Development Of Architecture Research Articles

A hybrid Cycle GAN-based lightweight road perception pipeline for road dataset generation for Urban mobility.

One of the major problems that cause continual trouble in deep learning networks is that training a large network requires massive labelled datasets. The preparation of a massive labelled dataset is a cumbersome task and requires lot of human interventions. This paper proposes a novel generator network 'Sim2Real' transfer is a recent and fast-developing field in machine learning used to bridge the gap between simulated and real data. Training with simulated datasets often converges due to its size but fails to generalize real-world applications. Simulated datasets can be used to train and test deep learning models, enables the development and evaluation of new algorithms and architectures. By simulating road dataset, researchers can generate large amounts of realistic road-traffic dataset that can be used to study and understand several problems such as vehicular object tracking and classification, traffic situation analysis etc. The main advantage of such a transfer algorithm is to use the abundance of a simulated dataset to generate huge realistic-looking datasets to solve data-intense tasks. This work presents a novel, robust sim2real algorithm that converts the labels of a semantic segmentation map to a realistic-looking street view using the Cityscapes dataset and aims to achieve robust urban mobility for smart cities. Further, the generalizability of the Cycle Generative Adversarial Network (CycleGAN) architecture was tested by using an origami robot dataset for sim2real transfer. We show that the results were found to be qualitatively satisfactory for different traffic analysis applications. In addition, road perception was done using a lightweight SVM pipeline and evaluated on the KITTI dataset. We have incorporated Cycle Consistency Loss and Identity Loss as the metrics to evaluate the performance of the proposed Cycle GAN model. We inferred that the proposed Cycle GAN model provides an Identity loss of less than 0.2 in both the Cityscapes dataset and KITTI datasets. Also, we understand that the super-pixel resolution has a good impact on the quantitative results of the proposed Cycle GAN models.

Augmenting Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Security and Efficiency with Blockchain: A Probabilistic Identification and Malicious Node Mitigation Strategy

This manuscript delineates the development of an avant garde dual-layer blockchain architecture, which has been meticulously engineered to augment the security and operational efficacy of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). VANETs, which are integral to the infrastructure of intelligent transport systems, facilitate the critical exchange of information between vehicular nodes. Despite their significance, these networks confront an array of formidable security vulnerabilities. Our innovative approach, employing a dual blockchain framework—the event chain and the reputation chain—meticulously tracks network activities, thereby significantly enhancing the trustworthiness and integrity of the system. This research presents a transformative dual-layer blockchain architecture, which was conceived to address the intricate security challenges pervasive in VANETs. The architecture pivots on a sophisticated reputation assessment framework, thus leveraging the principles of Bayesian inference and the analytical rigor of historical data to markedly diminish observational errors, as well as elevate the accuracy of reputation evaluations for vehicular nodes. A salient feature of our methodology is the implementation of an attenuation factor, which has been deftly calibrated to modulate the impact of historical behaviors on current reputation scores, thereby ensuring their relevance and alignment with recent vehicular interactions. Additionally, the numerical threshold serves as an indispensable mechanism, thus establishing a definitive criterion for the early identification of potentially malicious activities and enabling the activation of proactive security measures to safeguard the network’s integrity. Empirical validation of our dual-layer blockchain model has yielded a remarkable 86% efficacy in counteracting malevolent behaviors, thus significantly outperforming extant paradigms. These empirical outcomes underscore the model’s potential as a vanguard in the domain of secure and efficient reputation management within VANETs, thereby heralding a substantial advancement in the sphere of intelligent transportation systems.

