Development Of Poultry Industry Research Articles

Research progress on the mechanisms underlying poultry immune regulation by plant polysaccharides.

With the rapid development of poultry industry and the highly intensive production management, there are an increasing number of stress factors in poultry production. Excessive stress will affect their growth and development, immune function, and induce immunosuppression, susceptibility to a variety of diseases, and even death. In recent years, increasing interest has focused on natural components extracted from plants, among which plant polysaccharides have been highlighted because of their various biological activities. Plant polysaccharides are natural immunomodulators that can promote the growth of immune organs, activate immune cells and the complement system, and release cytokines. As a green feed additive, plant polysaccharides can not only relieve stress and enhance the immunity and disease resistance of poultry, but also regulate the balance of intestinal microorganisms and effectively alleviate all kinds of stress faced by poultry. This paper reviews the immunomodulatory effects and molecular mechanisms of different plant polysaccharides (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz polysaccharide, Astragalus polysaccharides, Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide, and alfalfa polysaccharide) in poultry. Current research results reveal that plant polysaccharides have potential uses as therapeutic agents for poultry immune abnormalities and related diseases.

An efficient double-fluorescence approach for generating fiber-2-edited recombinant serotype 4 fowl adenovirus expressing foreign gene.

Recently, the infection of serotype 4 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-4) in chicken flocks has become endemic in China, which greatly threatens the sustainable development of poultry industry. The development of recombinant FAdV-4 expressing foreign genes is an efficient strategy for controlling both FAdV-4 and other important poultry pathogens. Previous reverse genetic technique for generating the recombinant fowl adenovirus is generally inefficient. In this study, a recombinant FAdV-4 expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP), FA4-EGFP, was used as a template virus and directly edited fiber-2 gene to develop an efficient double-fluorescence approach to generate recombinant FAdV-4 through CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre-Loxp system. Moreover, using this strategy, a recombinant virus FAdV4-HA(H9) stably expressing the HA gene of H9N2 influenza virus was generated. Chicken infection study revealed that the recombinant virus FAdV4-HA(H9) was attenuated, and could induce haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer against H9N2 influenza virus at early time points and inhibit the viral replication in oropharynx. All these demonstrate that the novel strategy for constructing recombinant FAdV-4 expressing foreign genes developed here paves the way for rapidly developing attenuated FAdV-4-based recombinant vaccines for fighting the diseases caused by both FAdV-4 and other pathogens.

Research on the Model Design of "Cloud Raising Chickens + Sharing Rural Areas" under the Background of Rural Revitalization

China is a veritable egg producing country. At present, there are about 1.45 billion commercial substitute laying hens in China, and the egg production reaches about 24.5 million tons, which is about 4.5 times that of the United States and 7 times that of India, accounting for about 40% of the total egg production in the world (China Poultry Industry Development Report of China Animal Husbandry Association in 2015). However, the modernization level of laying hens breeding in China is relatively backward, and there is still a certain gap between the production performance and the advanced level abroad. How to improve the modernization level of China's laying hen breeding industry and improve the production performance of laying hen breeding is an urgent problem for us to solve, and responding to the call of the state to realize the "internet plus" of chicken breeding industry is an important way to achieve this goal.

Dehydroepiandrosterone alleviates oleic acid-induced lipid metabolism disorders through activation of AMPK-mTOR signal pathway in primary chicken hepatocytes

The incident of lipid metabolism disorders has obviously increased under the undue pursuit of efficiency, which had seriously threatened to the health development of poultry industry. As an important cholesterol-derived intermediate, though dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has the fat-reduction effect in animals and humans, but the underlying mechanism still poorly understood. Herein, the present study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects and its molecular mechanism of DHEA on disturbance of lipid metabolism induced by oleic acid (OA) in primary chicken hepatocytes. The hepatocytes were treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 10 μM DHEA for 4 h, and then supplemented with 0 or 0.5 mM OA stimulation for another 24 h. Our findings demonstrated that DHEA treatment effectively reduced TG content and alleviated lipid droplet deposition in OA-induced hepatocytes. DHEA inhibited the lipogenesis related factors (ACC, FAS, SREBP-1c, and ACLY) mRNA level and increased the lipolysis key factors (CPT-1 and PPARα) mRNA levels. In addition, DHEA obviously elevated the protein levels of CPT-1A, p-ACC, and ECHS1; whereas decreased the protein levels of FAS and SREBP-1 in hepatocytes stimulated by OA. Furthermore, DHEA promoted the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibited the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Mechanistically, the hepatocytes were pre-treated with AMPK inhibitor compound C or AMPK activator AICAR before addition of DHEA treatment, and the results certified that DHEA activated cAMP/AMPK pathway and which subsequently led the inhibition of mTOR signal, which finally reduced the fat excessive accumulation in OA-stimulated hepatocytes. Collectively, our study unveiled that DHEA protects against the lipid metabolism disorders triggered by OA stimulation through activation of AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, which prompts the value of DHEA as a potential nutritional supplement in regulating the lipid metabolism and its related disease in poultry.

