Development Of Cultural Landscape Research Articles

Buddhist heritage landscape evolution of Mount Wutai: a path dependence approach

An adequate understanding about the evolutionary process, mechanism and influencing factors of cultural landscapes is crucial for their efficient preservation and sustainable development. The theoretical framework of self-reinforcing sequence in path dependence analysis appears applicable but has not yet been well explored as a tool for broader historical landscape analysis like the evolution of cultural landscapes that may last thousands of years. Within such a framework, an empirical case of Buddhist heritage landscape of Mount Wutai is used to account for the institutional genesis, reproduction and change associated with landscape evolution over time. The findings suggest the framework provides an essential toolkit to reveal the specific ways in which path dependence shapes the evolutionary trajectories of cultural landscapes and, based on that, to detect management options that steer development and change of cultural landscapes into a direction that aligns with desired outcomes.

Construction and characteristic analysis of landscape gene maps of traditional villages along ancient Qin-Shu roads, Western China

The landscape of traditional villages reflects specific geographical and cultural environments, with distinct regional cultural and living space characteristics. An exploration of the deep genetic core of traditional villages from the perspective of “cultural landscape genes” can help reveal the mechanism of historical evolution of regional settlements and provide a reference for maintaining the regional characteristics of traditional villages today. This study focuses on 23 nationally recognized traditional villages along the northern roads of the ancient Qin-Shu roads. The “landscape-gene” theory, centred on both artificial construction and cultural inheritance in traditional villages, was used to develop a method for identifying and extracting the northern roads of the ancient Qin-Shu roads landscape genes in “architecture culture”. Then, a genome of the cultural landscape of traditional villages was constructed. Six different dimensions with identified genes, including environmental layout, landscape, architectural landscape, material culture, behavioural culture and mentality culture, were analysed. The results showed the following: (1) the traditional villages on the northern roads of the ancient Qin–Shu roads have 8 genes in the constructed landscape, including ‘location layout mainly along mountains and ancient roads, supplemented by water and pictographic patterns’, ‘orderly, flexible and changeable spatial form’, ‘natural landscape surrounded by mountains and rivers, culture and scenery blend’, ‘water in the south and drought in the north’, ‘agricultural main forest auxiliary production landscape’, ‘single north section, complex south section courtyard layout’, ‘load-bearing diversity, good utilization of the gable building structure’, ‘combination of earth, stone and bamboo, recycled and reused building materials’ and ‘atmospheric regularity, exquisite and gorgeous building decoration’. (2) There were six cultural landscape genes, such as ‘strong personalities and regional customs’, ‘preference for flavourful and spicy foods, wine and meat’, which characterized material culture. ‘Romantic history and thrifty values’, and a ‘combination of elegance and vulgarity’ characterized behavioural culture. The mentality of the region was characterized by ‘Xiangtu and Shengxing’, ‘open and inclusive values’, and ‘varied’ beliefs. (3) Philosophical and cosmological underpinnings such as the ‘unity of heaven and humanity’ and the ‘yin-yang and five-element’ theory guide human settlements in traditional villages along the northern roads. This study aims to clarify the characteristics of cultural landscapes in traditional villages through the analysis of cultural landscape genes and a resulting mapped genome, which will provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of cultural landscapes in traditional villages. Cultural genes can protect the inheritance of regional culture and provide a new perspective for the study of traditional villages along linear cultural heritage zones.

Borobudur cultural landscape : a madilog discourse

Borobudur, an ancient monument renowned as a prominent tourist attraction for years, has traditionally been scrutinized through the lens of mystical logic, with prevailing discussions revolving around spiritual influences and supernatural elements. This perspective posits that every aspect of Borobudur, from its construction to its purpose, is intrinsically linked to spiritual motivations. However, a departure from this mystical logic emerges in contemporary research studies that delve into Borobudur's facets through various disciplines such as geography, geology, architecture, and astronomy. This shift aims to explore the cultural landscape of Borobudur during its construction in the eighth century from a different standpoint. In a departure from the mystical approach, this study adopts Tan Malaka's Madilog method to present a fresh perspective on Borobudur's cultural landscape. Through this alternative approach, the study unveils a compelling revelation: Borobudur's cultural landscape development aligns significantly with sustainable and economic sustainability principles. Contrary to the prevailing mystical narratives, Tan Malaka's Madilog sheds light on the pragmatic aspects of Borobudur's construction era, emphasizing a connection to broader concepts of sustainability and economic viability. This nuanced exploration broadens our understanding of Borobudur and highlights the importance of considering diverse methodological approaches to unlock the multifaceted dimension of this historical monument.