Wang Shu’s promenade of strolling in shan-shui and its dialogue with Le Corbusier’s concept

ABSTRACT The architectural promenade, developed by Le Corbusier, is also a significant design concept in the contemporary architectural works of Wang Shu. This paper focused on Wang Shu’s and Le Corbusier’s promenade concepts aiming to illustrate how Wang’s promenade of strolling in Shan-shui establishes a cross-cultural dialogue with Le Corbusier’s theory. These two promenade approaches appear to have emerged from distinct historical and cultural contexts, with Le Corbusier’s approach rooted in Western modernism and Wang’s approach reflecting the aesthetics of traditional Chinese landscape painting. Seemingly unrelated, a thorough case analysis of Le Corbusier’s Villa La Roche and Wang’s Ningbo Tengtou Pavilion unveiled commonalities in creating picturesque spaces and spatial movement. Furthermore, both promenade approaches trigger discussions on architecture. Whereas Le Corbusier’s architectural promenade facilitated the creation of “new” architecture, Wang was inspired by Le Corbusier’s way of thinking, but aimed to “rebuild a kind of Chinese vernacular architecture” in response to the status quo of China’s urban architectural development. Wang Shu’s promenade opens a spectrum between traditional landscape painting and Le Corbusier’s ideas, showcasing a fusion of influences and inspirations from diverse cultural contexts, while also contributing to an understanding of the integration of Eastern and Western architecture in contemporary discourse.

Development of a neural architecture to predict the thermal conductivity of nanofluids

Development of a neural architecture to predict the thermal conductivity of nanofluids

Level and Program Analytics of MUM-T System

This study establishes the concept and classification system of MUM-T for the operation and development of AI-based complex combat systems. We analyze the core aspects of this system: autonomy, interoperability, and program level. AI MUM-T can improve the survivability of manned systems, expand their operational range, and increase combat effectiveness. We analyze technical challenges and program levels using data from the USA and UK, which are building the AI MUM-T integrated combat system. Currently, MUM-T is at the level of complex operation of a manned platform and an unmanned aerial vehicle platform. In the mid to long term, interoperable communication between heterogeneous platforms such as unmanned ground vehicles, unmanned surface vehicles, and unmanned underwater vehicles is possible. Depending on the level of development of the common architecture and standard protocols for interoperability between AI MUM-T systems, MUM-T can evolve from the “1 to N” concept to various combinations of operating concepts from “N to N.” The difference of this study from existing studies is that the core technologies of the fourth industrial revolution, such as AI, autonomy, and data interoperability, are reflected in the MUM-T system. In addition, an AI-enabled autonomous MUM-T operation and facility classification system was established by reflecting AI and autonomy in the existing unmanned system taxonomy, and the level and program were analyzed taking this into consideration.

PRE-MODERN ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY

This research was created to examine the historical development of architecture before the 18th century which was the beginning of the development of modern architecture (18th century-now) in Europe, America and Asia. This study was made to find out the character of the building and what parameters were often considered by architects of that time to produce a design that was realistic, phenomenal and acceptable to many people. This study uses an objective perception assessment by conducting a literature study from several books and electronic media to investigate the architect's perception of thinking, and what factors are behind the presence of this architectural work. This research also tries to look for similarities, differences and connections that may exist from each period before pre-modern, especially to look at approach models in the context of architectural styles, building functions, values, material selection, utility and established structural systems. It is hoped that the results of this research can be used as mapping material to determine the character of space, form, facade and values used by pre-modern architects in knitting independent themes into one phenomenal formulation of ideas. The results of this study show that the architectural context parameters used in designing buildings in the pre-modern era used different approaches and were heavily influenced by political conditions of power, religious sentiments and beliefs, sectoral and individual egoism and natural and geographical characteristics.

Genome-wide identification of peanut IGT family genes and their potential roles in the development of plant architecture

