Development Of Labor Law Research Articles

The Impact of Supreme Courts on the Development of Labour Law in Europe

The Impact of Supreme Courts on the Development of Labour Law in Europe

Key features of the differentiation of the legal regulation of the labor of transport workers

It is indicated that one of the key rights of every individual in a democratic and independent state is the right to work, which, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, includes the opportunity to earn a living by work that a person freely chooses or freely agrees to. It is emphasized that the labor activity of a person should be stimulated in a certain way, not only in the form of separate material payments, but also by providing guarantees, benefits, advantages and privileges for certain categories of workers in accordance with their professional duties.
 The article provides the author's understanding of the concept of «differentiation of legal labor regulation» and based on it, the main features of the differentiation of legal labor regulation of transport workers are highlighted and considered. It is emphasized that there is no normative-legal consolidation of the concept of «differentiation of labor», which makes it difficult to understand the specified concept, as well as to define the criteria that are used to characterize the specified concept. Particular attention was paid to such features as determining the purpose of applying the differentiation of legal regulation of labor relations of employees; the internal structure of differentiation; implementation methods; forms of expression and methods of fixation.
 The author comes to the conclusion that the differentiation of the work of transport workers is characterized by a number of essential features that deepen the understanding of this legal phenomenon and its further research. In our opinion, the signs of labor differentiation of workers in the transport sector offered by us better ensure the individualization of legal regulation of their labor relations, and also reveal in more detail the purpose of applying such differentiation. Thus, this conditions not only the effective development of labor law in general, but also, undoubtedly, is the basis for effective and unprecedented guarantee of labor rights of employees of transport enterprises, their employers, trade union associations, etc.

Современные тенденции развития трудового права России (экономико-правовой аспект)

Modern trends in the development of the labor sector in the country determine the key directions for improving legislation. Among the key ones are the democratization and liberalization of the labor sphere, the growing importance of legal guarantees to ensure favorable working conditions and decent wages, the creation of op-timal legal conditions for the development of labor and business, the increased use of remote forms of work, and the development of a system of social and economic guarantees for different categories of workers (in particular, persons employed in the Far North and equated areas). Nowadays, there is a tendency of increasing integration of labor and social spheres, which determined the corresponding development of legal and institu-tional systems. Significant issues for the successful development of the legal system in the field of labor are: the development of legal guarantees for the socio-economic security of the country’s population, labor liberali-zation, legal support for decent wages, democratic development of the institutional and legal system, im-provement of the legal basis for remote work. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis and as-sessment of key trends in the development of labor law in Russia, as well as in the study of promising ways to improve it. The core aspects of modern labor law are analyzed, the conditions and prospects for further devel-opment of this branch of law are examined. Based on the study of legal documents and institutional analysis, the main trends and prospects for the development of labor law are described. Under the legal and systemic approaches, the circumstances and ways of improvement of labor law as a branch of law are investigated. In addition, as part of the normative-legal and institutional approaches, the mechanisms of implementation of state policy in the field of labor are outlined. In conclusion, the article analyzes the key vectors of legislative development.

Organizational and legal aspects of the protection of labor rights in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine

In this scientific research, with the help of general and special methods, the main trends in the development of labor law in the conditions of martial law introduced in Ukraine are determined. It also discusses the establishment of individual personal restrictions in the organization of labor relations, making the legal regulation of labor relations more flexible and the mobility of the worker in the exercise of the right to work, strengthening the protection of labor rights of workers, mainly of mobilized persons and guarantees of their realization. The authors’ attention is focused on the fact that the legislative approach to the regulation of labor relations should take into account not only the interests of the state, but also the interests of individual citizens. The obtained results allow concluding that even in these difficult conditions the labor law prevails in the list of the basic rights of the subjects of labor relations, in accordance with international legal standards and guarantees of their implementation, along with the forms and methods of comprehensive protection of labor.

