Development Of Agriculture In Russia Research Articles

Lean production at agro-industrial enterprises: Efficiency and limitations in present-day developments

Subject. This article discusses the issues of optimization of production processes and the development of agriculture in Russia in the context of international sanctions. Objectives. The article aims to find relevant tools and methods for implementing the concept of lean manufacturing in the activities of Russian agro-industrial enterprises. Methods. For the study, we used the general scientific research methods. Results. The article presents calculations to reduce the labor intensity of production processes by reducing the duration of equipment changeover and determines the economic effect. The article also reveals restrictions on the implementation of lean manufacturing projects due to the current foreign economic situation. Conclusions. The results of the study can be used to develop projects for the development of agricultural engineering and the agro-industrial complex as a whole.

К вопросу использования маргинальных земель с участием иммигрантов

Abstract. The purpose of the work is to identify the importance of reducing marginal lands that have an internal or peripheral location in the state (district) not used for various reasons through the mechanism of state migration policy and the state program for effective involvement in the turnover of agricultural land. Methods. The methods of system analysis, comparative analysis, structural analysis, systematization, generalization, analogy, comparison of domestic and foreign experience, assessment of the legal framework are used. Results. The conceptual aspects of marginality and processes of marginalization in society, the behavior of a marginal person focused on ending the conflict or giving the conflict a different meaning are analyzed. It is proposed to consider marginal territories located on the remote periphery of the region or in internal isolated places, lagging behind in development relative to the entire region, lands that were previously agricultural lands. It has been substantiated that when considering this problem from the standpoint of the economy, the concentration of the rural population on less favorable or marginal agricultural lands is a barometer of the development of the economy as a whole. The dependence of attracting labor to the agrarian sphere of the economy on depopulation and low birth rate in the country is revealed. The idea of revising the Concept of Demographic Development in Russia which would comprehensively take into account the conceptual aspects of the new migration policy, the targeted development of marginal lands including with a wider involvement of migrants and immigrants in the context of the development of rural areas is proposed. Based on official data it has been confirmed that unused agricultural land in Russia accounts for 11.8 % of the total area of such land. 16.5 % of agricultural land and 16.6 % of arable land are not used. Proposals have been formulated regarding the improvement of domestic legislation to create the necessary conditions for attracting immigrants from Ukraine and other states to agriculture. The results of long-term studies of scientists who noted that migration ties between Ukraine and Russia have always been dense due to geographical and ethno-cultural proximity are confirmed. The argument about the adoption of a special state program for the development of marginal lands with the wide involvement of migrants is supported by data on the current state and the need for further sustainable development of Agriculture in Russia. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the special relevance of involving marginal lands in the turnover with their provision to persons who have expressed a desire to obtain Russian citizenship and then on an ongoing basis to develop the allocated resources in the agrarian sphere of the economy.

Digitalization of agriculture in Russia: Current state, problems and prospects of development

The article examines the main trends in the development of agriculture in Russia, their positive orientation is noted, despite the threats and challenges that arise in the process of its progressive development. From the standpoint of an integrated approach, the problem field of this important sector of the national economy has been formed, which includes such interrelated components as: the retirement of large agricultural areas from business turnover; low rates of updating equipment for the industry; insufficient level of development of small farming forms in rural areas; low level of development of infrastructure organizations; lack of cheap investments for the industry development; low rates of digital transformation of business processes of agricultural production. The necessity of intensifying scientific research in terms of the digital transformation of the agricultural sector of the country is noted and a set of issues that are the most controversial on the analyzed problem is highlighted, including the state of the legislative framework; state support; personnel support for digitalization, the use of foreign experience, methodological support; strategic prospects. For each of the directions, the author's position is proposed, formed considering current state of digitalization in country regions and possibilities of its resource provision

Инновационное развитие сельского хозяйства России: современное состояние и меры поддержки