IGT family genes play essential roles in shaping plant architecture. However, limited amount of information is available about IGT family genes in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). In the current study, 13 AhIGT genes were identified and classified into three groups based on their phylogenetic relationship. Gene structure, conserved domain analyses indicated all AhIGTs were observed to share a similar exon–intron distribution pattern. AhIGTs within the same subfamily maintained a consistent motif composition. Chromosomal localization and synteny analyses showed that AhIGTs were unevenly localized on 9 chromosomes and that segmental duplication and purifying selection may have played important roles in the evolution of AhIGT genes. The analysis of conserved motifs, GO annotation, and transcript profile suggested that AhLAZY1-3 may play roles in gravity sensing and shaping peanut plant architecture. Transcript profile analysis suggested that AhTAC1 could potentially be involved gynophore (‘peg’) penetration into the soil. The cis-element analysis revealed that the light-responsive elements accounted for most of all cis-acting elements. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of several AhIGT genes, like AhTAC1-2/4, was light-dependent, indicating that these genes may regulate plant architecture in response to light signals. This study may facilitate functional studies of the IGT genes in peanut.

Eco-City Planning; concepts and contemporary models

This research is specifically centered on the concepts and contemporary models of eco-city planning. In the current era, there is a notable emergence of innovative city models with a focus on addressing climate-related issues. The drive to create new urban forms and models that concentrate global warming and climate challenges has resulted in the development of contemporary and innovative models, prominently exemplified by the eco-city. Previous studies have underscored the technological, socio-economic, and political aspects of eco-cities. While eco-cities are recognized for their highly technologically innovative approaches, the development of new architectural concept considered a crucial aspect of their design. Beyond technological development, there is a significant emphasis on developing an architectural concept that considers climatic adaptation and sustainability features within a holistic approach. Therefore, the importance of crafting a technologically advanced city conducive to eco-city planning dynamics, especially with a sustainable architectural concept, is highlighted and deemed worthy of research exploration. The study delves into different contemporary eco-city models from diverse climatic regions worldwide to examine their architectural concept development challenges. Notable examples on a global scale, such as the Sino-Singaporean Tianjin Eco-city in China, Masdar City in the United Arab Emirates, and the proposed Istanbul Küçükçekmece Eco-city in Türkiye, are scrutinized. The findings of the research underscore the significance of eco-cities in terms of architectural design and the use of sustainable materials for both sustainability and climate adaptation. These models, which align with technological advancements, emerge as sustainable and climate-sensitive city models. They serve as crucial examples in developing a more sustainable architectural model. Ultimately, the research emphasizes that designing a contemporary eco-city that addresses climatic privileges and without an sustainable architectural concept will not yield a sufficiently effective result.

Perencanaan Arsitektur Enterprise Menggunakan Framework TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework)

PKU Muhammadiyah Mayong Hospital is a health institution that focuses on excellent service to patients. The increasing need for service functions is a driving factor for the application of information technology at PKU Muhammadiyah Mayong Hospital. To support the alignment of the application of information systems with the needs of the hospital, a paradigm called enterprise architecture is needed. This study aims to analyze the planning of enterprise architecture using the Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) framework with the Architecture Development Method (ADM) method at PKU Muhammadiyah Mayong Hospital. TOGAF is a generic architectural framework designed to be used in various types and sizes of organizations. ADM is a method that contains a set of activities used in modeling the development of enterprise architecture. This research is expected to be useful for PKU Muhammadiyah Mayong Hospital to integrate business processes with information technology. At each stage of ADM what is done is the process of identifying problems, analyzing problems and solutions to these problems. In this study the stages used only up to the information system architecture. The results of this study are proposed business architecture, data architecture and application architecture.

Active frequency selective surfaces: a systematic review for sub-6 GHz band

Abstract Radar absorption structures made of an active frequency selective surfaces (AFSS) have enormous potential in the aviation, naval, and other industries. In this research paper, a systematic review (SR) is carried out in the field of the AFSS to bring uncertainties, obstacles, challenges, classifications, applications, and design issues that arrive in the development of the sub-6 GHz architecture. To bias the AFSS component, as per the signal requirements, a unique set of circuits (PIN diode) is required, with ON and OFF state and a transmission zone. The bandwidth of which is determined by the bias voltage supplied. It can behave as a complicated hybrid impedance structure by providing ON and OFF biasing voltage to a PIN diode embodied in an FSS structure. Higher manufacturing costs of AFSS components, more significant complexities involved, a large amount of power consumption, and reactive impedance losses are some common limitations faced while implementing and designing an AFSS. Many envisioned problems are corrected with the AFSS design, current or creative implementations, and processing parameters are investigated progressively. It implies that new AFSSs will be an alternative to regular FSSs in the future. This paper is based on Kitchenham’s three-phase review procedure and supplements it with results, views, and recommendations from other leading experts in the field.

