Development Of Fish Culture Research Articles

Decoding the fish genome opens a new era in important trait research and molecular breeding in China.

Aquaculture represents the fastest-growing global food production sector, as it has become an essential component of the global food supply. China has the world's largest aquaculture industry in terms of production volume. However, the sustainable development of fish culture is hindered by several concerns, including germplasm degradation and disease outbreaks. The practice of genomic breeding, which relies heavily on genome information and genotypephenotype relationships, has significant potential for increasing the efficiency of aquaculture production. In 2014, the completion of the genome sequencing and annotation of the Chinese tongue sole signified the beginning of the fish genomics era in China. Since then, domestic researchers have made dramatic progress in functional genomic studies. To date, the genomes of more than 60 species of fish in China have been assembled and annotated. Based on these reference genomes, evolutionary, comparative, and functional genomic studies have revolutionized our understanding of a wide range of biologically and economically important traits of fishes, including growth and development, sex determination, disease resistance, metamorphosis, and pigmentation. Furthermore, genomic tools and breeding techniques such as SNP arrays, genomic selection, and genome editing have greatly accelerated genetic improvement through the incorporation of functional genomic information into breeding activities. This review aims to summarize the current status, advances, and perspectives of the genome resources, genomic study of important traits, and genomic breeding techniques of fish in China. The review will provide aquaculture researchers, fish breeders, and farmers with updated information concerning fish genomic research and breeding technology. The summary will help to promote the genetic improvement of production traits and thus will support the sustainable development of fish aquaculture.

Ecological, Social, Economic Sustainability Policies and Fish Cultivation in Reservoir Waters

Dams have a very large ability to develop fish culture, then from that the development of fish culture grows rapidly. This rapid progress greatly resulted in a reduction in water quality, good for the life and progress of fish and their food-living creatures. This dam is also used for capturing fisheries, floating net cage aquaculture (KJA), transportation, and tourism. This research is literary research from several posts that study articles on the status of the sustainability of dams and the sustainability of KJA aquaculture in multidimensional sustainability (environmental, economic, and social sciences). Based on the results of policy research on the sustainability of environmental, social, and economic science and fish farming in dam waters, the sustainability of dams as well as the sustainability of KJA cultivation are very supportive of one another. Prolonged management of the dam will help the sustainability of KJA cultivation.

Suitable Temperature, Stocking Density and Feeding Rate for Optimal Growth of Sex Reversed Fry of Nile Tilapia <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> (Senegal River Strain)

Determining the suitable fish farming conditions for optimal growth is necessary for aquaculture production, but it is not very obvious because it requires a good understanding of species biology. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of different temperature regimes, stocking densities, and feeding rates on the growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings that have been sex-reversed with 17α methyl testosterone. Three independent experiments were performed (with replicates) at the IRD Bel-Air fish farm (Dakar, Senegal) on 27-day-old fry maintained in six 25 L tanks with a batch of 100 individuals each. These fry were subjected to three different temperatures (26˚C, 28˚C, 30˚C; kept constant with thermostats), stocking densities (5, 10 and 15 ind/l) and feeding rates (5%, 10% and 15% of biomass; distributed three times a day). For the temperature and density treatments, fry was fed a pelleted feed containing 38% protein, distributed by hand at 10% of their total biomass, readjusted after each measurement. Growth performance (total weight, weight gain and daily weight gain), physicochemical parameters (temperature, oxygen, nitrite and phosphorus), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival rate (SR) were regularly monitored (weekly) during the experimental period. For the heat treatment, the results did not show an apparent relationship between growth performance and nitrite, phosphorus or dissolved oxygen (DO) contents. In contrast, there was a significant correlation between temperature and growth rates, with the best growth being obtained at 30˚C compared to 28˚C and 26˚C. Similarly, growth rates were correlated with stocking density and feeding rate but not with oxygen, temperature, nitrite or phosphorus levels. The best growth rates were observed at the lowest density (5 ind/l) and for the highest feeding rate (15% of biomass), which coincides with the best FCR and survival rates. Thus, 30˚C, 5 ind/l and 15% of biomass appeared to be the most favorable temperature, stocking density and feeding rate for optimal growth of Nile tilapia fry after inversion. The application of these results in the culture systems will allow to reach a good production of O. niloticus and thus to contribute to sustainable development of fish culture in Senegal.