Transport Stress Induced Cardiac NO-NOS Disorder Is Mitigated by Activating Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 Antioxidant Defense Response in Newly Hatched Chicks.

With the development of the intensive poultry industry, the health problems of chickens caused by transportation have attracted more and more attention. Transport stress reduces performance, immune function, and meat quality in chicks, which has become one of the most important factors that endanger the development of the poultry industry. Currently, studies on the effects of transport stress have mainly focused on the performance of livestock and poultry to be slaughtered. However, the effects of transport stress on heart damage and oxidative stress in newborn chicks have not been reported. In this study, we selected newborn chicks as the object. This study was intended to explore the effects of transport stress on the heart damage of newly hatched chicks. The findings suggested that transport stress could cause oxidative stress in the hearts of newly hatched chicks by increasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and decreasing the contents of Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD), together with increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST)). Transport stress disrupted the balance between oxidation and antioxidant systems. The Nrf2 signaling pathway was activated by transport stress and triggered the transcription of antioxidant signaling. In short, transport stress-induced nitric oxide (NO)—nitric oxide synthases (NOS) system metabolic disorders and cardiac oxidative stress are mitigated by activating the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)/NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) antioxidant defense response in newly hatched chicks.

Features of the analysis of indicators of the development of poultry industry in dynamics

The importance of poultry farming as a branch of agriculture, designed to improve the supply of food to the population and ensure the food security of the country, is emphasized. Provides statistical data on the development of the industry for 2016-2020 at a specific enterprise. An analysis of the development of the industry is presented with an assessment of absolute and relative changes, both in poultry meat and in egg production. Calculations of potential production indicators have been carried out, reserves for their growth have been identified. The work widely used a graphical research method. The research carried out will be useful not only for university students, but also for practicing specialists.

Влияние комбикормов с ферментными препаратами отечественного производства на выход пухо-перьевого сырья у гусей

A promising direction in development of poultry industry is expansion of the range and increasing the quality. ‘Lindovskaya’ breed is the most promising geese for breeding in the Chuvash Republic, which could meet the goal. Further development of goose breeding will largely be determined by breeding work, full-fledged feeding, keeping poultry technology, poultry assignment, production cost, quality characteristics and economic feasibility. Only highly productive breeds and lines of geese, ensuring the competitiveness of farms in national and foreign markets, can lead to effective goose production. The aim of the study was to study the effect of compound feeds with enzyme agents (amylosubtilin G3x, cellolux-F and protosubtilin G3x) on the yield of feathers and down in young geese of Lindovskaya breed. The results of the research showed, that the enzyme agents used as part of mixed feed improved both quantitative and qualitative indicators for feathers and down productivity in goslings. Feathers and down weight of ganders from the 2nd experimental group was 47.7 g higher than in the control group, and 11.1 g higher than in the 1st experimental group. Down yield was higher in the 2nd experimental group in comparison with both the control and the 1st experimental groups. Amount of down was larger in ganders and layers of the 2nd experimental group. The largest output of feathers and down was in the 2nd experimental group, it exceeded the control and the 1st experimental groups by 36.9 gram and 29,5%, respectively.

