Development Of Internal Organs Research Articles

The Use of Tomato Waste Juice as an Antioxidant Source for Broiler Chickens

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of using tomato waste juice (TWJ) as a source of antioxidants for broiler chickens. The study used 160 day-old-chicks Lohmann MB-202 broiler strains with an average body weight of 43.5+1.23 g which were randomly allotted to one of four treatment groups. The chicks were provided either with no TWJ (TWJ0), 40 (TWJ40), 80 (TWJ80) or 120 mL/day of TWJ (TWJ120) from days 15 to 35. The blood, internal organs and intestinal digesta were collected at day 35. The results showed that provision of TWJ increased (P<0.05) the relative weight of thymus, duodenum, jejunum, caecum and liver of broilers. The treatment, however, did not affect (P>0.05) growth performance, blood profile and ileal and caecal microbial populations. In conclusion, TWJ could be used as an antioxidant source to maintain the normal health and internal organ development of broiler chicks.

Maternal Thyroid Dysfunction During Pregnancy and the Risk of Adverse Outcomes in the Offspring: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Previous studies suggested a potential link of maternal thyroid dysfunction with adverse neurocognitive outcomes and impaired development of internal organs in offspring. To review the association between maternal thyroid dysfunction and the risk of adverse outcomes in offspring. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library. Eligible studies reported the association between maternal thyroid hormone function and the risk of adverse outcomes in their children. Reviewers extracted data on study characteristics and results independently. Estimates were pooled and reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). I2 tests were applied to assess the heterogeneity across studies. We identified 29 eligible articles and found an association between maternal hyperthyroidism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.04-1.34, I2 = 0%) and epilepsy (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.08-1.31, I2 = 0%) in offspring; as well as an association of maternal hypothyroidism with increased risk of ADHD (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03-1.26, I2 = 25%), autism spectrum disorder (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.05-1.90, I2 = 63%), and epilepsy (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.06-1.39, I2 = 0%) in offspring. Routine measurement and timely treatment on thyroid function should be considered for pregnant women.

THE EFFECT OF THE EXTRACT OF THE COLUMBER ON THE QUALITATIVE INDICATORS OF MEAT CHICKEN-BROILERS

Studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the use of various doses of pharmaceutical substances based on the extract of a medicinal plant thyme on the quality indicators of broiler meat. The work was done in a broiler farm. Formed control and 5 experimental groups of day-old broiler chickens with 37 heads in each group. Chickens of the control group were fed the basic ration, broilers of the experimental groups additionally received a pharmaceutical substance obtained from the medicinal plant thyme in various doses: the 1–2 mg / kg, 2–4, the 3–6, 4–8, 5–10 mg / kg body weight daily. At the end of poultry rearing, the slaughter qualities of carcasses, the development of internal organs and the chemical composition of the pectoral muscle are determined. At the end of the study, the positive effect of thyme extract on the indicators of anatomical cutting of broiler chickens was established. In the 3th, 4th and 5th experimental groups, significant differences were found compared with the control group. Thyme extract did not have a negative impact on the development of the internal organs of broiler chickens. There are no significant differences in chemical composition and the amount of essential amino acids in the pectoral muscles of broilers.

Взаимосвязь между развитием внутренних органов у молодняка овец и биохимическими показателями сыворотки крови

Abstract. The feeding factor is an important condition in ensuring the normal life of the sheep. Any external abnormalities cause metabolic stress, the parameters of the biochemical profile change, and the analysis of the development of internal organs in sheep in the post-embryonic period is of great scientific interest, since the absolute mass of organs increases during ontogenesis. Any external abnormalities cause metabolic stress. The parameters of the blood's biochemical profile change. Analysis of the development of internal organs in sheep in the post-embryonic period is of great scientific interest. This is because the mass of organs increases during ontogenesis. Purpose of research. To study the results of the influence of biochemical parameters of blood serum in young sheep on the formation of internal organs against the background of liposomal form of antioxidants with the inclusion of iodine. The research methods. The control group of young animal (rams) received the basic diet (BD). The experimental group received the BD with the addition of antioxidants in liposomal form with organic iodine content at the rate of 5 grams per head. The biochemical parameters of blood serum, the development of internal organs of young sheep and the correlation relationship of the obtained indicators were determined. Results research. Liver and pancreatic enzymes have a significant advantage in animals of the experimental group by 11.5–25.1 % (p ≤ 0.01). The significant advantages for renal enzymes were observed in experimental animals by 10.7 % (p ≤ 0.05) was stated. The total thyroxine content in young animals of the experimental group increases by 5.3 % (p ≤ 0.05). Organs of the gastrointestinal tract were characterized by increased weight. The relationship between the development of internal organs and serum enzymes were enhanced between hepatic and renal enzymes in connection with the development of digestive organs in young animals of experimental groups. The novelty. The liposomal form of antioxidants allows selective delivery of vital compounds to tissues in optimal concentrations. The effectiveness of its use in sheep farming has not been studied, and in connection with the prospect of increasing the production of lamb in the Republic of Crimea, the issue of obtaining environmentally friendly products with minimal use of veterinary drugs and chemical-based feed additives becomes urgent. Thus, the use of antioxidants in liposomal form is a significant step towards achieving this mission.