STUDI KESEUAIAN PARAMETER FISIKA-KIMIA PERAIRAN UNTUK PENGEMBANGAN AREA BUDIDAYA IKAN DENGAN MEDIA KERAMBA JARING APUNG DI DANAU IE SAYANG

This research was conducted to analyze the water physical and chemical parameters of Ie Sayang Lake for fish culture development area using floating net cages. The observations of water physical and chemical parameters were finds out from April to June 2021 at four stations. The recorded data of water physic-chemical parameters included temperature, current velocity, dissolved oxygen, water depth, pH and turbidity. The data obtained then scored by matching the data values with the criteria for the suitability of waters for fish culture in floating net cage. The results showed that the condition of the water physical and chemical parameters in Lake Ie Sayang is not suitable to be developed as a fish culture area using floating net cage. The water parameter values during research namely temperatur (30,1oC to 31,9oC), current velocity (15 to 19,5 cm/s), dissolved oxygen (2,86 to 5,25 mg/l), water depth (1,08 to 1,93 m), pH (6,13 to 6,35) and water tubidity (0,47 to 0,58 m).

Railroads and the Development of Fish Culture in the United States

Railroads and the Development of Fish Culture in the United States

Effects of two feeding rates on the growth performance and survivability of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings fed on Skretting fish feed

Two feeding rates; 5% body weight and feeding to satiation were evaluated to determine their effects on the growth performance and survivability of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. The objective of the study was to determine which feeding rate was more beneficial to the fish farmer in terms of fish weight gain, length gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and survivability of the catfish fingerlings. The study was carried out with 600 Clarias gariepinus fingerlings of mean weight 2.23 ± 0.10 g and mean length 6.58 ± 0.01 cm kept in six 1 m3 rectangular tanks labeled A to E and containing 100 fingerlings each. Fingerlings in tanks A, B and C were three replicates fed with 1.8 mm Skretting fish feed at 5% body weight while fingerlings in tanks D, E and F also three replicates, were fed to satiation with the same feed for 30 days. Water quality parameters; temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were monitored. Body weight, length, and survivability were recorded every 5 days at 0, 5, 10,15, 20, 25, and 30 days. Results showed that water quality parameters and survival rates did not significantly differ(p>0.05) between the 5% body weight feeding rate group and the group fed to satiation. The average weight gain (26.11± 3.65 g), length gain (6.11± 0.20 cm), specific growth rate (5.96 ± 0.15%) and feed conversion ratio (1.1) of the 5% body weight feeding rate group differed significantly (p< 0.05) from those of the group fed to satiation; 16.16 ± 3.04 g, 4.44 ± 0.40 cm, 4.58 ± 0.17% and 1.3 respectively. It was concluded that feeding fingerlings by 5% body weight was of better economic importance to the fish farmer and was therefore recommended to be practiced for profitability and sustainable fish culture development.

Geographic Information System as an instrument to determine suitable areas and identify suitable zones to the development of emerging marine finfish farming in Brazil