Принципы и методы исследования структуры метагеосистем для проектирования паломническо-туристского кластера

Introduction. The article characterizes the spatio-temporal structure of metageosystems of the pilgrimage-tourist cluster “Sanaksar – Temnikov”, located in the center of the Russian Plain, in the zone of interaction of forest-steppe and forest geosystems. Materials and methods. Thestructuring of information within the framework of thestudy is based on the simultaneous use of a natural sequence of involving interrelated principles: genetic, historical, systemic, territorial-structural. The object of study was investigated from the perspective of a geosystem approach, the structure and components of metageosystems were analyzed as spatial formations of different levels of organization, naturally functioning. Research results and discussion. A detailed description of the geosystem model of the tourist cluster “Sanaksar – Temnikov” is given. It has been proven that the sustainable development of metageosystems should be based on multifactor information support, in which the most important condition for the effective economic development of landscapes is realized through the formation of a regional spatial data infrastructure. Based on the analysis of the archaeological map of the Republic of Mordovia, patterns of development of cultural landscapes are identified. The characteristics of the processes and features of the economic development of geosystems and the formation of cultural heritage have been formed. Conclusion. The organization of a pilgrimage and tourism cluster places high demands on information support. Solving the problem of forecasting and monitoring the development of metageosystems for making management decisions is possible using methods and algorithms for processing and analyzing spatial data, designing and implementing project-oriented geoportal systems for distributing spatial data.

Systematic bibliometric analysis of the cultural landscape

ABSTRACT The cultural landscape is valuable for global ecological conservation, as it embodies human history and cultural heritage. Cultural landscapes, as treasures of human history and culture, have a place in the globalization process of ecological conservation. This paper uses Citespace based on the W.O.S. database for a bibliometric analysis to explore cultural landscape research. The history of the development of cultural landscapes is summarized and supported by theory and data. The study analyzes 2506 publicly available publications from various disciplines, including ecology, environmental sciences, multidisciplinary studies, social sciences, anthropology, and more. The research reveals that the discipline has a multi-layered nature, an uneven distribution of research institutions, and a single depth of analysis. The number of keywords in the literature has been increasing year-by-year, covering many hotspots and spanning a wide range of topics. To bridge the gap in the comprehensive study of cultural landscapes caused by psychological factors, we recommend starting with the historical context, cultural history, and human behavioral adaptations. Additionally, we suggest that the cultural ecosystem services provided by cultural landscapes should be explored in the context of human-driven ecotourism. The current phase of cultural ecosystem services aims to translate theory into practice by creating spiritual services and cultural psychology for humans in the post-popular era. Inter-institutional cooperation among scholars should be strengthened in research to respond to the trend of the globalization of ecological civilization-building. These efforts will provide suitable and feasible solutions for the globalization of ecological civilization and contribute to the development of the cultural landscape around cultural ecosystems.

Diversity of Cultural Landscape and Potency of Sustainable Tourism Development in Rural Area of Lombok Island, Indonesia

Interaction between humans, nature, and culture creates a cultural landscape that provides various benefits. The pressure and threat to the existence of the cultural landscape is getting higher. This study aims to identify and analyze the diversity of cultural landscapes and determine potency of sustainable tourism development based on cultural landscape in rural area of Lombok Island, Indonesia. The area inhabited by the Sasak tribe is a rural area with ditinctive pattern of spatial organization. Kinds of cultural landscapes observed in this research are ricefield (bangket), settlement (gubuk) and homegarden (leah), meadow (gumi pupak), garden (kebon), and forest (gawah) and sacred area (simbit). Research findings indicate that the cultural landscape of the Sasak tribe in rural of Lombok Island is the traditional settlements that are built and depend on the biodiversity and its environment. Sasak people in rural of Lombok Island still maintain the cultural traditions. Through their involvement in this area, Sasak people can carry out the preservation of their cultural landscape. The development of cultural landscape as sustainable tourism can play an important role in preserving regional cultural values as a national cultural asset, preserving plant diversity and landscape, and improving the welfare of local communities.