The relevance of the research lies in the need to overcome the dependence of Russian agriculture on imports of foreign technologies. The country has problems with effective interaction between enterprises and research institutions in R&D, knowledge sharing and commercialization and possibly marketing activities. The aim is to identify the factors that hinder the innovative development of agriculture in Russia through support, and to propose measures to improve its effectiveness. The current number of results of intellectual activities is not sufficient for Russia with such a large potential of agro-industrial sector. Its positive dynamics is due to the low base effect and increased government funding of scientific organizations. Russia has two poles of farms in terms of the level of implementation of innovative technologies. Small farms are less active in mastering them, in contrast to large farms. The study uses comparative analysis, monographic method, and expert evaluation method. Firstly, the paper reveals the extent of intellectual activity in Russian agriculture. Secondly, the survey demonstrates the dynamics of the level of innovation activity of organizations in Russian agriculture. Thirdly, the research presents the specific weight of subsidies in the total amount of expenditures on innovation activity. Fourthly, the article outlines the place of financing of research and institutes, education in the structure of support of general services in Russia. Fifthly, the author gives the recommendations on improving the efficiency of innovation support.

EVOLUTION OF THE SOIL LAND USE (DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN EXPERIENCE)

The production of crop production depends on the condition and level of use of agricultural land. (Research purpose) The research purpose is identifying general trends in the change of acreage from 1920 to 2020. (Materials and methods) We have identified three historical periods of the development of land use by soil lands. Characterized the reforms of the formation and development of agriculture in Russia (Results and discussion) A retrospective analysis of the dynamics of the acreage of agricultural crops of three time historical periods was carried out. It was established that in the first historical period (1920-1941), as a result of collectivization and industrialization of agriculture, the area of agricultural land increased from 113.0 to 150.4 million hectares. It was revealed that in the II historical period (1945-1990), the development of virgin and fallow lands increased the area of agricultural land by 56.7 million hectares and in 1960 amounted to 203 million hectares. The peak values of the increase were observed in 1985 - 210.3 million hectares. It was noted that in the III historical period (1991-2021) there is a systematic reduction of the tractor fleet, which led to the disposal of agricultural land. If in 1990 the acreage was 117.7 million hectares, then in 2020 this indicator decreased by 37.8 million hectares and amounted to 79.9. (Conclusions) It was established that the reproduction process in agriculture is impossible without land resources. Of the lost 32.68 million hectares of land, it is necessary to restore and return to active agricultural use, first of all, the most valuable lands for agriculture - arable land, pastures and hayfields.

The development of agriculture in Russia under sanctions

The development of agriculture in Russia under sanctions

Use of peat in Russian agriculture: Current condition and prospects

Russia possesses huge resources of peat – a natural raw material for the production of organic fertilizers, the use of which ensures an increase in the biological and energy capacity of agrocenoses, and the reproduction of soil fertility. Renewal and stimulation of agricultural peat utilization, as well as increase in grain output should hasten and facilitate the food and environment security of Russia. The article analyzes briefly the current peat industry and offers a substantiation of the main directions of peat use in the agro-industrial complex on an ecological and economic basis. The implementation of the proposals will go under increasing environmental, economic, technological, informational and competitive advertising requirements. The general conceptions are meant for the multi-structure agriculture and competent peat management not only at large agricultural companies, but also at farm households and private subsidiary plots, taking into account a wide range of levels of their organizational and financial capabilities in the emerging dynamic market conditions. Particular attention is paid to resource conservation, environmental and technological aspects of peat utilization, as well as to the choice of ways of using available peat resources in the productional bioanthropogenic cycle of substances in agriculture with the participation of the chemical industry in grain production. The ranges of using peat and peat soils in agriculture are broad and integrated. Peat effectively ensures circulation of nutrients, maintains high soil fertility, and plays an important role in the environmental protection. At the same time, in the years of intensive agricultural production and widespread use of mineral fertilizers, and then in the subsequent years of a general decline in the development of agriculture in Russia, the valuable experience gained in the use of peat was largely lost. The purpose of this study is to review agricultural peat utilization, develop methods for the rational use of peat resources and to promote advancement of Russian agriculture.