Worldwide, the availability of suitable areas for aquaculture has become a significant concern. In Brazil, the former Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture (MPA) has begun to promote discussions and plan meetings on Local Mariculture Development Plans (PLDMs): a planning tool for the establishment of parks and aquatic areas. However, hundreds of groups and individuals still practice aquaculture awaiting a definitive license. This study aimed to serve as a tool to identify suitable sites for the installation of cobia cage farming and also to contribute to the PLDM zoning process. We created 27 criterion maps for marine fish farming. Their individual weights were assigned based on the best judgment of technicians, researchers and other stakeholders using the pair-wise comparison method. The criteria and their weights were combined using multi-criteria decision rules, and a final map according to suitability was derived by reclassification. Of the total area, 54,663 ha (14%) were composed of restrictions, and 341,083 ha (86%) were found useful; of which <1% is considered top score. Even so, these are more than enough to ensure the growth of activity. In Rio de Janeiro state, two bays have suitable areas to marine fish culture development. To ensure the sustainability of marine fish farming, we suggested the adoption of limited production areas based on assimilation and production capacity. Through this methodological approach, it was possible to identify suitable areas for cobia farming development. Additionally, the results may serve as a useful tool on which the PLDM can be based on.

GENETIC IMPLICATIONS OF RESTOCKING PROGRAMS ON WILD POPULATIONS OF STREAKED PROCHILOD &lt;i&gt;Prochilodus lineatus&lt;i&gt;

Genetic diversity of wild and farmed populations is crucial, both for conservation of fish resources and fish culture development. To infer the genetic diversity and population structure of Streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus, individuals were sampled between 2007-2009 from four fish farms and from the Upper Uruguay River Basin, both in southern Brazil. Population structure was identified in both farmed and wild individuals through seven microsatellite loci. Bayesian analysis indicated three main groups, including two from fish farms. Pairwise genetic differentiation showed spatial structure between and within wild and farmed populations; however, the sampling design did not allow testing temporal structure according to isolation-by-time (IBT), which means that populations can breed within the same geographic distribaution, but reproduce at different times. Cultivated individuals presented lower diversity, allelic richness and effective population size, but higher inbreeding rates, compared to wild populations. These characteristics constitute warning signs against indiscriminate restocking of natural Prochilodus lineatus populations, a species sensitive to fragmented habitats, with farmed fish.

Land suitability modelling for enhancing fishery resource development in Central Himalayas (India) using GIS and multi-criteria evaluation approach

In recent years, fish production from open waters in Central Himalayas, especially from riverine system, has declined considerably. Degradation of soil and water quality and poor infrastructure facilities are among the major causes of declined fish production in this region. Keeping this in view, the present investigation was carried out to assess the soil, water and infrastructure facilities by using geographical information system (GIS) and multi criteria evaluation approach which helped in understanding the key elements to develop and improve resource management strategies that are vital to ensure sustainable fish stocks in this region. Various important parameters of soil, water and infrastructure facilities of this mountainous region were thoroughly assessed by analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for development of fish culture. Based on these characteristics, sixteen thematic layers were prepared using the Geomedia Professional software to develop a series of GIS models/ sub-models. In this process, the region was categorized to different suitable locations for the development of highland and lowland fishery. The model output clearly indicates the location and extent for the development of this sector in different suitability scales viz., most suitable (51,112 ha, i.e. 13%) and moderately suitable (61,164 ha i.e. 15%) out of the total land cover area of Nainital district (about 402,000 ha). The study will help planners to design plans to harness maximum fish biomass and to derive social benefits from inland open waters in the region.

Utilization of Anadara granosa as a Liming Materials for Swamp Fish Ponds for Pangasius sp Culture

Availability of water in swamp areas is abandon almost throughout the year, therefore these areas are potential for aquaculture development. However, the characteristics of swamp water is mainly acid water, therefore, it becomes mayor problems in swamp fish culture development. Liming of ponds is intended to increase pH value of soil and water of fish ponds. A. granosa shells is one of domestic waste containing of 61.16% CaO and 21.65% MgO, therefore it can be used as an alternative material for liming of fish ponds. The aims of this research was to evaluate the potency of lime derived from A. granosa shells to raise soil’s and water’s pH, and to evaluate its effect to survival and growth of Pangasius sp. The research was conducted and arranged based upon completely randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The treatments used consisted of different dosages of lime, namely : P1) 1 ton/ha; P2) 2 ton/ha; P3) 3 ton/ha; P4) 4 ton/ha and P5) 5 ton/ha of lime equivalent to CaO. The results showed that both the soil and water reach a neutral pH at a dosage of 2 ton/ha (P2), 3 ton/ha (P3), 4 ton/ha and 5 ton/ha. The dosage of 5 ton/ha (P5) was the best treatments among all treatments, with a highest survival rate (100%), absolute growth of fish lenght (9.35 cm) and weight (40.69 g), as well as feed efficiency (110.97%).