Effects of standard diets from different sources on growth and some organ parameters of rats

This study aims to determine the effects of open and closed formulated standard diets supplied from different sources on growth performance and internal organ development of laboratory rats. Five-week-old 32 Wistar rats were used. A special control group diet was produced in accordance with the criteria determined by the National Research Council (NRC) (1995). Three different most preferred commercial open and closed-formula diets produced by international and local companies were used as trial groups’ diets. The experiment was carried out for 12 weeks. Weekly feed consumption, body weight change, internal organ weight, intestinal organ weigths and lengths, intestinal villi heigth and crypt depth were measured in groups. The body weight values of the control group and the first group fed with open-formula diet were found at the highest level (P &lt;0.05). The control group diet had a positive effect on small intestine villi heigth and crypt depth (P &lt;0.05). The nutrient contents and energy values of the diets of experimental groups were determined as different from the commercial firm notifications. As a result of the research, it is concluded that the diets prepared with open-formula give more reliable results in the growth performance and development of internal organs of Wistar rats.

Effects of broiler genetic strain and dietary amino acid reduction on (part I) growth performance and internal organ development

Genetic selection in broilers has resulted in improved growth performance, meat yield, and feed conversion efficiency. However, consumers have become increasingly concerned about modern broiler welfare that is related to their rapid growth rate, which may be alleviated by nutrient dilution. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary amino acid (AA) reduction on the growth performance and internal organ development of different genetic strains of broilers. A randomized completed block design with a factorial arrangement of 10 treatments (5 strains × 2 AA levels) was used. The 5 different strains of broilers were fed either a control diet, with digestible AA (lysine, total sulfur AA, and threonine) at the highest recommended levels for the 5 strains, or an AA-reduced diet, with the digestible AA being 20% lower than the control diet. Feed conversion ratio was increased by AA reduction in all 5 strains during day 0–14, 14–28, and 28–41 but was not affected from day 41–55. Body weight and feed intake responses to AA reduction varied in the different strains and ages of birds. Liver weight relative to BW on day 40, and weights of the duodenum and jejunum relative to BW on day 60 were increased by decreasing the dietary AA concentration. These results indicate that the birds had adjusted their organ growth and metabolism in response to increases in digestion, absorption, and utilization efficiency to accommodate a decrease in dietary AA content. Surprisingly, the cost of feed required to produce the same BW was decreased in 4 of 5 strains on both day 41 and 55, which was largely because of the lower price of the diets containing reduced AA levels and the later compensatory growth experienced by the birds fed AA-reduced diets. In the future, when dietary AA levels need to be adjusted to control growth rate and improve welfare status, the genetic strain, age of the birds, and targeted goals need to be taken into consideration.

Effects of repeated oral inoculation of artificially fed lambs with lyophilized rumen fluid on growth performance, rumen fermentation, microbial population and organ development

