у детей. Описаны подходы к коррекции нарушений психологического развития, использование Глиятона (холина альфосцерата) в лечении этих расстройств.

Why Autobiographical Memories for Traumatic and Emotional Events Might Differ: Theoretical Arguments and Empirical Evidence

ABSTRACT. The authors review five arguments supporting the hypothesis that memories for traumatic and nontraumatic emotional events should be considered as qualitatively different recollections. The first argument considers the objective features of traumatic and emotional events and their possible influence on the formation of memories for these events. The second argument assumes that traumatic memories distinguish from emotional ones as trauma exposure is often associated with the development of psychological disorders involving memory disturbances. The third argument is that traumatic experiences are more likely than emotional experiences to be forgotten and recovered. The fourth argument concerns the possibility that emotional memories are socially shared more frequently than traumatic memories. A fifth argument suggests that trauma exposure may impair selected brain systems implicated in memory functions. Theoretical and empirical evidence supporting these claims is reviewed. In the conclusions, the authors illustrate future research directions and discuss some conceptual issues related to the definitions of traumatic event currently employed by memory researchers.

Transgenerational Effects of PTSD or Traumatic Stress: Do Telomeres Reach Across the Generations?

Traumatic stress can alter allostatis and therefore mediate the development of psychological disorders. Recent evidence from molecular studies has shown that telomere length - a measure of cellular aging - is strongly influenced by a broad spectrum of stress. Telomere erosion might be accelerated by traumatic stress, and traumatic stress has shown to be associated with the risk of developing chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular diseases and immunologic conditions. Aim: The biological pathways between psychological stress and psychological disorders or physiological diseases are widely unknown. Some experimental studies in animal models and longitudinal studies in humans have investigated the transgenerational consequences of psychological stress on telomere length biology. Telomere length inheritance might provide an additional molecular mechanism for the germ line transmission of environmentally induced phenotypic change and might offer a new biological framework for the multifactorial path etiology underlying stress-related disorders. Procedure: Starting from the well-established allostatic load model, this article reviews theoretical and empirical work from animal models and humans in the field of telomere biology in association with traumatic stress, childhood trauma and post-traumatic stress disorders. Further it reviews recent approaches on telomere length inheritance, and combines these findings with transgenerational research of post-traumatic stress disorder biology. Conclusion: A better understanding of the transgenerational mechanisms underlying common diseases might ultimately help disease prevention of stress related disorders in subsequent generations.

Epilepsy in a large cohort of children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD)

PurposeThe knowledge about possible relationships between ADHD and epilepsy is largely based on small samples of ADHD patients and on cohorts with epilepsy. There is insufficient information about the clinical characteristics of epilepsy among children diagnosed with ADHD. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy in a large, unselected cohort of children with ADHD. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart-review of children with ADHD who were evaluated in our clinic between the years 2000 and 2005. We compared age, sex, disorders of psychological development, cognitive level, pharmacological treatment for ADHD, initial response to treatment and ADHD subtype with and without epilepsy. In addition, we compared our data with data from a Norwegian study in a large general pediatric population. ResultsOf 607 children with ADHD (age 6–14 years; 82.4% males); 14 (2.3%) had a history of epilepsy, and 13 of these had active epilepsy. This is a higher occurrence than expected in the general pediatric population (0.5%). The majority of our patients had mild (an easily treated) epilepsy and they were more likely to be seizure free (79%) compared to the patients with epilepsy in general pediatric population. The ADHD patients with and without epilepsy did not differ regarding age, gender, disorders of psychological development, IQ level<85 or ADHD subtype. The patients had been diagnosed with epilepsy on average 1.8 years before the ADHD assessment. All patients with epilepsy were treated with methylphenidate (MPH), and initial response to MPH was achieved in 85.7%. ConclusionThe epilepsy diagnosis preceded the ADHD diagnosis, and was found in a significantly higher rate than would be expected in the general pediatric population. The majority of patients had mild epilepsy and ADHD-Combined Inattentive/Hyperactive-Impulsive Subtype. All cases with epilepsy and ADHD were treated with MPH, with initial response achieved in 86%.