EFFECTIVE TRAP FOR BLACK BEETLE (COLEOPTERA, TENEBRIONIDAE) AND OTHER INSECTS THAT CAUSE DAMAGE TO POULTRY

Darkling beetles Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1796) and A. laevigatus (Fabricius, 1781) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) are the main pests of young chicks in poultry industry. A. diaperinus had already been recorded causing damage to the poultry industry in Crimea. Its larvae and adults attack chicks in the mass. Significant cannibalism is recorded for A. laevigatus in laboratory conditions. We suppose that complex of harmful insects in poultries will include species Ulomoides dermestoides (Chevrolat, 1878) which was introduced recently to Ukraine. Properties of these introduced harmful beetles, providing their survival and invulnerability to full liquidation in poultry houses, are firstly shown, namely: mass rearing of A. diaperinus due to their predaceous feeding on living birds, ability of females of U. dermestoides to oviposit eggs during 1,5 months after the single copulation, and prolongation of duration of the larval stages up to 96–110 days (usually 30 days long) due to a cannibalism only. The features of development and behavior of U. dermestoides are shown resembling these of A. diaperinus. New data on behavior, duration and peculiarities of life cycle were carried out during 2012–2019 under the laboratory conditions and received for the first time. The practical role of A. diaperinus, A. laevigatus and U. dermestoides is discussed. The forecast regarding the negative impact of U. dermestoides on the aviculture and poultry industry development in the Southern Ukraine is presented. Present contribution is beneficial not only for specialists in fundamental research, but also for practitioners, in particular, for the personnel of State Veterinary and Plant Health as well as the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service. The structure and model of effective trap for collecting of larvae and adults of harmful darkling beetles at the presence of living birds in poultry houses is presented and recommended here for production and application in poultry industry.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Identification of Multidrug Resistant Novel <i>Salmonella</i> Strain in Poultry Chickens of Hathazari Region in Chattogram, Bangladesh

Poultry chickens are potential source of transmission of zoonotic Salmonella, into human food chain, causing food-borne illness and also hindering development of poultry industry in Bangladesh. The non-judicious uses of antibiotics in poultry farm have increased the multidrug resistant bacteria. So, this study reports the occurrence of Salmonella in poultry samples (meat, egg, liver and cloacal swab) and the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the isolates. This study was carried out throughout the period of May 2019-March 2020, at the bacteriological laboratory in the Department of Microbiology, University of Chittagong. Isolates were identified on the basis of cultural and biochemical tests from a total of 25 broiler samples (meat, liver, eggshell and cloacal swab). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was observed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The overall detection rate of Salmonella was 48% (12/25) and the highest occurrence was noticed in raw meat 62.5% and the lowest in liver (37.5%). The antimicrobial resistance tests revealed that all the isolates (n = 12) exhibited 100% resistance to vancomycin and cephalexin, followed by ampicillin (75%), nalidixic acid (58.33%), chloramphenicol (41.66%), doxycycline (50%), and neomycin (50%). On the other hand, ciprofloxacin showed 83.33%, ceftazidime and amoxicillin showed 91.6% sensitivity respectively. A considerably high proportion of isolates (11/12, 91.67%) was resistant to three or more antibiotics and 6 multidrug profiles were observed. The ampicillin-chloramphenicol-nalidixic acid-neomycin-cephalexin-doxycycline-vancomycin (4/12) was more frequently observed phenotype in multidrug profiles. Finally, two multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella were identified and classified based on their 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain Eshaa2 and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica strain Eshiika3 at NCBI GenBank with Accession no. MT163513 and MT164531 respectively. So, more attention should be focused on increasing antibiotic surveillance to cope with the spread of emerging resistance and on the alternative approaches.

On the issue of the current state of agriculture of the Kazakhstan

Object: analysis and assessment of the state of poultry farming (including determining the dynamics of the poultry industry development) in the leading regions of KazakhstanMethods: In particular, the study comparative, logistic, specific methods of analysis are used: economicmathematical, economic-statistical; graphical interpretation of information, an experimental method that includes conducting a ascertaining experiment, analyzing and summarizing the data obtained, which made it possible to assess the state and development of the main sub-sectors of agriculture, revealed the leading regions of Kazakhstan in the development of poultry farming.Findings: A comprehensive analysis of crop and poultry production in Kazakhstan is conducted. In particular, the dynamics of the development of the poultry sector for the period from 2010 to 2019, the number of birds in regions of Kazakhstan were studied.Conclusions: The agricultural sector is a key sector of the economy of Kazakhstan, so the degree of its development affects the provision of food security, as well as the socio-political stability of the state. To meet domestic needs it is necessary to develop poultry farming, thereby reducing import dependence in a number of poultry products. Consequently, the complex reasons for the decline in the number of birds by region are determined, measures are proposed to minimize the impact of restraining factors in the development of poultry farming.