Early life development and growth are critical in determining the lifelong growth performance and health of ruminants, and weaning poses the greatest challenge to young animals and has the most profound consequence. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of microbial intervention on the growth and development of young lambs and their rumen microbiota as they went through weaning. Forty-eight lambs were allocated to two groups, with one group being orally inoculated with lyophilized rumen fluid, and the other receiving no inoculation served as the control. Growth performance, rumen fermentation characteristics, and carcass measurements were determined weekly one week before and two weeks after weaning. We also determined the population dynamics of total bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and select genera and species of known rumen bacteria and assessed the temporal changes in the activities of glucanase (both endo- and exo-), xylanase, β-glucosidase, and amylase in the rumen content. Our results showed that the early life inoculation significantly increased the apparent digestibility of feed dry matter and crude protein before weaning, and post-weaning crude protein digestibility remained elevated in the inoculated lambs compared to the control lambs. Starch digestibility tended to be higher in the inoculated lambs than in the control lambs two weeks after weaning. Molar proportion of ruminal propionate and amylolytic enzyme activity were higher in the inoculated lambs than in the control lambs after weaning. Different temporal fluctuation patterns of Megasphaera elsdenii and Selenomonas ruminantium, and a lower abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens were noted in the rumen of the inoculated lambs compared to the control lambs after weaning. The development of internal organs, including the lower gut and liver, was also stimulated by the inoculation. In conclusion, some rumen bacterial populations of young lambs were clearly affected by the inoculation with rumen microbiota, which could contribute to the digestion of the nonstructural carbohydrates available in the starter feed. Improved digestion of starter feed may enhance the energy and nutrient harvest and utilization in young ruminants during the critical weaning phase.

Influence of poly-enzyme preparation “Universal” on the meat productivity of Cherry-Valley ducks

Antibiotics widely used in poultry farms can have a harmful effect on meat consumers through chemical residues. Thus, it is important for the safety of customers to find a natural alternative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of adding a poly-enzyme preparation “Universal”, containing amylosubtilin (1300 U/g), protosubtilin (67 U/g) and celloviridine (2000 U/g), on the productivity of broiler ducklings of the Cherry Valley breed. The results of research have shown that the addition of the “Universal” drug in the diet helped increase the meat productivity of broiler ducks. The use of the “Universal” drug contributed to the better development of internal organs (heart, liver and stomach) in broiler ducks. The improvement in duck weight and meat yield may be attributed to the fact that the feed protein is best consumed under the influence of protosubtilin, one of the “Universal.” It is understood that protosubtilin supplies digestible peptides and amino acids with hydrolysis of plant proteins from grain raw materials, enhances the gastrointestinal tract’s enzymatic history, compensates for the loss of depleted digestive enzymes and at the early stages of animal growth. Thus, the results of the experiment showed that the use of the drug “Universal” in the cultivation of broiler ducks of the cherry valley breed increases the pre-slaughter and slaughter weight, meat yield and reduces feed conversion, which is economically profitable. Therefore, it is recommended to use the drug “universal” as part of ration for broiler ducklings.

Role of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of streptococcal infection

The article states the principles for antibiotic therapy for chronic tonsillitis (CT) and acute tonsillopharyngitis (ATP). The greatest attention is paid to the non-angina CT, when the patients, as a general rule, are deprived of antibiotic therapy. At the same time, the article provides data of St. Petersburg Research Institute of ENT, whereby at least 40% of patients with CT have streptococcal etiology of the disease caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) that is confirmed by not only bacteriological, but also immunological research methods (increase in antistreptolysin-O). In addition, the number of diseases caused by groups C and G beta-hemolytic streptococci has increased in recent years. These groups of streptococci contribute to the development of complications like those caused by GABHS, and therefore the doctor’s attitude towards them should be more critical and in some respects - the same as to GABHS. As you know, streptococcal infection is one of the most dangerous due to the development of internal organs and systems complications. This proposition justifies the need for systemic antibacterial therapy in patients with CT, when they are diagnosed with streptococcal infection, regardless of the presence of angina. In vitro studies showed that GABHS has good sensitivity to penicillin preparations. However, it is not always possible to achieve treatment targets in practice. Given that the duration of antibiotic therapy for streptococcal infection should be at least 10 days, it is difficult to achieve full medication adherence. In this regard, prolonged-release penicillins, such as Bicillin-5, gain ground. The article substantiates the use of this drug in CT, discusses a clinical case, which shows the medical history of a girl with coexistent affection with GABHS of the pharynx and vagina. Only 4-month administration of Bicillin-5 allowed to cure the patient, having achieved GABH eradication.