Studi Historis dan Analisis Arsitektur Masjid Jamik Silalas Sei Deli, Kecamatan Medan Barat

The integration of Islamic and cultural values, as well as local values in the Medan Barat Subdistrict, is marked by the emergence of new architectural representations in mosque design within the sacred realm of religious activities. This article examines the historical trajectory and architectural development of Jamik Silalas Sei Deli Mosque in the Medan Barat Subdistrict, encompassing its historical establishment, construction, and changes in the orientation of Islamic architectural styles over time. This study falls under the purview of Islamic architectural history and is a qualitative research endeavor employing historical research methods, including source collection, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, with a specific focus on the Islamic architectural arts. The study reveals that the evolution of Islamic architecture at Jamik Silalas Sei Deli Mosque is influenced by the changing eras and local values in determining the mosque's development model. Furthermore, from a sociological perspective, the values embodied in this architectural art serve as a representation of the social and religious climate, which tends to be integrative within the community.

Leaving no one behind: unveiling gaps in inclusive architecture at the UIA World Congress of architects 2023

PurposeThis article aims to provide an insightful analysis of the UIA World Congress of Architects held in Copenhagen in 2023. The Congress adopted the aspirational motto “Leave no one behind,” prompting debates on how to realize this vision. Six major congress tracks centered on architecture's function in the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Each track focused on a particular design challenge: climate adaptation, circular design strategies, community resilience, public health, inclusive built environments and challenging power structures. There were 250 scholarly papers and pre-and-post-events for further debate on the tracks.Design/methodology/approachThis paper provides an insightful overview of the major panels, analyzes the events' content and analyzes the efficiency of the final ten principles underlining the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, community participation and new design approaches in achieving the SDGs.FindingsOrganizing an inclusive global event is a multifaceted challenge, demanding a careful representation of diverse participants. The selection of an appropriate venue, effective exhibition curation and thoughtful scientific representation play pivotal roles. The exhibition successfully engaged a broad spectrum of attendees. While the structure of six distinct tracks focusing on climate adaptation, resource reevaluation, resilient communities, public health, inclusivity and partnership for change was commendable, an excess of parallel sessions impeded the potential for robust discussions. A more cohesive approach with integrated sessions and flexible timeframes could foster meaningful exchanges, aligning with the essence of the motto “Leave no one behind.” It is suggested to prioritize in-depth engagement over breadth, enabling profound dialogues among stakeholders in shaping the agenda for future congresses.Originality/valueThis paper offers originality through its analysis of the UIA 2023 Congress's major events spotlighting architecture's significance within the UN SDGs. Enriched by the author's active engagement and reflective insights from the event, this paper adds value to the academic dialogue surrounding architecture and sustainable development. Additionally, the insights garnered from this analysis can inform the planning of future congresses and the refinement of guiding principles.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМОТВОРЕННЯ ХРАМОВИХ БУДІВЕЛЬ В ПУБЛІКАЦІЯХ ТА ПЕРІОДИЦІ (суть, значення та проблеми предмету дослідження)