Marketing tools to increase efficiency and competitiveness of poultry production enterprises

Organizational and economic principles of poultry production, which are formed by the system of internal and external factors, have been researched in the article. To diagnose these factors, the system of developed economic indicators has been used. The evaluation and analysis of these indicators make it possible to determine the state of organizational and economic level of poultry production enterprises. The main purpose of this research is to highlight the study outcomes of poultry industry development at Ukrainian enterprises. It is planned to analyse the structural dynamics of poultry number, the impact of factors affecting gross production of poultry products, research on impact of feed on the enterprise economic efficiency and profit increase by reducing the production cost. The relevance of this research is conditioned by further scientific research of development trends and regional features of poultry enterprises efficiency and competitiveness increase and substantiation of strategic perspectives. In the process of solving these tasks, general and special methods have been used: abstract and logical – to clarify the essence of main economic categories; analysis and synthesis – to analyse the development and economic efficiency level of poultry enterprises; comparative analysis – to compare different phenomena and processes regarding their impact on economic efficiency of poultry enterprises. Ukraine has been chosen as a research object. The expediency of efficient poultry development is necessitated by the need to tackle the most important socio-economic challenge – food security guaranty – not only for the individual region but also for the country as a whole, as poultry farming is rapidly growing industry. But the problem is the restoration and development of poultry farming with the involvement of a wide range of specialists, the study of poultry enterprises economic efficiency, taking into account the features of technological processes in this industry. Results of the study may be useful for the analysis and effective development of poultry industry as part of agricultural sector.

Sustainable Development Strategy on Poultry Industry in Indonesia

Development of poultry industry that had been running in Indonesia which more emphasized in economic growth aspect, on one side has succeeded in increasing production, but on the other side it caused negative impact toward business and environmental sustainability. A new paradigm reorientation of poultry industry development was needed in terms of direction, strategy and policy. This paper aimed to study the success and the failure of poultry industry development by conventional approach, paradigm of sustainable poultry industry development, concept and implementation of integrated business partnership, and future perspective. The results of this study showed that the development of poultry industry by conventional approach had generated negative impact toward business stability and sustainability, also toward environmental sustainability. The paradigm of sustainable poultry industry development could be used as an alternative strategy in improving farmers welfare while maintaining environmental sustainability. This paradigm could work well if it was integrated with an integrated business partnership strategy from upstream to downstream. In order to support this effort, consolidation of poultry industry institutions from upstream to downstream was required, so that integration of product processes and between business people could be achieved.

Environmental contaminant ammonia triggers epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-mediated jejunal fibrosis with the disassembly of epithelial cell-cell contacts in chicken

Ammonia (NH3) is an environmental contaminant that is causing increasing problems with human and animal health due to the development of poultry industry. There are limited studies on the effect of NH3 inhalation toxicity on the intestinal tract of animals, and underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we established a chicken model of NH3 aspiration-induced injury for 42 days and observed histopathological changes of the jejunum. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic analysis was applied to investigate changes in the protein profile in the jejunum tissue of chickens that were exposed to NH3. Overall, 48 significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that most DEPs were closely related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell-cell junctions, and fibrosis-related factors. Regarding fibrosis, type I collagen and fibronectin were significantly increased. With respect to EMT, epithelial marker proteins (such as E-cadherin and keratin) were repressed, while mesenchymal marker proteins (such as vimentin) were activated. Loss of epithelial cell-cell junctions (such as tight junctions, adherens junctions and desmosomes) were observed. Additionally, overexpression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) may play a key role in the EMT process and fibrosis. Taken together, these findings suggested that NH3 triggered the EMT and disassembly of epithelial cell-cell contacts, resulting in jejunal fibrosis that was mediated by TGF-β in chickens. The results of our study will contribute to provide a technical reference regarding the research methods of intestinal toxicity of NH3 and have largely regulatory implications for ecological risk assessment of human health.