Preservation of cultural landscape in the historical Siberian city

Purpose: The aim of this work is to discusses the main periods of the cultural landscape formation in the historical Siberian city.Design/methodology/approach: This research is required to preserve the cultural landscape in the historical city during its construction and reconstruction. The paper presents the data analysis and refinement obtained during the literature review in the field of architecture and urban planning in Siberia. Applied are the full-scale survey methods, functional and graph-analytic analyses.Research findings: The data obtained allow identifying the main periods of the cultural landscape formation and development in the historical Siberian city interacting with natural landscape elements. The main theses are formulated for the preservation of the cultural landscape in the historical Siberian city.

Relief Morphometry of Nayaseri Watershed: A Case Study in Northern Slopes of Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

The study of relief elements is very significant in geography. Relief set the stage for all types of development of cultural features on the surface of the earth. To make planning regarding development of cultural landscape, for sustainable development, the study of relief is must, particularly in mountainous regions. The study of relief enlighten many characteristics of the area, like - slope, dissection of area, stability and instability of topography, erosion capacity of area, hydrological aspects and stages of sequential development of landforms etc. In the light of this need, relief morphometry of catchment has been studied. To study the Morphometry of the watershed, parameters like – relative relief, absolute relief, dissection index, slope, hypsometric integral curve, clinographic curve, relief ratio and ruggedness number, relief profile have been taken. The topographical map published by Government of India is the database of the analysis. Instruments, like- Rotameter and Planimeter have been used for various measurements. The observations per square kilometer are taken to calculate the areal coverage of absolute and relative relief, average slope and dissection index. The study reveals that the watershed has experienced tectonic incidences in the recent past. Fault, submergence, upliftment, tilt and sudden breaks of slopes are imprints of these activities on topography of the area. Indicators like - Slope, relief ratio, ruggedness number and relief profiles suggest that the watershed has Steep slopes, unstable landmass and capacity of intense erosion. Various measures of relief also imply that the area is in the youthful phase of its sequential development.

Modern zoning plans versus traditional landscape structures: Ecosystem service dynamics and interactions in rapidly urbanizing cultural landscapes

Cultural landscapes provide abundant and diverse ecosystem services (ES) for human-wellbeing. However, many traditional cultural landscapes worldwide are currently undergoing rapid urbanization. In decision-making concerning sustainable urbanization, tradeoffs frequently occur between different objectives (i.e., between multiple ES) and between different pathways or urbanization strategies (e.g., following modern zoning principles or traditional landscape structures). This study aims to examine the dynamics and interactions between multiple ES under different strategies for the urbanization of cultural landscapes. A case study was conducted in Nansha, China. Three scenarios—business-as-usual, zoning plan-based, and traditional landscape structure-based—were developed to reflect the most common urbanization strategies, each parameterized with identical land-use quantities. Land-use change from 2020 to 2035 under different scenarios was simulated using the PLUS model (integrated Random Forest and Cellular Automata models). The traditional landscape structure-based scenario used the settlement pattern before urbanization to predict the chances of future urban areas’ occurrence. Eleven ES indicators were used to examine ES dynamics and interactions in the simulation outcomes. The results showed that the amount of ES provided by the landscape declined and significant tradeoffs occurred between cultural and non-cultural ES. The business-as-usual scenario resulted in the greatest decrease in ES. The zoning plan-based scenario did not offer a significant improvement over the business-as-usual scenario. The traditional landscape structure-based scenario was the most effective in limiting ES decline, which also mitigated the tradeoff between urban development and flood regulation and fostered synergy between urban efficiency and ecotourism opportunity. Based on these findings, we recommend that traditional landscape structures should be emphasized in the development of cultural landscapes.

On the Synergy in the Sustainable Development of Cultural Landscape in Traditional Villages under the Measure of Balanced Development Index: Case Study of the Zhejiang Province

Regional balance has an important role in driving the sustainable development of the entire society. The fast, ever-increasing urbanization advances are widening the gap between urban and rural areas, which is an ongoing global problem attracting much attention all over the world. Currently, balanced development occupies the highest priority in social development goals in the Chinese society. It aims at driving sustainable development in rural areas and promoting the urban–rural synergistic development to establish a balanced relationship. In this study, we consider the Zhejiang Province as an example and explore the synergy of the sustainable development of the traditional village cultural landscape based on the balanced development index. Based on the growth synergy model and the fractal aggregation dimension model of the complexity theory, this study discusses the overall characteristics of growth and aggregation synergies of the cultural landscape in traditional villages in the Zhejiang Province. We propose the synergistic activation path for the sustainable development of the cultural landscape in traditional villages under the perspective of “cultural balance” in three aspects: space, society, and industry, with a view to provide a theoretical basis and guiding suggestions for promoting sustainable and regional balanced development of villages.