PROSPECT OF THE COMMON CARP (Cyprinus carpio L.) CAGE CULTURE IN MURUNG RAYA REGENCY

This study aimed to (1) find out the water quality parameters of the river where the common carp cage cultures are located at Murung Raya Regency, either adjacent or far from the gold mine site, including water temperatures, pH, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia and water clarity; (2) to compare the common carp cage culture profits in the river either adjacent or far from the gold mine sites; and (3) to determine the common carp cage culture development strategies at Murung Raya Regency. This study was carried out in Murung Raya Regency, Central Kalimantan, with the common carp cage farmers at Muara Supoi and Muara Bumban Villages, Murung Regency as the object. The collected data were primary and secondary data. The data analysis used were descriptive analysis, t statistical test, and a SWOT analysis. The results of the study showed that condition of the water where the common carp cage cultures are located at Murung Raya Regency, either adjacent or far from the gold mine sites, still in the range of the quality standards required, namely the temperature of 29.73 - 29.78oC; water clarity of 10 - 11 cm; pH of 6.58 - 6.65; dissolved oxygen of 6.11 - 6.73 mg /l; carbon dioxide of 0.02 - 0.03 mg/l; and ammonia of 0.02 mg/l, so that the common carp cage culture activities at Murung Raya Regency were still very feasible to carried on. The average profits of the common carp cage cultures, either adjacent or far from the gold mine sites, were relatively similar, with the t statistical test result showed that the profits at both locations did not differ significantly at 95% test level. The development strategy of common carp cage cultures at Murung Raya Regency was in quadrant II or S - T, namely utilizing the strengths to overcome the threats. It was implemented by establishing two alternative solutions, namely (1) by taking advantage from the fish culture development programs and supports by the government; and (2) optimized the development function of the of seed center for supplying the high-quality seeds. One of them was by utilizing the special allocation fund (Dana Alokasi Khusus - DAK) from the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries.

Contributions to the Knowledge of Parasite Fauna on Oreochromis niloticus Species Reared in Flow-through Installations and Earthen Ponds

At Fish Culture Research and Development Center Nucet, Dambovita county (CCDP Nucet), in 2010 have done research on knowledge of parasite fauna of Oreochromis niloticus (Tilapia) species–Teleostei, Ciclidae, by investigating a number of 53 ex., consisting of fingerlings obtained in July at Nucet (T0) reared in a concrete tank with natural food and one year old fingerlings (T1) reared in two different systems: on polyculture into an earthen pond and into tanks with flowtrough system (Ewos tanks). In Ewos tanks stoking densities were 200 fish/m3 (1 fish/5 liters of water) and 325 fish/m3 (1 fish/3 liters of water) respectively. In pond (earthen pond), were stoked 200 fish/ha with young P. spathula 0+, C. carpio 2+ and Ct. idella 3+. Feeding of Tilapia was based solely on natural food from pond and in Ewos tanks Tilapia 1 was fed on special protean feed (Aller Tilapia XS) with a protein content of 33 %. Tilapia 1 registered a body growth of 16.8 times for variant with 1 fish/3 liters of water, 21.6 times for variant with 1 fish/5 liters of water and 38.3 times for variant in earthen pond. Ichthyopatological examinations revealed the presence of a total of 11 species of parasites belonging to the following systematic groups Fungus (2), Protista (7), Nematode (1) and Artropoda (1), parasitizing intensity ranging from single exemplars to multiple exemplars.