The article analyzes studies and publications on the subject of church architecture, which focus on the planning, volume-spatial features, traditions of the formation and development of wooden and stone church architecture, as well as light, color, material, compositional techniques, and symbolism in the formative vision of the development of Ukrainian church building. Therefore, the problems of the relationship between function and form, architectural form and technique, the problem of the image and the means of its realization, which the architectural form provides, remain relevant to this day. The integral form of an architectural work expresses the peculiarities of its organization and the way it exists in the context of the environment and culture. The form acts as a material embodiment of essential information for the practical activity and spiritual life of people, and as a carrier of aesthetic value and ideological and artistic content of architectural works. Forms are used as a means of communication and expression of relationships between people, and in the case of sacred, temple buildings, as a relationship between people and the Creator. The subordination of the form to certain trends in style creation makes it possible to personally feel the connection of one's object-spatial environment with a wide range of environment and culture. All of this connects the problems of form and form-making with the broadest intentions of reproducing society. Tectonics is also defined as the organization of an expedient and at the same time expressive constructive structure, which is included in the list of means of forming an image. The subject of tectonics is the morphology of a structure that turns into a means of expression. And the ways of expanding this concept at the expense of the regularities of space organization leads to the fact that tectonics loses the specificity of content and is practically superimposed on such a concept as composition. The tectonicity of an architectural form is determined by the use of structural properties as a means of expression, but not the expression of the structural structure itself. The construction as such is a means of realizing the function of architecture, at the same time the function of expressiveness, but not the content that the architectural image should reveal. Therefore, a work of architecture embodies a certain image, an image that contains socially significant content, as a necessary part of its function. But the image also serves as a necessary tool to give the architectural work integrity to an organized, harmonious form. The organization of space and its structuring determine the fundamental basis of architectural composition at any level of environmental systems. The article considers the architecture of the space of church buildings as a category of form that creates a tectonic and volumetric-planning structure in church building. The article shows the peculiarities of forming in the architecture of church buildings and the compositional structure, which is determined through mass, space and surface and through such creative components as idea-form-function-value-sign (symbol).

ВІЗІЯ ІДЕАЛЬНОГО СВІТУ: КОНЦЕПЦІЯ «BROADACRE CITY» ФРЕНКА ЛЛОЙДА РАЙТА

In the first half of the 20th century, architects and urban planners actively sought alternative models of urban life, sought to rethink the anthropogenic environment. American architect F. Lloyd Wright proposed the «Broadacre City» concept, which was described in his book «The Disappearing City». This concept is a reflection of the author's utopian vision of improving the social system, ensuring the equality of citizens and moving away from overpopulated cities. The aim of this article is: to determine the main characteristics of F. Lloyd Wright's utopian concept «Broadacre city»; to highlight the architectural features of various types of buildings and structures; to compare his work with the works of utopians who could have an influence on the concept. F. Lloyd Wright proposes to give each citizen of the country a plot of 1 acre for housing and farming, and the rest of the territory to be evenly distributed among public buildings and structures, namely: airfields, power plants, hotels, offices, farms, factories, hospitals, public centers, schools and universities, shopping and entertainment centers and gas stations. The article highlighted the leading signs that demonstrate the utopian nature of the concept, namely: the presence of features of transcendentalism, egalitarianism, economic self-sufficiency of the proposed urban formations, decentralization and adaptability and flexibility of urban planning solutions. F. Lloyd Wright's work is compared with the works of utopians who could influence the concept of «Broadacre city»: R. Owen, S. Fourier, E. Cabet, E. Bellamy, W. Morris, E. Howard. This demonstrates that nominally this concept has all the features of a utopia, except for those that are not considered characteristic of architectural and urban development, namely: there is no clearly defined political ideology, no prediction of the behavioral habits of the inhabitants, and no carefully developed economic system.

ДЕКОРАТИВНІ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ ПОСТМОДЕРНІСТСЬКИХ БУДИНКІВ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ АРХІТЕКТУРНОЇ ШКОЛИ