Daily Life in the Limesgebiet: Archaeozoological Evidence on Animal Resource Exploitation in Lower Danubian Sites of 2nd–6th Centuries AD

Roman Limesgebiet was both a border between the Greco–Roman world and barbaricum, but also the contact area between these two parts of the ancient oicumene. In Moesia Inferior, this area was established after the Roman conquest in the 1st century AD, in order to defend the Danube border. This article analyses segments of the cultural landscape development in the Roman Danube limes: e.g., the animal resources of subsistence as a paleoeconomy component and reconstruction of the environmental context in the area. The settlements under archaeozoological study are: Sacidava, Capidava, Dinogetia, Noviodunum, Aegyssus, and Halmyris. The settlements have exploited a relatively large faunal spectrum, with taxa of 19 mammals being identified. Animal husbandry had a major importance in paleoeconomy and was focused on cattle, sheep/goat, and pig; other domestic species are horse, donkey, dog, and cat. The hunting is of small importance, according to the frequency of animal remains, and the forest species are dominant. Red deer and wild boar are present in all assemblages, and they are the dominant wild species in terms of frequency; roe deer, hare, wolf, aurochs, fox, beaver, badger, Eurasian otter, and pine marten have been also identified. Aquatic resources are represented by molluscs and fish.

Exploration of cooperative management system of transregional cultural landscape heritage: a case study of Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes

There seems to be a general consensus that management and policy play a very significant role in landscape evolution, and the protection and development of cultural landscapes are considered important components of sustainable development. This study introduces an overall landscape protection framework and explores the cooperative management system of the Loire Valley cultural landscapes as a World Heritage Site. By analysing the transregional management system and the relevant policies for protecting the Loire Valley cultural landscapes, this article tries to determine how this coordinating mechanism is constituted and operated and how local authorities and stakeholders can be coordinated to implement protection and development projects that visibly influence the evolution of cultural landscapes in the area. This transregional cooperative management system actively promotes the rehabilitation and revitalisation of the cities and territories of the Loire Valley. Thus, the article summarises key actors and ways to establish an effective cooperation management system that can provide a reference for other transregional heritage sites.

Integrated framework of rural landscape research: based on the global perspective

ContextIn recent years, rural landscapes have played an increasingly important role in the fields of tourism, cultural heritage and ecology. Rural landscape research (RLR), which is characterized by diversity and complexity, has attracted more and more attention from researchers.ObjectivesThis study integrated the main research contents of RLR in the past 30 years by arranging the relevant research results and analyzing the research progress of RLR in order to understand the development trend of RLR, the distribution of research power, research hotspots and frontal research.Methods3740 relevant literatures from 1931 to 2020 were filtrated from the WoS Core Collection Database. Those papers were quantitatively data mined and qualitatively summarized by using Bibliometrics software for mapping and analysis.Results(1) The number of articles related to RLR increased exponentially over time. The average citations per paper increased fastest from 2002 to 2005. According to the characteristics of the number of articles and the average citations per paper, RLR can be divided into three stages from 1990 to 2020: the first stage is from 1990 to 1999; the second stage is from 2000 to 2008; the third stage is from 2009 to 2020. The second stage of RLR has attracted the most international attention among three stages. (2) According to the results of research strength analysis, Europe has a great influence in RLR. The Common Agricultural Policy and the European Landscape Convention are the main driving forces for the change of rural landscape in Europe. (3) At present, the five hotspots of RLR are rural landscape planning and management, cultural ecosystem services, urban-rural conflict, the sustainable development of rural cultural heritage landscape and the impact of landscape structure on habitat.ConclusionsRural landscape research was originally developed based on geography and ecology but has now developed to a comprehensive research direction of multidisciplinary and multi-methods with social, economic, culture and other elements. At present, the object of RLR covers the ecological landscape, production landscape, and cultural landscape of rural landscape system; the content of RLR has shifted from static pattern of rural landscape to dynamic evolution process, urban-rural conflict, cultural ecosystem service and multifunctional landscape trade-off; the research paradigm of RLR has changed from single dimension to multi-dimensional, and combined with “3S” technology and various landscape ecological model software. The correlation and mechanism should be studied between the rural landscape multifunctionality based on the perspective of multidisciplinary research and rural landscape system in the future, and carry out dynamic monitoring and trend simulation, so as to clarify the thinking and paths of rural landscape multi-functional trade-off and guide the sustainable development of rural areas.