Law enforcement in context of transformation of the labor sphere and modernization of the theory of labor relations

The subject of research is the problems of modernization of the subject of labor law and the theory of labor relations in the context of the transformation of the labor sphere The purpose of article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis thatThe methodology of research is formal legal and logical interpretation of Russian Constitution and labor legislation, analysis of the academic publications concerning labor law. Based on the historical analysis of the law structuring process, the direction of development of labor law as a private-public branch of law.The main results, scope of application. It is substantiated that the totality of elements of legal relations, characteristic of both private and public law (freely entering into labor relations on the basis of an agreement, but forced to fulfill obligations under the agreement exclusively by personal labor, obeying the employer’s will in the process of labor activity), should be a system (an interconnected integrative set having an anti-entropic character) in order to function effectively. The removal of some elements from this system entails an imbalance in the system of the labor law branch as a whole, with possible subsequent destruction. On the basis of a systematic approach, the formation and development of the theory of labor relations in domestic legal science are studied. The foundations of the convergent "theory of the plurality of unified labor relations", developed for application in the conditions of transition to new technological paradigms and growing differentiation of forms of labor organization, are proposed and substantiated. This theory was developed on the basis of the “theory of a single indivisible labor relationship” by N.G. Aleksandrov and "the theory of the complex of labor relations" V.N. Skobelkin. On the basis of the theory of plurality of unified labor legal relations, the prospects for expanding the subject of the branch of labor law are determined by including in it emerging new relations that are associated with the use of human labor on a contractual and non-contractual basis. A motivated assumption is formulated that such an expansion of the subject of labor law will make it possible to complete the process begun a century and a half ago and finally remove all contracts providing for the employment of labor from the subject of civil law in favor of labor law. A contract of personal employment between individuals, assuming the equality of the parties to the use of independent labor not with a single employer, will remain civil law. Through the institutions of labor protection, social insurance and social partnership, labor law should begin a systematic expansion to any emerging new form of organization of human labor. After that, a new form of labor organization can be subject to various sets of other industry norms and institutions, the use of which ensures the protection of the employee and an increase in production efficiency. The necessity of changing the presumption of proving the existence of labor relations to proving civil relations is substantiated.Conclusions. The article substantiates the three-subject composition of the participants in the system of legal relations arising from the use of agency labor (contract on the provision of an employee) and the need to establish joint liability of subjects on the side of the employer (solidary employer). It proves the need to release the employee from liability for offenses detected by artificial intelligence. It is proposed to continue research on the prospects for the formation of labor procedural law.

An Essay on Liberty, Freedom and (Decent) Work

The essay seeks to frame the issue of Decent Work for All by means of Hannah Arendt’s conception of freedom and liberty. In Arendt’s view, liberty was the proper rationale for early labour legislation, which purported to liberate the individual from the chattels of slavery and exploitation by preserving the voluntary nature of the agreement to provide labour. In the stage of full development of labour law, a primary need in both Liberal Market Economies (such as the US) and Social Market Economies (such as Germany) was to strike a difficult but necessary balance between the employer’s liberty to conduct the business and the workers’ collective freedom. With the promotion of Decent Work, as a broad guideline for policymakers and not a binding regulation of any kind, labour law is reconsidering its focus on the person, with the aim of granting individuals the possibility to achieve their (neo)liberation from basic economic needs, as well as from the domination of others. Once liberated from those two constraints, individuals are in a position to effectively aspire to the collective dimension of freedom, which, in Arendt’s terms, consists of the possibility of the individual to contribute on an equal footing to societal development. Liberty, Freedom, Decent Work, Neo-Liberation

Main trends in the development of labour law under the conditions of martial state

The article emphasizes the role and importance of labour law as one of the fundamental branches in the legal system of Ukraine. Labour law is distinguished from other branches of law, first of all, by its social focus. In the conditions of martial law, labour law remains the guarantor of ensuring the labour rights of employees and employers and does not change its essence, social significance and social purpose.
 The main task of modern labour law in the conditions of martial law, as in peacetime, remains the development of an effective sectoral mechanism for ensuring the labour rights, freedoms and interests of employees and employers. It is about the proper establishment of the list of basic labour rights of the employee and the employer at the legislative level in accordance with international and European standards, as well as guarantees of their implementation, forms, methods and means of protection.
 Based on the analysis of the content of legislative acts adopted under martial law, the following main trends in the development of modern labour law in a special period have been identified:
 1) establishment of certain limitations and features of the organization of labour relations with observance of minimum labour guarantees;
 2) strengthening the protection of labour rights of employees and guarantees of their implementation;
 3) strengthening the flexibility of legal regulation of labour relations, employee mobility when exercising the right to work;
 4) expansion of the contractual basis for regulating labour relations.
 Emphasis is placed on the fact that when adopting new laws, introducing changes and additions to existing acts in the conditions of martial law, the legislative approach to the regulation of individual and collective labour relations should remain unchanged and, as in peacetime, should be aimed at preserving labour law as a separate branch of law with its independent sectoral legal mechanism – subject, method, principles of legal regulation, system of the branch of law, its sources and functions.