The neuroethics of non-invasive brain stimulation

Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is a brain stimulation tool that is portable, painless, inexpensive, apparently safe, and with potential long-term efficacy. Recent results obtained from TDCS experiments offer exciting possibilities for the enhancement and treatment of normal or impaired abilities, respectively. We discuss new neuroethical problems that have emerged from the usage of TDCS, and also focus on one of the most likely future applications of TDCS: enhancing learning and cognition in children with typical and atypical development.

The effects of the serotonin transporter polymorphism and age on frontal white matter integrity in healthy adult women

Studies of populations at genetic risk have the potential to explore the underlying structural and functional mechanisms in the development of psychological disorders. The polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been associated with major depression (MDD) (Caspi et al., 2003). In healthy women, variation in the human brain white matter microstructure integrity in the uncinate fascicule (UF) has been suggested as an endophenotypes in the development of MDD. Pacheco et al. (2009) found a unique effect of age and 5-HTTLPR within the left frontal UF. The present study examined whether these associations persist along the adult life span. Thirty-seven right-handed healthy women between 21 and 61 years of age were invited for a diffusion MRI study. The functional polymorphism 5-HTTLPR located in the promoter region of the SLC6A4 gene was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fractional anisotropy (FA) was generated for the UF based on Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). Models of emotion regulation circuitry suggest that working memory is important in conscious emotion regulation (Price and Drevets, 2010). To explore if 5-HTTLPR is related to this aspects of emotion processing, a working memory pathway, the superior longitudinal fascicule (SLF) was included. The results demonstrate that age may explain the hypothesized association between 5-HTTLPR and frontal UF white matter integrity in healthy adult women. Both white matter changes associated with the aging process and those associated with growth and development may explain why the earlier reported unique effects of genotype in frontal UF FA do not persist into adulthood.

Group psychotherapy for trauma‐related disorders in people with intellectual disabilities

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is threefold: to summarize data on rates of sexual abuse and interpersonal trauma in people with intellectual disability (ID); to demonstrate the relationship between such trauma and psychological distress; and to describe a promising treatment technique for such exposed individuals.Design/methodology/approachA review of the literature on rates of abuse and trauma among people with ID is presented with particular attention paid to the role of developmental level in both the experience and impact of trauma. Drawing from this understanding of the phenomenology of traumatic exposure in people with ID, the authors present a theoretical framework for psychotherapeutic intervention.FindingsThis paper establishes the inverse relationship between the higher‐than‐average rates of trauma and interpersonal violence in the ID population, co‐occurring with lower‐than‐average access to treatment, and lower‐than‐average treatment model development for this population. Further, this paper provides a description of a theoretically based therapeutic intervention with preliminary research efficacy.Practical implicationsThis paper documents three key areas in need of attention in order to reduce the suffering of people with ID: the need to address the high rates of exposure to abuse; the importance of taking into account developmental level when assessing the impact of potentially traumatic experiences; and the efficacy of the interactive‐behavioral model of group psychotherapy for people with ID who have trauma‐related distress.Originality/valueThis paper points to the need for systematic efforts to reduce the rate of traumatic exposure to which people with ID are disproportionately exposed. Moreover, it establishes how important the role of developmental level is in understanding how exposure to abuse may result in the development of psychological disorders. Finally, this paper provides a clear understanding of a targeted therapeutic approach and the need for a system of accessible care so that afflicted individuals may have the benefit of such therapy.

Neonatal Jaundice: Should We Go Crazy?

In their article, Maimburg et al1 suggest an association of neonatal jaundice with disorders of psychological development, which is in agreement with articles by other authors from Scandinavian countries.2 They performed a great research work, and we surely do not have the skills to criticize their conclusions on the basis of strong statistical findings. However, as clinical neonatologists, we feel uncomfortable with the fact that a (para) physiologic event, such as neonatal jaundice, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of a condition as severe as autism. We wonder whether there might be some confusion in the first methodologic steps. …