Analyses of the Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks for Tourism Development of Cultural Landscape

The exposure of the cultural landscape to tourism activities puts a lot of pressure on the common heritage of man with a possibility of the loss of the attractions to the landscape. This often happens because the necessary attention to the development of such fragile touristic sites are absent thus exposing them to stages of deterioration. This paper is a review of theoretical issues related to the development and sustainability of the cultural landscape. Through the review of literatures, previous models such as, General System Theory (Cuervo, 1967), Cultural landscape Management framework (2006), Diamond Model for sustainable tourism (2017), and The Ethical tourism model (2008), a conceptual framework for the sustainability of the cultural landscape was developed. The study, however, provides useful information for the development and conservation of a cultural landscape through a framework that can inform policy makers in the tourism industry. Keywords: Cultural Landscape; Framework; Models; Tourism Development; Sustainability. DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/59-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2021

Rural revitalization: sustainable strategy for the development of cultural landscape of traditional villages through optimized IPA approach

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to provide a decision-making basis for the development of a sustainability strategy by importance-performance analysis (IPA) methods. However, traditional and modified IPA methods do not accurately reveal the impact of the various dimensions of sustainable development (SD) on cultural landscape (CL). Based on the structural equation model (SEM), four main dimensions of SD were identified from the available data. This paper conducted an optimized IPA by building three SEMs based on importance, performance and the importance of four dimensions.Design/methodology/approachThis paper proposes the use of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and SEM to develop the CL characteristic index evaluation model to determine the load of each indicator of importance and performance, and the SD-based measurement model to further determine the weight of the sustainability of each indicator in importance and performance. Afterwards, proposed sustainable strategies to the corresponding index were obtained.FindingsThis study offers useful insights into the actual operation and theoretical aspects of the IPA method.Practical implicationsThis study offers useful insights into the actual operation and theoretical aspects of the IPA method. This can solve the incongruous and uncertainty problem in the sustainable planning strategy, and the case study proves the feasibility of the IPA method combined with the influence of the structural equation.Social implicationsThe research is conducive to acceptance by local people with regard to their preferences in the perspective of sustainable development. It provides a basis for the future use of the IPA method in a comprehensive way based on an administrative angle.Originality/valueThe case study proves the feasibility of the IPA method combined with the influence of the structural equation. This provides a basis for the future use of the IPA method in a comprehensive way based on an administrative angle.

Cultural Landscape Development Integrated with Rural Revitalization: A Case Study of Songkou Ancient Town

As a form of World Heritage, cultural landscapes have evolved linked with production systems and living space and have become an important topic of rural studies worldwide. This paper attempts to examine the development experiences of local revitalization combined with the cultural landscape in Songkou ancient town, China. Firstly, the rural livelihood-based landscape characteristics of mixing natural and man-made environments are the resources of cultural landscape development. Secondly, community action forms the cultural landscape through a spatial identification process involving place, identity, and heritage. Thirdly, “experience grafting” is a coordinated action for industrial development that has allowed the experience of community revitalization in Taiwan to make an effective contribution to the cultural landscape development of Songkou ancient town. The main findings are as follows: (1) The close connection between man and nature is confirmed from the perspective of landscape cognition and provides farmers with a means of earning a living. Hence, agricultural activities meet the principles of sustainable and organic agriculture by using natural resources responsibly. (2) By considering ecological orchards as cultural landscapes, community actions promote a consensus of local values and an effective way of making a livelihood.