Carcass characteristics, meat quality, and functional compound deposition in sheep fed diets supplemented with Astragalus membranaceus by-product

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of Astragalus by-product (ABP) on carcass characteristics, internal organ development, meat quality, and functional compound deposition in sheep. Twenty-four Doper x Small Tail Han female lambs (6–7 months of age; 29.07 ± 2.28 kg initial body weight) were randomly assigned to one of three treatments for a 47 d feeding period. Treatments consisted of dietary supplementation with 0 %, 10 %, or 15 % of ABP (dry matter basis). Bioactive compounds in ABP, liver, and muscle were analysed by the UHPLC-QTOF-MS procedure. Dietary ABP supplementation did not affect (P > 0.05) carcass characteristics and internal organ development indicators except kidney weight which increased linearly (P = 0.019). ABP inclusion had no effect (P > 0.05) on moisture, crude protein (CP), and ash composition in the Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. Fat content in the LD muscle decreased (P < 0.001) in response to ABP supplementation. Lightness (L*) in the 10 % ABP group was significantly higher (P = 0.002) than that in the 15 % ABP group but did not differ from the control group. Dietary ABP linearly increased (P < 0.001) the redness (a*) of the LD musclebut decreased drip loss at 24 h and 48 h post-mortem (P < 0.05). Among the saturated fatty acids (SFA), undecylic acid (C11:0) showed a quadratic response to dietary ABP supplementation (P = 0.046). Aspartic acid in the LD muscle increased linearly (P = 0.011) in response to dietary ABP inclusion. From the crude UHPLC–MS chromatograms, a total of 20 chromatographic peaks showing different bioactive compounds were detected comprising 5 saponins, 10 flavonoids, 2 phenolic compounds, 1 dicarboxylic acid, and 2 alkaloids in the ABP samples. Among these, 15 compounds were found in the liver and 14 in the muscle of sheep. No significant differences were recorded in bioactive compound contents in both muscle and liver samples between the 10 % and 15 % ABP groups (P > 0.05). The results suggest that dietary inclusion of ABP can be used as a dietary option to develop novel functional meat that may confer certain health benefits to consumers. It provided a firm basis for the scientific exploration of the pharmacological efficacy of herbal medicine by-products.

INFLUENCE OF BIOSTIMULANTS ON THE IMMUNE PROTECTION OF CHICKENS

Among the animals of different species chickens react in greater numbers and more noticeable to a va-riety of growth biostimulators. There are great improvements on their general state, growth spurts and development of internal organs is quicker when they are injected with small portions. Such stimulation has a great influence not only on growth and development of chickens in their first period of life but also on health and productivity later on. The most active peak of reaction is when chicken is two months old. Their internal organs, especially the digestive system, develop earlier, their genitals appear earlier and they begin egg-laying much earlier too, when chickens are being fed those biostimulants. Slaughter meat yield becomes more and quality of meat improves with the influence of stimulators. A major disease pre-vention and healing effect can be reached, since most of the biostimulants raise immune system and re-sistance of the organism. It can be the only thing to justify their usage on animals. Tests show that the most typical growth spurt of birds is from fifteen to twenty percent in normal conditions. Growth spurts are also accompanied with the rise of resistance to different infections and activation of different physio-logical processes. Growth spurts can be twice or more than written here, but those spurts are usually short-timed and often accompanied with the dysfunction of different organs

Rare and special robotic surgery indications in the pediatric population: ectopic organs and differences of sexual development.

Differences of sexual development (DSD) affect the development of internal reproductive organs and external genitalia. Ectopic kidney is a rare and challenging pathology causing amongst others incontinence and recurrent urinary tract infections. Those pathologies may in certain cases be an indication for surgery. This manuscript aims to evaluate the role of robot-assisted laparoscopy in the surgical treatment of patients with ectopic kidneys or DSD. A prospective database is maintained in a tertiary referral center with all robotic surgeries performed in children. From this database, a prospective series of robot-assisted resection of embryologic remnants located in the pelvis was extracted: resection of a prostatic utricle cyst, removal of ectopic non-functional kidneys, and resection of a hemi-uterus. From an initial database including 72 patients, six patients met the inclusion criteria. Three male patients presenting with utricle cysts, two young girls presenting with ectopic kidneys, and one young boy with pelvic embryological remnants of the uterus, were further evaluated. Surgical treatment of patients with DSD is safe, feasible, and a good indication for robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery, as both deep dissection and reconstruction in a limited surgical field are requested.