This study summarizes the results of the analysis of three dozen architectural objects in Lviv based on which presents architectural school in Lviv and its transition towards postmodern stylistics. The article considers the analysis of the phenomenon of postmodern architecture, in particular one of the key issues of the discussion with modernism - the possibility and nature of decorating the facades of buildings. Firstly, the role of geometric-decorative ornamentation as an indicator of the emergence of the so-called "Carpathian style," considered a proto-postmodernism, into a full-fledged postmodern architectural language was identified. Subsequently, the gradual disappearance of this ornamentation served as an indicator of the return to modernist paradigms, albeit in a significantly distinct form from the late Soviet neoclassicism. Additionally, the presence of such decorative elements in the Lviv context suggests that the same fundamental factors contributing to the development of postmodernism in North America and Europe were at play in this region. Secondly, the artistic and compositional peculiarities of postmodern decorative motifs in the Lviv architectural school were investigated. It was found that the architects from Lviv occupied a complex and ambivalent position concerning their search for alternatives to modernism. While their fundamental design principles and concepts displayed clear contrasts, on the level of details, particularly in decorative elements, they actively drew from modernist culture, specifically abstract art. Finally, potential directions for further research on the phenomenon of postmodernism in Lviv were outlined, with a specific focus on evaluating the decorative language of buildings from that era. The study proposes the hypothesis that during the 1990s to the early 2010s, a distinct system of geometric-decorative ornamentation might have begun to take shape within the Lviv architectural school. However, this development did not progress further due to the shift in design approaches and the adoption of neo-modernist architectural language. Further exploration of this aspect may shed light on the unique architectural developments in Lviv during that period.

Overexpression of SlCRF6 in tomato inhibits leaf development and affects plant morphology

Cytokinin response factors (CRFs) are transcription factors (TFs) that are specific to plants and have diverse functions in plant growth and stress responses. However, the precise roles of CRFs in regulating tomato plant architecture and leaf development have not been comprehensively investigated. Here, we identified a novel CRF, SlCRF6, which is involved in the regulation of plant growth via the gibberellin (GA) signaling pathway. SlCRF6-overexpressing (SlCRF6-OE) plants displayed pleiotropic phenotypic changes, including reduced internode length and leaf size, which caused dwarfism in tomato plants. This dwarfism could be alleviated by application of exogenous GA3. Remarkably, quantitative real-time PCR (qRTPCR), a dual luciferase reporter assay and a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay revealed that SlCRF6 promoted the expression of SlDELLA (a GA signal transduction inhibitor) in vivo. Furthermore, transgenic plants displayed variegated leaves and diminished chlorophyll content, resulting in decreased photosynthetic efficiency and less starch than in wild-type (WT) plants. The results of transient expression assays and Y1H assays indicated that SlCRF6 suppressed the expression of SlPHAN (leaf morphology-related gene). Collectively, these findings suggest that SlCRF6 plays a crucial role in regulating tomato plant morphology, leaf development, and the accumulation of photosynthetic products.

How a high-modernism project in South Korea failed: Sewoon Sangga (1966–1972), the first experimental modern planning

PurposeThis study defines and critically analyzes Korean high modernism using the Sewoon Sangga project as a case study, as it has significant value in Korea's urban and architectural history.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology applied for this study was a theory-interpretive analysis. This study examines the modernization process of Seoul based on the concept of “high modernism,” in that the theory-interpretive analysis method analyzes historical phenomena centered on a specific concept.FindingsAs a form of national belief, the various ideas that give birth to modern cities are defined as “high modernism.” As a Korean megastructure, the Sewoon Sangga project is significant in the history of Korean urbanism and architecture because it is the archetype of Korean high modernism and is representative of South Korea's compressed economic growth. However, soon-to-be-demolished Sewoon Sangga signifies the failure of Korean high modernism. This study identified the critical characteristics of Korean high modernism through the Sewoon Sangga project.Originality/valueThis study analyzed a representative Asian city through the specific concept of high modernism. It transpired that high modernism, which played an important role in the birth and development of modern cities, should be transformed for future cities and architectural development. This study has significance in that it expands the study of the history of urbanism and architecture centered on the West to the same in Asia.

Comparative analysis of classification techniques for topic-based biomedical literature categorisation.