Industrial livestock production: A review on advantages and disadvantages

Development of livestock production in many parts of the world has shown to be growing more towards an industrialised type of farm animal rearing operations. These involve raising farm animals in densely populated environment, commonly termed as a factory livestock farming. Such an operation is actually aimed at yielding a very large scale of farm animal products by means of intensification in animal rearing systems. This is becoming a global trend in practicing farm animal productions nowadays. The transformation of livestock production from a family small scale animal husbandry to a large scale of corporate business has been mainly driven by three major interrelated factors, these are i) a prediction on a rapid world‘s human population growth, ii) demographic factors, particularly age structure and urbanization, and iii) socio-economic status improvement. The total world‘s population has been estimated to reach 9.1 billion in 2050, where 70 percent of rural inhabitants are going to shift mostly living in urban areas and with their better incomes than previously earned and are also predicted to increase by 2 percent annually. Indications in changing urban lifestyle has then been shown affecting on shifted food consumption patterns more to semi-processed and/or pre-prepared-ready to eat foods of which their main component deriving from livestock product origin. As the trend has been commonly shown in many urban areas, where their working hours are becoming longer than there used to be. In an actual fact, that has been happening for the last two decades, particularly in regions used to be identified as developing countries, such as in Southeast Asia, Sub Saharan Africa, West Asia and North Africa. Consequently, an increase rate in meat consumption has been estimated at over 4 percent per annum. Moreover, that change has become a sequential driving factor for the rapid growth in the meat production sector. As higher consumer preference in chicken meat than that in other types, global broiler production is holding supremacy over the other meat complex. A special highlight on Brunei Darussalam poultry industry development will also be addressed here, particularly to focusing on an industry dynamic based on data posted in country‘s agricultural statistics for the year of 2013 [1]. At that time when the country was reported to fulfil its self-sufficiency in chicken meat with a consumption per capita per year reached 58.5 kg. The figure was accounted as being the second highest chicken meat consumption per capita per year in the world after Hong Kong. In line with the global trend in livestock production, continuous growing demands for the products had also led to intensification in livestock farming in the Southeast Asia region. As far as the factory livestock farming as has gone more common operations up to now, and yet there might have been more and more questionable arguments over negative impacts arising, particularly in regards to animal welfare, human health and environmental degradations will be seemingly left hard to answer as most vast scientific empirical assessments required, nonetheless the matter may only open for discussions.

Assessment of Broiler Production; Processing and Marketing Practices in Ethiopia: Identifying the Root Causes for Poultry Products Importation to Ethiopia And Way Forward

As opposed to the high national demand for broiler meat in Ethiopia, the production and processing companies are not benefited in the market. A huge broiler meat has been imported to Ethiopia by International star hotels, supermarkets and Ethiopian airlines from different parts of the world. Therefore, this research work is initiated to assess the status of broiler production and processing practices in Ethiopia in order to provide current information for further study on poultry industry development. The research is basically a field study supplemented with secondary data from the national and international data sources.

Analysis the development prospective of laying chicken-corn integration in West Java

Poultry industry has an important value in the supply of animal protein for domestic consumption. Poultry industry development in West Java is facing many problems that threat the future of poultry business. This study analyzed key factors in laying hen industry integration with corn farming in West Java. Primary data were obtained by conducting field observations, interviews and questionnaires. Secondary data were obtained from relevant literatures. Data were analyzed using the strategic management concept approach, IFE matrix and EFE matrix, IE matrix and SWOT matrix, and decision-making stages using Quantitative Strategy Position Matrix. Results showed the total internal analysis score of West Java is 2,608 (average), while the external is 3,396 (high). West Java position is in quadrant II. The strategy for this area is an intensive strategy or integrative strategy. Based on the SWOT matrix, intensive strategy were including increasings the production capacity, the number of employees, and the use of technology for promotion. The integrative strategy was business diversification by selling feed and other livestock production facilities. The priority level strategies were (1) increasing the production capacity (2) increasing the number of employees (3) conducting business diversification, and (4) carry out promotions.