Genome-wide association scan for QTL and their positional candidate genes associated with internal organ traits in chickens

BackgroundPoultry breeding programs have been focused on improvement of growth and carcass traits, however, this has resulted in correlated changes in internal organ weights and increased incidence of metabolic disorders. These disorders can affect feed efficiency or even cause death. We used a high density SNP array (600 K, Affymetrix) to estimate genomic heritability, perform genome-wide association analysis, and identify genomic regions and positional candidate genes (PCGs) associated with internal organ traits in an F2 chicken population. We integrated knowledge of haplotype blocks, selection signature regions and sequencing data to refine the list of PCGs.ResultsEstimated genomic heritability for internal organ traits in chickens ranged from low (LUNGWT, 0.06) to high (GIZZWT, 0.45). A total of 20 unique 1 Mb windows identified on GGA1, 2, 4, 7, 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27 and 28 were significantly associated with intestine length, and weights or percentages of liver, gizzard or lungs. Within these windows, 14 PCGs were identified based on their biological functions: TNFSF11, GTF2F2, SPERT, KCTD4, HTR2A, RB1, PCDH7, LCORL, LDB2, NR4A2, GPD2, PTPN11, ITGB4 and SLC6A4. From those genes, two were located within haplotype blocks and three overlapped with selection signature regions. A total of 13,748 annotated sequence SNPs were in the 14 PCGs, including 156 SNPs in coding regions (124 synonymous, 26 non-synonymous, and 6 splice variants). Seven deleterious SNPs were identified in TNFSF11, NR4A2 or ITGB4 genes.ConclusionsThe results from this study provide novel insights to understand the genetic architecture of internal organ traits in chickens. The QTL detection performed using a high density SNP array covered the whole genome allowing the discovery of novel QTL associated with organ traits. We identified PCGs within the QTL involved in biological processes that may regulate internal organ growth and development. Potential functional genetic variations were identified generating crucial information that, after validation, might be used in poultry breeding programs to reduce the occurrence of metabolic disorders.

Differences in the Development of Internal Reproductive Organs, Feeding Amount and Nutrient Storage between Pre-Diapause and Pre-Reproductive Harmonia axyridis Adults

Diapause control is one of the successful methods for long-term cold storage of biological control organisms without decreasing their fitness. Sufficient preparation before diapause is essential for successful diapause initiation and maintenance. Harmonia axyridis, an important biocontrol agent in its native place, can enter reproductive diapause for overwintering. However, the key preparatory events before diapause in H. axyridis, such as specific developmental trajectory, timing, and physiological changes, remain unclear. We compared differences in the development of internal reproductive organs, feeding amount and nutrient storage between pre-diapause and pre-reproductive adult H. axyridis which had been reared at 20 °C under a short-day (10L:14D) and long-day (14L:10D) condition, respectively. The results showed that there were obvious morphological differences in internal reproductive organs of diapause and reproductive H. axyridis. The development of internal reproductive organs was suppressed at early adult stage in pre-diapause beetles compared to pre-reproductive beetles. Feeding amount in both pre-diapause and pre-reproductive beetles increased for more than ten days after eclosion. The feeding amount of pre-diapause beetles sharply decreased from the 15th day after eclosion in females and the 14th day after eclosion in males, which implied the initiation of diapause. During the pre-diapause stage, carbohydrates and lipids were mainly accumulated by females, whereas males mainly accumulated carbohydrates. Our results not only provide basic information about the diapause process of pre-diapause stage, but also give tips to better utilization of diapause strategy during mass production and storage of H. axyridis.

Effect of pawpaw leaf and seed meal composite mix dietary supplementation on haematological indices, carcass traits and histological studies of broiler chicken

BackgroundThe use of phytogenic feed supplement is now being considered in broiler production for enhancing their performance and health status. In this 42-day feeding trial, the effects of a diet supplemented with pawpaw leaf and seed meal composite mix (PCM) on hematological indices, carcass, internal organs weights, and histology of the liver and testis of broiler chickens was assessed.MethodsTotal number of 396 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were distributed to six dietary treatments: (diet 1; 0.0 % PCM), (0.2 % PCM), (0.4 % PCM), (0.6 % PCM), (0.8 % PCM), (1.0 % PCM). The relative internal organ weights and hematological indices were determined. The liver and testistical samples were taken for histopathological examination.ResultsWhite blood cell (WBC) counts of birds fed PCM supplemented diets were similar/comparable to that of the birds fed the control diet; however, the highest (P < 0.05) counts were recorded in birds fed diets 2 and 6. The hemoglobin concentration (Hbc) and packed cell volume (PCV) of birds fed PCM supplemented diets were similar (P > 0.05) to those fed the control diet, except for those fed diet 6 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower Hbc and PCV. The carcass and relative internal organ weight of the broiler chickens were not affected (P > 0.05) by the PCM supplementation. The dietary PCM supplementation produced a marked proliferation of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, activation of liver macrophages system, the Kupffer cells in the liver of the birds. There were also reduced spermatogenic activities in seminiferous tubules, congestion of seminiferous tubules, tunica albuginea, and medial hypertrophy of the blood vessels in birds fed the 0.4 to 1.0% PCM supplemented diets.ConclusionDietary PCM supplementation supports normal hemapoietic processes and normal carcass and internal organ development. However, dietary PCM supplementation produced some pathological changes in the liver and testis of the birds.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГРАНУЛИРОВАННОГО КАЛИЯ КАРБОНАТА НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И МЯСНЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА СВИНЕЙ