The Development of The Labour Law of the European Union in 2019 – New Sources and New Perspectives for a More Reliable Legal Framework of Labour Relations. Part One: European Labour Authority – Establishment and Legal Characteristic

In 2019 the development of the labour law of the EU received a strong impetus. The questions of the EU social policy were among the leading activities of all EU institutions. Two acts in the field of EU social policy, adopted in 2019, attract attention because they are expected to have a structural role in the future development of European labour and social law. These are Regulation (EU) 2019/1149 and Directive (EU) 2019/1152. Both acts were adopted under the ordinary legislative procedure, both acts have an identical story about their adoption, and were not accidentally adopted on the same date and published in the same issue of the OJ of the EU. The adopted acts of the EU law in the social field are the logical final step in the multi-year progressive efforts for adequate coping with the many problems and challenges facing the internal market, incl. labour market, which became a reality in the second decade of the 21st century. Given the size of the normative content of both acts, their social and legal purpose and importance of labour law and social policy of the EU, it is necessary to analyse them separately. In the following lines, as part one of a more comprehensive study, will be presented the background and establishment of the European Labour Authority, as well as its legal characteristic – functions and bodies. The statement does not claim to be exhaustive – it marks the beginning of a study on the place and role of this new body in the ever-current EU social policy.

Urgency of Notary Deed (Deed of Work Agreement Between Worker & Employer)

Labor law is the law that regulates the relationship between workers, employers and the government. Labor law functions to protect the interests of workers from the unlimited power of the employer/entrepreneur (Soepomo, 1999: 8-9). To avoid abuse in the relationship between employers and workers, it is necessary to intervene by the government through statutory regulations. This study aims to determine how urgent the work agreement deed is and how important it is to make a work agreement deed for the world of labor. This research uses a sociological juridical approach, research conducted on the real reality of workers, employers and the role of the government in building better labor laws. Based on research at the Manpower Office of Kendari City, the Manpower Office of Southeast Sulawesi Province and workers, there are several violations of labor regulations and also violations against workers so that the importance of work agreement deeds is that the rights and obligations of both parties can be known together and also notary deeds can be authentic evidence for both parties, and also for workers and employers to be more obedient and obedient to the rules concerning manpower and the urgency of a notary deed is for the development of labor law to make it better in the future, and to minimize labor violations.

Paradigm of subordinate work versus remote work

The paradigm of subordinate work already emerged in the early stages of the development of labour law and is still functioning to this day, which is widely accepted both in labour law doctrine and in judicial practice. The author assesses the timeliness of the traditional paradigm of subordinate work in conditions of development of new technologies and the spread of modern forms of work provision, doing so on the example of remote work. According to the author, despite working outside the workplace, while retaining much greater autonomy, in addition to the constant supervision of the employer, the remote worker is still subject to a multifaceted dependence on the employer. This means that the paradigm of subordinate work continues to apply and is strongly present also in atypical forms of work.

The basics of Polish labour law

Polish legal system recognizes the difference between labour law and employment law. Labour law is the notion formally recognized by the name of its basic legal act — the Labour Code. Labour law regulates only part of the entire labour market, limited to subordinate forms of work conduct. Employment law is a wider notion, which has scientific rather, than legal basis. It contains labour law within, together with all other employment forms, such as civil contracts for services, self-employment etc. The article discusses the basic regulations of polish labour law. Remarks on polish labor law development after economic system change from centrally regulated to market economy introduce to the topic. After that the sources of law were presented. Those are particularly important for labour law system, which includes not only common sources, but also particular ones, like collective agreements. The article concentrates on presentation of polish individual labour law regulations which are the core of the employment system. This is the regulation of employment contract, which is contained mostly in the Labour Code. This part of article undertakes issues of employment contract types, forms, obligations of the parties and termination. Working time systems and limitations, guarantees of free time presented in the article, are very influential for the whole social system. The article presents also some atypical forms of employment, used in Poland, such as telework, temporary work and self-employment. At the end text presents the basic regulations of collective labour law: workers and employers representations and collective disputes.