Introduction: Scientific articles serve as vital sources of biomedical information, but with the yearly growth in publication volume, processing such vast amounts of information has become increasingly challenging. This difficulty is particularly pronounced when it requires the expertise of highly qualified professionals. Our research focused on the domain-specific articles classification to determine whether they contain information about drug-induced liver injury (DILI). DILI is a clinically significant condition and one of the reasons for drug registration failures. The rapid and accurate identification of drugs that may cause such conditions can prevent side effects in millions of patients. Methods: Developing a text classification method can help regulators, such as the FDA, much faster at a massive scale identify facts of potential DILI of concrete drugs. In our study, we compared several text classification methodologies, including transformers, LSTMs, information theory, and statistics-based methods. We devised a simple and interpretable text classification method that is as fast as Naïve Bayes while delivering superior performance for topic-oriented text categorisation. Moreover, we revisited techniques and methodologies to handle the imbalance of the data. Results: Transformers achieve the best results in cases if the distribution of classes and semantics of test data matches the training set. But in cases of imbalanced data, simple statistical-information theory-based models can surpass complex transformers, bringing more interpretable results that are so important for the biomedical domain. As our results show, neural networks can achieve better results if they are pre-trained on domain-specific data, and the loss function was designed to reflect the class distribution. Discussion: Overall, transformers are powerful architecture, however, in certain cases, such as topic classification, its usage can be redundant and simple statistical approaches can achieve compatible results while being much faster and explainable. However, we see potential in combining results from both worlds. Development of new neural network architectures, loss functions and training procedures that bring stability to unbalanced data is a promising topic of development.

Undecorated Tomb No. 18 at Beni Hassan and the Succession of Its Ruling Family


 
 
 The uninscribed and unfinished tomb No. 18 at Beni Hassan represents a key to understanding the architectural development of the tombs in this site as well as to the study of the succession of members of the nomarchic family of the 16th Upper Egyptian province. The location, approach, and design of the chapel, as well as the number and type of architraves and columns place the tomb immediately after the neighbouring one, No. 17, of Khety I, and make it likely that it belonged to the latter’s son, Khety II. It is argued that following the successive deaths of Khety I and Khety II, probably due to the bellicose conditions at the time, Khnumhotep I of tomb No. 14, a likely son or descendant of Baqet III of tomb No. 15, became a governor and cut his tomb adjacent to that of the latter. The architectural and artistic similarities between the two tombs are striking. An examination of the skeletal remains of Baqet II, Khety I, and probably Khety II, shows evidence of a possible involvement in wars and indicates that they died at young age. The representation of specific individuals and certain themes in a number of tombs at Beni Hassan suggests that these tombs belonged to members of the same family and that all date to a relatively short period in the second half of the Eleventh Dynasty and the first half of the Twelfth.
 
 

From “prototype” to “model”: Architectural and spatial development of Block A (1924–1945) of Istanbul's Heybeliada Sanatorium

This article examines Block A, the first block-style building in Heybeliada Sanatorium in Istanbul. The purpose of this research is to understand its architectural and spatial development and discuss how in fact it was a “prototype” of Turkish sanatoria. Approached with a three-step methodology (documentation/evaluation/results) this research conducts architectural and spatial analysis on Block A. Primary sources like architectural documentation and restitution drawings, the writings of the institution's head doctor Tevfik İsmail Gökçe, periodicals on tuberculosis (TB), as well as pertinent literature are utilized. The findings demonstrate that Block A's development (1924–1945) was the result of knowledge transfer that introduced the universal sanatorium design principles, spatial experiments, adaptation to sociocultural norms, and trial-and-error processes. Not only it had a major impact on shaping of the second block-type building in the complex, the “model” Block B, but it also became exemplary of the subsequent Turkish sanatoria. The originality of this article is its exploration of the changing and evolving Block A in its resonation with the cultural tensions of Turkey's modernization process. This was established via the assessment of budgetary issues, medical developments and climatic experiments, the social issue of scarcity of TB beds in the country, spatial practices to separate the sexes as reflections of local traditions and culture in the shaping of spaces.