Potassium is the 3rd most important element in the body. It should be ingested daily with feed, as it remains in the body for a short time, and the needs of animals for potassium are very important, since potassium is a cation donor. The article reflects the results of using potassium carbonate in feeding pigs during fattening. Experiments and production tests conducted in the stud farm named after. Lenin of Tambov region. Analysis of the productivity of pigs indicates a positive effect of introduction to the diet of animals of potassium carbonate. Inclusion of 2 and 4 kg of potassium carbonate per 1 ton of feed had a positive effect on productivity, physiological processes, the clinical state of animals, digestion, the development of internal organs and the meat qualities of fattening young pigs. The average daily weight gain in pigs during fattening increased by 22 and 33 g, or by 3.0 and 4.7%. This indicates a better absorption of food in animals that received carbonate in their potassium intake. Indicators of meat productivity in pigs fed in rations of potassium carbonate were higher in slaughter output of carcasses by 0.8 and 1.2% and in meat quality indicators. The lard thickness at the 6-7 thoracic vertebra level was less in the experimental groups receiving the feed additive in both diets by 1.0 and 0.5 mm, and the area of the “muscular eye” increased, respectively, by 0.8 and 1.5 cm 2 . Analysis of the chemical composition of the meat showed a high nutritional value from experimental animals. The meat contained 4.3-4.1% fat, 21.9-22.2% protein. These indicators correspond to high commodity and taste of meat. Calculations of the economic efficiency of pork production using potassium carbonate show that an additional net income of 194.4 and 271.8 rubles was received for 1 head with a live weight of62.7-63.6 to 109.8-111.6 kg experienced groups of fattened pigs.

Effects of coccidial vaccination and dietary antimicrobial alternatives on the growth performance, internal organ development, and intestinal morphology of Eimeria-challenged male broilers

Effects of the coccidial vaccination and dietary antimicrobial alternatives on growth performance, internal organ development, and intestinal morphology of male broilers subjected to an Eimeria challenge were determined. A total of 1,120 one d-old Ross × Ross 708 male broilers were randomly distributed to 80 floor pens (10 treatments, 8 replication pens/treatment, and 14 chicks/pen). A 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine the main and interaction effects of the coccidial vaccination (vaccinated or non-vaccinated) and the dietary additive [1) corn and soybean-meal basal diet, 2) basal diet + antimicrobials (bacitracin and salinomycin), 3) basal diet + probiotics (3 Bacillus subtilis strains), 4) basal diet + prebiotics (mannan-oligosaccharides and β-glucans), and 5) basal diet + probiotics + prebiotics]. To mimic the Eimeria challenge, all chicks were gavaged with a 20x dose of a different coccidial vaccine (live Eimeria oocysts) at Day 14. The coccidial vaccination decreased Day 0-14 and 29-42 BW gain (BWG) and subsequently decreased Day 0-56 BWG. Broilers fed diets with antimicrobials exhibited the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the periods of Day 0-14 and 15-28, the shallowest ileal crypt depth on Day 28, and the lowest relative duodenum weight on Day 28 and 42. The Pre+Pro diets helped the broilers to reach a lower overall FCR than did the Pro alone diets and helped the broilers reach a FCR similar to that of the Anti diets. However, broilers fed diets supplemented with prebiotics and probiotics exhibited the deepest intestinal crypt depth on Day 28. There was no interaction between coccidial vaccination and dietary additive on growth performance or any carcass yield. In conclusion, antimicrobial additives might reduce the intestinal size of broilers; whereas prebiotic and B. subtilis-based probiotic additives might promote the growth of several digestive organs. Prebiotics can be safely used with B. subtilis-probiotics in broiler feed without compromising feed conversion ability.