Green Jobs in the Development of Labor Law in Indonesia

All government and development policies and actions must ask permission for human rights to a good and healthy environment. There should be no more policies contained in laws or regulations under those laws that debate pro-environment constitutional provisions (green laws) or with the reinforcement of other policies that are nuanced environment or green must be in accordance with the laws and regulations. The invitation (green legislation) addresses the mandate in Article 44 of Law Number 32 Year 2009 concerning PPLH. Green work is made a bridge to make future labor laws that are truly approved, so changes to the laws and regulations in the field of employment need to be done. Therefore, decent and environmentally friendly work is linked to the Millennium Development Goals 1 (poverty commitment) and the Millennium Development Goals 7 (environmental protection) which are complementary and not in conflict with each other. Development of Manpower Law conceptualized Green Jobs, to be effective in the midst of society, the change in law must consider three provisions namely; 1). The change in law was not carried out partially, the change must be resolved, more to the doctrine, norms that are not in accordance with the times. 2. The change must also be included in the way it is applied. 3). It must also be adhered to the rules (rules) that are in accordance with the philosophy of life of the Indonesian people in the hope that the agreed rules can be obeyed by the community, then in those rules (rules) there must be approval and endurance for that made by the government requested.

Modern Trends of Labor Law Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The subject of the study is public relations related to the specification and implementation of State policy aimed at social security of citizens and protection of their rights and freedoms in the field of labor relations, free choice of professions and occupation. Employment of the population, as a concept and as a legal category, is defined both as personal right and public policy. Considering that the degree of realization of human and civil rights and freedoms for a free choice of profession depends on the state of the economy and on legal, organizational, administrative measures taken by public authorities, the issues of ensuring full and productive employment will always be in the dynamics of development, improvement and in process of study. The methods of comparative legal analysis, dialectical principles, and the principles of consistency in the study of the subject of research on the basis of specific historical methods, logical techniques and means have been used in this research. Using the above methods and principles in the study of this problem allows us to consider the phenomena in their relationship and development. The research represents one of the attempts of a comprehensive, systematic analysis of labor relations arising both on the basis of an employment contract and an administrative act appointing an employee to a post. The article reveals: the content of employment contracts; the legal personality of the State through the competent authorities in the field of labor relations; the significance of the employment contract on liability; the specificity of State activities through the competent authorities of the relevant sectors as a subject of labor relations; conditions for applying civil employment contracts; legal conditions by which the competencies of various categories of employees are determined. Keywords: Republic of Kazakhstan, labor legislation, legal personality, legal relationship, authority, labor relations.

Finding New Ways of “Doing” Socio-Legal Labor Law History in Germany and the UK: Introducing a “Minor Comparativism”

AbstractLabor law scholars have been receptive to socio legal methods, going beyond doctrinal legal sources and looking to other disciplines including industrial relations, sociology, and history. This Article revisits the development of socio legal labor law scholarship in Germany and the UK in order to understand the different approaches within the context of two different legal and academic cultures, and considers how a comparison can provide new insights at a time when the discipline is in a state of flux. In particular, this Article focuses on how history can provide an entrée into different ways of comparing labor law and labor relations systems. It seeks to start a methodological debate on “how to do” labor law history within the context of the discipline’s socio legal origins. In a final section, it uses insights from history and comparative law in order to develop a new methodology—a “minor comparativism”—which unearths the processes and influences underpinning the historical development of labor law which have hitherto escaped the legal record. Such an approach enables scholars to reassess traditional narratives—a worthwhile endeavor at a time when the future role of labor law in regulating work is under scrutiny.

Internationalisation of Labour Law: The Lesotho Experience

This article considers Lesotho’s labour laws in the light of the country’s obligations under international labour standards. It assesses the extent to which the international labour standards have had an impact on the development of labour law in Lesotho. It argues that Lesotho’s various Acts perpetuate the country’s non-compliance with International Labour Organization standards as significant aspects of the Acts still undermine workers’ rights. It contends that Lesotho still has a long way to go towards fulfilling the expectations of the International Labour Organization. After noting the various labour-law concepts in the international labour standards which have had an impact on Lesotho law and reviewing the sources of Lesotho’s obligations to respect the various workers’ rights, the article focuses on the workers’ rights to join trade union organisations, the promotion of free and voluntary collective bargaining and the right to strike. The article concludes that reforms are needed to internationalise Lesotho’s labour law further, in line with International Labour Organization requirements, so that workers’ rights are protected.