M.I. Kozyr's Agrarian Law Ideas are Confirmed

The works and activities of M.I. Kozyr, Doctor of Law, Professor, remain in the history of agrarian, land, and environmental law. Mikhail Kozyr's initiative, energy, organizational abilities were manifested in creative scientific and practical searches, numerous articles, textbooks, comments on laws, making legislative proposals, trips with scientific landings to republics, territories and regions of the USSR, on foreign business trips, participation in Italian and European agrarian unions. He appreciated, developed, promoted and taught collective farm – agricultural – agrarian law; developed new approaches to the legal provision of food security in Russia, clarifying the subject and methods, improving the quality of acts of agrarian law, implementing the norms of civil, administrative, land legislation in the legal institutions of agrarian law. M.I. Kozyr sought the restoration of agrarian law as a teaching discipline in law higher educational institutions. Currently, the ideas of M.I. Kozyr are recognized in the Russian legal, agrarian community: agriculture is included in paragraph "d" of Article 72 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and it's subjects ; agriculture is included in the nomenclature of scientific specialties for the defense of dissertations; the multi-vector nature and importance of studying legal issues of agriculture, justification of ways to improve efficiency of legal regulation of economic activity in the agricultural sector of the economy. The professor's followers and students continue to provide scientific and legal support for the development of agriculture in Russia.

Influence of biopreparations on formation of elements of productivity of spring barley

Relevance. The strategy for the development of agriculture in Russia and its biologization determine the relevance of our research. Empirical studies are aimed at studying the effect of biological preparations on the formation of elements of the structure of the yield of spring barley. The data presented in the work continues the research carried out in 2016–2020 in the Rostov region.Methods. Studied biopreparations are: Biodux; Trainer; Artafite; Obereg; Fulvogumate. Control — water treatment. Spraying was carried out according to the recommendations for the use of preparations: 1st — in the tillering phase, 2nd — in the heading phase. The total area under the experiments is 600 m2, the area of each variant is 25 m2, the replication is 4 times. The link in the crop rotation is “sunflower — spring barley”. The soils of the experimental plot are ordinary chernozem. Used variety is Leon.Results. In 2021, full sprouting of barley was observed on the 8th day after sowing. This is due to sufficient warming up of the sowing layer of soil (+8 °C) and moisture 28 mm (in a layer of 0–10 cm). Studies have shown that field germination of barley was 88%. The use of biological products influenced the survival rate of plants to harvest which wasmore than 80%. In the variants with the use of Biodux and Obereg, this figure was 86 and 87%, respectively. Biopreparations stimulated the growth of productive stems, productive bushiness increased in comparison with the control (1,21) to 1,28–1,33. The mass of a thousand grains in the variants exceeded the control, especially with the use of Obereg — 45,6 g, which is 2,9 g more than the control. The number of grains in an ear ranged from 17,7 to 18 pieces, which is on average 1 piece more than in the control. The highest productivity was formed by barley plants under the influence of the biopreparations Obereg and Biodux. Thus, the increase in productivity under the influence of biological products due to all elements of the productivity of barley plants has been reliably proven.

Состояние и перспективы сотрудничества в сфере сельского хозяйства китайской провинции Хэйлунцзян и России

The Heilongjiang Province is the province of China that pioneered agricultural cooperation with Russia. After many years of development in the field of agriculture between the Heilongjiang Province and Russia, great results have been achieved, such as diversification of economic entities, diversification of forms of cooperation, constant and continuous expansion of areas of cooperation, etc. However, there are also the following problems: the first is the limited transit of labor and technical personnel; the second is the high cost of transit of agricultural machinery and auxiliary agricultural implements; the third is the difficult obtaining of financing for Chinese enterprises for the development of agriculture in Russia. Agricultural cooperation between the Heilongjiang Province and Russia has been hit hard since the start of the global epidemic of coronavirus pneumonia. However, against the backdrop of joint construction by Russia and China of the «Belt and Road» cooperation between two countries is a general trend, cooperation in the field of agriculture is still important for two countries to achieve mutual benefits and win-win results, and the field of action and prospects are very broad.