The prospect of the development of the poultry industry

Over the past five years, great changes have been made in the development of poultry farming in the Republic of Mari El in primarily meat direction. In many district municipalities of the North-Eastern part of the Republic, modern complexes for broiler poultry cultivation with the use of modern, intensive technology have been built, which greatly facilitates the work of workers. All this contributes to the increase in the gross production of poultry meat. This industry is characterized by a rapid rate of reproduction of livestock, high productivity, lowest cost of production compared to other livestock industries. However, there was a question of the production of hatching eggs at the local level, because it is expensive to buy them on the side, the period of their storage is short, and most importantly, from the development of the economy, it is not profitable. There is a question, what methods and means it is possible to solve the arisen problem in our conditions. The scientific article reflects new approaches to attract investment resources for the development of poultry industry using innovative technologies. The proposed scientific recommendations will contribute to the production and significant reduction in the cost of hatching eggs at the first stage and ultimately to the overall reduction in the cost of finished products – poultry meat. The investments made by the calculations shall be repaid within three years. Thus, they will create a new production base that is not inferior to the existing Western analogues in the production and sale of hatching eggs, both in the Republic of Mari El and abroad, which will contribute to cheaper final products and significantly improve the financial condition of the poultry farm.

Strategic planning as a vector of the poultry industry development

The paper touches upon the issue of strategic planning of the poultry industry as a whole, as well as of its individual business entities, and shows the difference between strategic and long-term planning. A comparison of strategic planning in domestic and foreign practice is carried out. The methods and methodology of strategic planning are considered. The goals, directions, tasks of the Poultry Development Concept of the Russian Federation are described. The main digital information of the forecast of domestic production of poultry meat and eggs for the period 2013-2020 is presented. The features of the strategic planning of a specific poultry enterprise with digital information by year are presented.

Xylanase and Fermented Polysaccharide of Hericium caputmedusae Reduce Pathogenic Infection of Broilers by Improving Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties.

Background Pathogenic infection in broilers has become an important issue in the development of poultry industry. Xylooligosaccharides released from xylan via xylanase and fermented polysaccharide of Hericium caputmedusae (FPHC) have antimicrobial potential against many pathogens. Objective We aimed to explore the effects of xylanase and FPHC on pathogenic infection in the broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus). Methods Three hundred and thirty 21-day male broilers were assigned into four groups: control group (CG, basic diet), xylanase group (XG, basic diet + xylanase), FPHC group (HG, basic diet + FPHC), and XHG group (basic diet + xylanase + FPHC). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) and daily gain (ADG) were measured. Microflora from broiler feces was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Serum tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-10, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were detected using kits. The variables were compared using the Student t-test between two groups. Results Microbiological investigations showed that 75% of broilers were affected by bacterial pathogens in the CG group, most notably by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Comparatively, 15%, 26%, and 5% of broilers were affected by bacterial pathogens in the XG, HG, and XHG groups, respectively. Xylanase and FPHC treatment increased the ratio of ADG to ADFI and antioxidant capacity by increasing the levels of T-AOC, SOD, and GSH-Px and reducing the levels of MDA (P < 0.05). Xylanase and FPHC treatment improved anti-inflammatory capacity by increasing serum levels of IL-1ra and IL-10 and reducing the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. On the other hand, the treatment increased probiotic concentration of Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, and Lactobacillus plantarum (P < 0.05), which were also proved in cell culture. Conclusions Xylanase and FPHC ameliorate pathogen infection by increasing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of broilers via the increase of probiotics.

Studies on the growth performance of different broiler strains at high altitude and evaluation of probiotic effect on their survivability

Identification of appropriate breeds of broilers and development of new feed additives is required for the development of poultry industry at high altitude. Therefore, this experiment was conducted first to identify the suitable broiler strain for this region. One week old chicks (150) from three broiler strains, i.e. Vencobb, RIR cross-bred, and Hubbard were randomly selected and divided equally into three groups. All the chicks were provided the same basal diet. The body weight gain and feed: gain responses were significantly (P < 0.05) improved in RIR cross-bred. Mortality was also observed lower in RIR cross-bred. Thereafter, the second trial was conducted in RIR cross-bred to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation (T1@ 9 gm/kg feed, T2@ 18 gm/kg feed) on their performance and mortality. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed: gain, and water intake among the three groups, however, mortality from ascites and coccidiosis was reduced in probiotic treated groups. Hence, our results suggest that RIR cross-bred is suitable for rearing in high altitude regions and probiotic supplementation has no beneficial effects on production performance of broilers at high altitude. However, probiotic supplementation indicated lesser loss due to mortality of birds.