ORGAN-PRESERVING TREATMENT IN GYNECOLOGICAL TYPES OF CANCER

Over the past 10 years, the treatment of malignant gynecological tumors has changed dramatically. For many years, a radical approach - extended hysterectomy with appendages at any stage of tumor development of internal genital organs was considered to be the only correct approach. However, many young women want to preserve their fertile function, and in this regard, the treatment tactic was improved and optimized towards the development of organ-preserving methods for the treatment of gynecological cancer. Based on the literature studied from the MedLine database, an analytical review of information on the possibilities of organ-preserving treatment for gynecological cancers in 2013-2018 was prepared and the implementation of a successful integrated organ-preserving treatment was found to be available only at early stages of cervical, endometrial and ovarian cancer. The overall survival after treatment correlates with the histological structure of the tumor, the degree of its differentiation and involvement of the underlying tissues in the pathological process, as well as the volume of surgical intervention. In most cases, after an organ-preserving treatment, the risk of tumor recurrence is low, and a woman regains a chance to become pregnant and give birth to a healthy child.

The Effect of Fermentation Bran and Chitosan in Ration to Percentage of Tegal Duck Digestive Tract Weight

Duck productivity is largely determined by the optimization of bodily functions. The food consumed greatly determines the development of digestive organs and internal organs of livestock. Digestive organs that are well developed and function optimally will be very decisive in turning feed into meat and eggs. Chitosan is a crustacean waste product known as animal fiber and is antimicrobial. Whereas fermented bran contains natural fiber rich in nutrients and is hypocholesterol. The aim of the study was to look at the role of chitosan and bran fermented on the weight percentage of digestive organs of ducks. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Each test consists of 2 ducks as a unit of experiment. The treatment is R0 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 20% bran without fermentation, R1 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 20% fermented bran, R2 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 19.5% fermented bran + 0.5% chitosan and R3 = 45% corn + 35% concentrate + 17.5% fermented + 2.5% chitosan bran. The variable measured is the weight percentage of the digestive organs (gizzard, small intestine and pancreas) in ducks. Data was processed using SAS Windows 16. The results showed that the administration of fermented chitosan and bran gave an average percentage of gizzard weight (ventriculus) and pancreatic weight percentage was not significantly different between treatments (P> 0.05), while treatment R1 (20% fermented bran) It was shown that the percentage of small intestine weight was higher (31.85%) than control R0.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis and zinc on the growth performance, internal organ development, and intestinal morphology of male broilers with or without subclinical coccidia challenge.

Effects of antibiotic (bacitracin), anticoccidial (narasin), and alternative (Bacillus subtilis and zinc) feed additives on growth performance, internal organ development, and intestinal morphology of commercial broilers with or without subclinical coccidia challenge were determined. A total of 1,344 1-day-old male Ross × Ross 708 broilers were randomly distributed into 12 treatments (6 diets × 2 challenge treatments, 8 replication pens/treatment) in 96 floor pens. The 6 dietary treatments were as follows: a control diet (corn and soybean-meal basal diet), a probiotic diet (basal diet + Bacillus subtilis), a zinc diet (basal diet + 100ppm zinc), a probiotic and zinc combined diet, an anticoccidial diet (basal diet + narasin), and a practical diet (basal diet + narasin + bacitracin). On day 21, each chick in the challenge treatment was gavaged with a 10× dose of a commercial vaccine containing live Eimeria oocytes, whereas each chick in the non-challenge treatment was gavaged with equivalent distilled water. The subclinical coccidia challenge increased the relative weights of pancreas and decreased the ileal crypt depth of broilers at 26 d of age, increased feed conversion ratios from day 15 to 28 and 29 to 40, and increased the relative weights of duodenum and bursa on day 54. As compared to other diets, anticoccidial and practical diets increased BW gain and decreased feed conversion ratio from day 15 to 28, and increased the day 40 carcass weights. As compared to control diets, probiotic diets decreased BW gain and increased the mortality from day 15 to 28; however, probiotic diets did not affect the overall growth performance from day 0 to 54 or carcass yield on day 54. Growth measurements during periods of day 29 to 40 and day 41 to 54 were not affected by any feed additive. From this study, a subclinical coccidia challenge enlarged specific internal organs and compromised the feed conversion ability of broilers. Dietary Bacillus subtilis did not affect overall growth rate or carcass yield of broilers under subclinical coccidia challenge.