Testing of Demand Feeder for Carp Feeding in Outdoor Culture System

Developing intensive production methods for a given species requires determining environmental preferences, including those pertaining to feeding. The analysis of feed requirements should include the daily feed ration as well as the chemical composition of feed (primarily protein and fat content), caloric content, size of pellets as well as their shape, color and texture. The effects of rearing fish under intensive conditions are determined not only by the quantity and quality of feed but also by the method employed to deliver it (manual or automated feeding) and by the feeding frequency. The demand fish feeder, tested in outdoor conditions. It was maintenance free and easy to operate. It was tested in pens of 200 m2 surface at the Fish Culture Research and Development Center Nucet (Nucet farm), for a period of 110 days to evaluate its efficiency against that of hand feeding the fish. Fish fed by the demand feeder gained an average of 10.6% more weight than hand-fed fish. During the experiment, the total of 280.5 and 299.0 kg of pellet feed were used to produce 270.4 and 255.38 kg of fish in the demand and hand-fed pens, respectfully. The hopper can hold 20 kg of feed, which can be fed to 500 kg of fish in a day, if provided 2-3% of their body weight. Characteristics of rearing water measured every day, 2 weeks, once a month and once a week.

Penambahan Ekstender Madu Dalam Proses Penyimpanan Sperma Beku Terhadap Motilitas Dan Viabilitas Spermatozoa Ikan Komet (Carassius auratus auratus) &lt;br&gt;&lt;i&gt;[Additions Extender Honey In Frozen Sperm Storage Process Against Sperm Motility And Viability Comet Fish (Carassius auratus auratus) ]&lt;i&gt;

Abstract The development of fish culture is strongly influenced by hatchery technology, especially in the stock of fish seed. Often, the problem arises in the stock of seeds, due to the maturation of gametes, broadstock fish sometimes do not happen simultaneously, one of alternative solution to the problem through the application of reproductive biotechnology, is preservation of sperm (Dirjennak, 2007). Preservation sperm is to optimize the male broadstock (Dirjennak, 2007). This storage process requires diluent and cryoprotectant material that could sustain sperm motility (Zaenab, 2007). Diluent material is used to reduce the activity of spermatozoa that inhibit energy usage and prolong the life of sperm (Rustidja, 2000). The use of honey as a diluent material is expected to support the vitality of spermatozoa. Material of honey there are various combinations of materials a simple sugar and salt ions. With the combination of basic ingredients and simple sugar salt ions spermatozoa can produce an energy source so it can defend itself and can fertilize an egg cell after Cryoperservation process. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of adding extender honey in enhancing sperm motility and viability of fish comet after the freezing process and to determine the best dose of honey in the process of freezing sperm comet fish (Carassius auratus auratus). This research was conducted at the Laboratory Center for Artificial Insemination Singosari. The design use Completely Randomized Design (CRD) followed by Duncan's multiple range test. Test materials in this research is sperm comet fish are packed in mini straw and stored in liquid nitrogen container with 9 treatments and 3 replications. Media diluent used was physiological NaCl is added to honey, glucose, fructose, and Tris Aminomethane. Honey dosages of the experiments were 0.3% (A); 0.4% (B), 0.5% (C), 0.6% (D) and 0.7% (E) and 0.05% glucose (KG); fructose 0.05% (KF), Tris Aminomethane (KT) and without the addition of physiological NaCl (KN). The main parameters of observed percentage of live sperm and duration of motion. The supporting parameters measured were fresh sperm concentration, percentage of live sperm fresh, long fresh sperm, pH, volume and color of sperm. The results of the research shows that the addition of honey with different dosage at diluents material physiological NaCl gived significant effect (P &lt;0.05) against the percentage of sperm motion and long life. Average percentage of long life and highest sperm obtained by treatment of the addition of honey 0.6% (D), ie 63.89% and 101.33 seconds. Average lowest percentage of life gained by treatment of honey 0.3% (C) that were 39.67 second while the lowest was in motion treatment control without the addition of (KN) that were 28.33 seconds.