A Diachronic Triangular Perspective on Landscapes: a Conceptual Tool for Research and Management Applied to Wadden Sea Salt Marshes

Strong disciplinary academic fragmentation and sectoral division in policies lead to problems regarding the management of landscapes. As a result, there is a focus on the preservation and development of either cultural or natural landscapes. We argue that framing landscapes as “natural” or “cultural” will not help sustainable management. The goal of this paper is to show that even what is referred to as nature, virtually always features an intricate combination of physical geography, biology, and cultural history. It provides an analytical framework that visualizes the three forces at play in physical landscapes. Therefore, we introduce a diachronic triangular approach to study and manage landscapes from a holistic point of view, allowing an exchange of different perspectives. To test this approach, we have applied our model to a diachronic case study on Wadden Sea salt marshes. That area has been influenced by physical-geographical, biological, and cultural landscape forces, which are still visible in the landscape to a large extent. By placing different landscape zones in the triangular concept for different time periods, we can identify and visualize these driving forces through time for this specific landscape. These all play their specific roles in the appearance of the landscape over time in a close mutual interconnection. More importantly, we show that the diverse and complex interplay between these forces makes the current-day landscape what it is. We therefore conclude that the diachronic triangular approach provides a conceptual tool to define and operationalize landscape management in the Wadden Sea area. We welcome similar approaches in other landscapes to assess the usefulness of the diachronic triangular landscape approach.

Landscape dynamics at borderlands: analysing land use changes from Southern Slovenia

Abstract This study presents the results of an in-depth study on landscape changes over the last two centuries in the region of Bela krajina, south-eastern Slovenia. Since this region is situated along the Slovenian–Croatian border, immigration and emigration are permanent fixtures in the region. Due to historical reasons, population structure and land use changes occurred. With regard to these processes, two case studies were selected: settlements of Adlešiči and Bojanci. Adlešiči is a village mainly inhabited by farmers of catholic religion. Bojanci was colonized by Orthodox Uskoki, i.e. refugees from Ottoman Empire who become Habsburg soldiers who lived a military life and had different attitude towards land cultivation. Landscapes in these two settlements have its own distinctive patterns contrasting to each other in the land use, showing historically distinctive cultural landscapes. The study aimed to interpret the development of cultural landscapes in these settlements by analysing the land use changes and identifying the factors that influenced it. Even though these sites have different management regimes, they are both affected by difficult karst terrain and isolation. The results confirmed the land abandonment and overgrowth of agricultural land in both case studies, however, at different rates.

ДОРОГА ЯК ЧАСТИНА КУЛЬТУРНОГО ЛАНДШАФТУ НОРВЕГІЇ: ЗМІНА СВІТОГЛЯДНОЇ ПАРАДИГМИ

The purpose of the article is to describe the trends, particular qualities and functions of Norway’s roads which are parts for cultural landscape development. The research methodology is based on a multidisciplinary approach. This allowed the integration of several methods, including analytical, systematic, interpretive, descriptive, and diachronic, to emphasise the socio-historical context and to study a road as a civilisational phenomenon, where culture and nature meet via a dialogue. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in Ukrainian science, it examines the phenomenon of national tourist roads in Norway as an organisational factor of the cultural landscape. Conclusions. Today in Norway, the roads require convenience, safety, comfort, ethics interaction of road users, knowledge of the cultural landscape, aesthetics and entertainment. Their value for society is activated, accumulated, and actualised. Therefore, it was selected the most impressive examples for the project, where attention is paid to their specificity and originality. Unique items of design and art are offered by corresponding with the uniqueness of nature, precisely to increase its expressiveness. Various methods of subtle visions into nature, demonstrating the transition of culture against the background of eternity have been analysed. Since local and international tourism as a form of leisure time is developing rapidly, it influences the development of tourist roads which stimulates the growth in infrastructure. Their fundamental function is undertaken, and it lies through ecology, information, design, and art. This new form of attitude towards roads does not imply the previously prevailing pragmatic approach. It is noted that changes in society have left a deep imprint, which led to the renewed functions on the road. To solve new approaches, various highly qualified specialists collaborated to achieve the realisation of the idea when the road is combined with logic, aesthetics, and emotions. Their modern solutions got approved, and the Norwegian national project succeeded and expanded the road function. This experience goes beyond the scope of the national project in its significance.

О роли природного окружения в развитии и формировании культурных ландшафтов Гурзуфа и территории МДЦ «Артек»

The article considers the natural, historical and architectural features of the development of cultural landscapes of the ICC «Artek» territory. The analysis of the long history of this unique place on the southern coast of Crimea is presented. A brief analysis of the functional planning zones and a brief description of the existing buildings in Gurzuf and Artek are given. The relationship between the architectural and planning features of the camp territory is shown not only with the history of the development of this area, but also with its landscape features. The architectural features of the construction of a children's camp complex, inscribed in the surrounding natural landscape, are examined in detail. To illustrate the text material, 10 drawings are presented, 22 literary sources are given, conclusions are presented at the end of the article.