The Cost of Juridification: Lineages of Cheap Labor in Twentieth-Century Romania

This article explores the relationship between the development of labor law and the cost of labor in Romania between the end of World War I and the 1960s. Drawing on a variety of archival and printed sources, the author argues that the historical trajectory of this peripheral East European country shows in exemplary fashion how the increasing juridification of labor relations was first enabled by policy makers’ concern to neutralize class conflict during the 1920s and then propelled by the collapse of industrial wages and the turn to import substitution in the aftermath of the Great Depression. The state socialist regime after 1945, the author further contends, inherited not merely the cheap labor of the interwar epoch but also the institutional mechanisms for controlling prices and wages set up to manage the economy during World War II, all of which facilitated the expansion of socialist labor law during the first two postwar decades. By the second half of the twentieth century, rapidly industrializing socialist Romania could thus integrate an expanding workforce into a type of employment relationship normally deemed standard: full-time, stable, dependent, and socially protected work. The author concludes by pointing out some of the implications of this Eastern European case study for how we might rethink the twin issues of the cost of labor and the transformation of labor law in our age of precarity.

On the question of the criteria for the classification of labor regimes

The article analyzes the basic approaches to the classification of legal regimes proposed by the representatives of the general theoryof law and other branch sciences, proposes the criteria for the separation of the labour-law regime. It is emphasized that the classificationof legal regimes in labor law is of great scientific and practical importance, and the classification of labour-law regimes can beconsidered as one way of knowing the development of labor law as a branch.The labor-law regime, like other sectoral regimes, is a legal category, so it is logical that it will be classified from a legal perspective.Regimes characterized by an impact on the homogeneous sphere of social relations in the labor field are classified accordingto the legal means, thus forming a multilevel division, which is associated with the transition from generic objects to species, which,uniting in a single system, form a single branch regime that characterizes the specifics of labor law as an branch. Since labor law as abranch of law is a combination of private and public elements, this feature is also reflected in the classification of types of labor-lawregime. Therefore, depending on the criterion of interest being satisfied, the whole array of legal regimes in the field of hired labor canbe divided into such types as legal regimes in private law and legal regimes in public law.Depending on the functions of labor law, it is advisable to distinguish the social-legal regime, which, in combination with allother types of legal regimes, in particular, with the private-law and public-law regime, covers all institutions of labor law, provides differentiationof legal regulation of labor relations, the principle of equality, the principle of freedom of work, non-discrimination, etc. Itis concluded that the most complete socio-legal nature and legal content of legal regimes in labor law reveals precisely the social-legalregime, which is divided into restrictive and stimulating.

Private law branches under a totalitarian political regime (the case of Soviet
 labor law development in the 1918–1930s)

The subject. Implementation of Soviet labor law in the context of totalitarianism. Particular
 attention is paid to the formation of a repressive model of regulation of private law relations. The study of this problem is extremely important from the point of view of the totalitarian past of our country, covering all spheres of public life and entailing large-scale tragic
 consequences.
 The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that a totalitarian political
 regime seriously impacts on the essential characteristics of private law branches.
 The theoretical and methodological basis of the study includes the principles of objectivity
 and historicism, the formal logical interpretation of the Soviet legal acts concerning labor
 relations and the method of system analysis, which allows us to reveal the subject of research comprehensively.
 The main results, scope of application. During the formation of the Soviet totalitarian regime, administrative methods of governance in the branches of private law (and in labor
 law, in particular) prevailed. The formation and development of Soviet labor law in the
 1918-1930s. fully reflects the logic of the impact of a totalitarian state on the branches of
 private law. The widely used system of repressive measures in the sphere of labor was provided not only by laws, but also by the adoption of numerous by-laws, which deformed the
 system of private law relations based on decentralization and freedom of choice by legal
 entities. Labor relations were used by the Soviet state as a means of political management
 of significant masses of the population. Along with the codification of labor legislation (the
 adoption of the RSFSR Labor Law Codes of 1918 and 1922), normative acts aimed at state
 monopolization of labor regulation were adopted. A significant number of by-laws, which
 actually had the highest legal force, often had a purely coercive nature and was used by
 management as a means of achieving political goals. There was a de facto substitution of
 the right to work with a labor obligation. In a totalitarian regime in 1918-1930. in fact, a labor obligation is being affirmed, and the relationship between the employee and the employer has ceased to be private in nature, being under the control of executive authorities.
 Conclusions. Totalitarian political regime seriously changed the essential characteristics of
 private law branches.