Parasitic diseases in marine cage culture – An example of experimental evolution of parasites?

Rapid development of fish culture in marine cages has been associated with an emergence of parasitic diseases. There is a general trend to an increase in infections with ectoparasites with direct life cycles and a reduced diversity of parasites in aquaculture. Some mariculture creates conditions that are similar to serial passage experiments, which are used to study adaptation during experimental evolution of pathogens. In particular, increased density of fish, repeated introduction of naive hosts, homogenous host populations, fast growth and a potential decrease in genetic diversity are attributes of both aquaculture and serial passage experiments. Some free-living organisms, for example Neoparamoeba spp. and Uronema spp. parasitise fish in culture, but have not been reported from wild populations. Farming fish in marine cages can increase the risk of outbreaks of parasitic diseases, including those caused by opportunistic parasites. However, aquaculture has the potential to control parasitic diseases through selective breeding, vaccination and general fish health management.

Use of a natural aquatic fern, Azolla microphylla, as a main component in food for the omnivorous-phytoplanktonophagous tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L.

An aquatic fern, Azolla microphylla (strain 175 MI, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium), a natural source of protein, was used in this study to produce low-cost feeds for the omnivorous-phytoplanktonophagous tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. Fish were grown in a recirculating system and fed with six different diets in triplicate groups. Diets were formulated with approximately similar total protein, ranging from 27.25 to 27.52% dry weight (dw), gross energy content ranging from 85.1 to 96.5 MJ kg(-1) dw, and with different levels of dry meal Azolla (0, 15, 20 30 40, 45% diet dw). All diet levels with incorporated Azolla meal exhibited weight gain, thus it can be assumed that Azolla in good combination with local products can be used to promote fish culture development. The Azolla-free diet and the diet containing 15%Azolla produced the same growth performance. However, the least expensive diet containing 45%Azolla also exhibited growth and can be used as a complementary diet for tilapia raised in fertilized ponds.

Present Status of Fish Culture Development Project in the Black Sea under JICA Program

Since April 1997, a collaborative project between Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Central Fisheries Research Institute in Trabzon has been working for the sustainable seed production of Black Sea turbot, Psetta maxima. Through this project, 8,000 fish juveniles were produced in 1998, 27,000 in 2000 and 14,000 in 2001. The target production was 10,000 juveniles of 100 mm total length (TL). Production in 1999 was disappointing low due to the destruction of the water intake pipes resulting in water quality deterioration. Juvenile production increased with accumulation of more knowledge of its seed production. From the yearly achievement of the project, it seems that a sustainable experimental seed production is viable. As year 2002 is the final year of the project, to attain its goal in developing fish culture in the coastal waters of the Black Sea, the following technical subjects should be worked out: 1) Establishment of spawning technique in hatchery-bred broodstock 2) Improvement of larval survival 3) Establishment of high quality artificial feed

Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review

Fish are continuously exposed to a wide range of microorganisms present in the environment, and the microbiota of fish have been the subject of several reviews. This review evaluates lactic acid bacteria in fish, and focuses on the several investigations that have demonstrated that Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Carnobacterium belong to the normal microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy fish. However, it is well known that the population level of lactic acid bacteria associated with the digestive tract is affected by nutritional and environmental factors like dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, chromic oxide, stress and salinity. Pathogenic lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Carnobacterium and Lactococcus have been detected from ascites, kidney, liver, heart and spleen. Some antibiotic treatments and vaccinations have been proposed to cure or prevent these diseases that seem, however, to spread with the development of fish culture. It has also been reported that some lactic acid bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of fish can act as probiotics. These candidates are able to colonise the gut, and act antagonistic against Gram-negative fish pathogens. These harmless bacteriocin-producing strains may reduce the need to use antibiotics in future aquaculture.

Sketch of the Development of Fish Culture in Canada

Sketch of the Development of Fish Culture in Canada