Separate proposals for improving the regulatory support for legal regimes in labor law in the light of labor law reform

The article is devoted to the formulation of proposals to increase the level of regulatory support of legal regimes in the labor law of Ukraine at the level of state regulation. It is emphasized that the legal regime is a static and dynamic phenomenon of objective reality, which concentrates in its substantive system the legal remedies used at certain stages of legal regulation in order to effectively secure it. The legal regime influences the employee and the employer as participants of the labor process, their consciousness and behavior, as a result of which the parties of labor relations optimize the motivation for work, their work activity, modify it or even stop it. However, despite the important role of the legal regime in the further development of labor law, this issue continues to be poorly researched, which negatively affects the effectiveness of legal regimes.
 It is emphasized that the legal regime contributes to the creation and maintenance of a coherent system of regulatory influence, order, and, under the influence of appropriate means of legal regulation, functions to achieve the effective realization by individuals of their needs, subjective rights and interests and the fulfillment of their duties. Effectiveness of legal regulation is determined not only by a one-time result, but also by its stability, in this connection the legislator, forming, exercising the right, is obliged to take into account the adequacy of the chosen legal means for the stated purpose and task.
 It is proposed to amend the Code of Labor Laws, which will contribute to a more effective implementation of the legal regime in practice. In particular, supplement the Code of Labor Law with articles on the notion of the labor-law regime, the purpose and objectives of the regime in labor law, as well as the criteria for the effectiveness of legal regimes in labor law. As such criteria, it is proposed to emphasize the validity of the fixing and functioning of the legal regime in labor law, the timeliness and urgency of fixing and change, the abolition of the legal regime in labor law, the reality of the legal regime in labor law. The skillful and effective use of the legal remedies, the well-defined purpose of the legal policy and the introduction of the appropriate legal regime will contribute to the effective realization of the socio-economic rights and interests of the subjects of labor relations and to the solution of the tasks facing the state and society as a whole.

A munkajogi szabályozás foglalkoztatási viszonyokra gyakorolt hatása a szociális jogok és a munkaerőpiac kapcsolatának függvényében


 
 
 
 Tanulmányunkban arra vállalkoztunk, hogy a napjaink munkajog-tudományát alapvetően meghatározó szabályozáselméleti kérdéseket összegyűjtsük, rendszerezzük és ütköztessük. Megítélésünk szerint az egyes szerzők, nézőpontok külön-külön képesek reagálni a társadalmi, gazdasági folyamatok egy-egy szeletére, azonban az összefüggések feltárása nélkül csak részleges megoldással szolgálhatnak. A kritikák alapját éppen ezen felemás eredmények adják. Tanulmányunkban a gazdasági, a munkajogi és a szociális jogi nézőpontok együttes értelmezésével törekedtünk a kollíziók feloldására. A társszerzőség adta kettős nézőpont segített minket abban, hogy saját elképzeléseinket is revideálva újból és újból átgondoljuk a megoldásokat, vagy akár egymás mellé-, akár egymással szembeállítva vonjunk le következtetéseket. Munkánk célja, hogy az egymás mellett haladó kutatások összekapcsolásával tágabbra nyissuk a jelenleg oly sok vitával és dilemmával teli munkajogi útkeresést, egyúttal új módszerekkel, gondolatokkal gazdagítva saját kutatásunkat. Ezen új elméletek külön-külön próbálják áttörni a jogi szabályozás merev kereteit, megoldásokat találni a vázolt problémákra. Koncepciónk, hogy ugyan eltérő kiindulási alapok, nézőpontok és megoldási javaslatok megfogalmazására került sor, azok a közös cél okán összekapcsolhatóak. Az elemzésünk ívét ezek a kapcsolódási pontok adják. Ennek megfelelően az egyes területek eredményeit csoportosítva bontottuk részekre tanulmányunkat, azzal, hogy az egyes pontok közötti hivatkozásokkal fenntartottuk az elméletek közötti átjárhatóságot. Következtetéseink körében tervezzük hipotézisünket igazolni vagy adott esetben az észszerű reláció hiányát kimutatni.