Estimation of the initial material of spring barley for adaptability to arid conditions of the Stavropol territory

Grain production stabilization is one of the main criteria for the development of agriculture in Russia. In this regard, in modern breeding, when developing varieties, considerable attention must be paid to their adaptability, i.e. parameters that ensure stable productivity in various growing conditions. The purpose of the current study was to estimate the spring barley samples according to the trait ‘yield’ for adaptability to the arid conditions of the Stavropol Territory and their further use in breeding work. The material for the study were 86 spring barley samples. In order to determine the stability, there was used a variance coefficient (V%) according to the method of B.A. Dospekhov (2014). The ecological adaptability (bi) and the environment index (Ij) were determined according to the method of S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell (1966) as presented by V.Z. Pakudin (1984). Homeostaticity (Hom) was assessed according to the method of V.V. Hangildin (1981). Stress resistance was determined according to the equations of A.A. Rosielle and J. Hamblin as presented by A.A. Goncharenko (2005). There were identified the highly productive samples ‘Mamlyuk’ (389 g/m2) and ‘Stirling’ (378 g/m2), possessing high responsiveness to improving environmental conditions (bi = 1.44–1.21), variability (V = 58.9–51,2%) and low stress resistance (Ymin – Ymax = -538–488). Such genotypes are capable of forming high yields in favorable conditions and may be of interest for breeding high-intensity varieties. The samples weakly responsive to changes in growing conditions were distinguished by high stability and homeostaticity according to the trait ‘yield’, namely ‘Nutans 74840’ (Hom = 2.88; V = 38.4%) and ‘Veles’ (Hom = 2.56; V = 38.5%), as well as the adaptable variety ‘Getman’ (Hom = 2.89; V = 40.6%). These samples are the most adaptive to the arid conditions of the Stavropol Territory and regions with similar cultivation conditions. They are recommended for use in breeding work.

Assessment of the Development of Agriculture in Russia Based on the System of National Accounting

The growing interest both in our country and throughout the world in agriculture as an economic activity of strategic importance for ensuring food independence of the country determines the relevance of research on devising approaches to the analysis of its development using statistical methods. The authors’ approaches to assessing the development of agriculture in Russia based on data from the system of national accounts, including input-output tables, presented in this paper, make it possible to characterize the dynamics of the formation and use of output and gross value added (GVA) of the agricultural sector of the economy (including in the institutional context); assess the demand for each of the presented products within the industry and in the intermediate consumption of other industries; to identify structural changes in the composition of intermediate consumption in the production of goods; determine the trends and prospects for the development of agriculture on their basis.As part of the study, the authors disclosed additional analytical capabilities of statistical databases that include agricultural censuses and current accounting data in the system of macroeconomic indicators and allow for a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of agricultural development. The calculated coefcients of direct costs ranged in the form of time series, analysis of the structure of intermediate consumption made it possible to identify the features of the development of the Russian agricultural sector and the directions for improving its economic and statistical analysis. The authors argue for the need to take into account the phenomenon of multistructure of agriculture in Russia to calculate the gross value added produced in the sector of peasant farms, subsidiary farms, separately small and large agricultural organizations, including holdings, with the obligatory comparison of the selling prices of their products used when calculating output and GVA. A proposal was made to include a table with additional information on labor costs and consumption of feed, fertilizers, electricity, and other basic resources in physical terms in the system of input-output tables by industry.

Agrarian reforms of Russia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in the coverage of economists of the XX century

The article analyses the features of the development of agriculture in Russia at the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. The paper studies and considers attempts to solve the agrarian issue in the specified period. The study considers the course and results of the reform of 1861, as well as economic reforms of the beginning of the 20th century. The author gives an assessment of these reforms, as well as the situation of the peasantry made by the leading economists of that time: N.D. Kondrat'ev, S.L. Maslov, A.V. Peshekhonov, A.V. Chayanov, and also analyses the measures aimed at alleviating the situation of the peasantry and solving the agrarian problems of that period. The research paper also presents a comparative analysis of the consequences of the 1861 reform, its impact on the solution of the agrarian issue in different parts of the Russian Empire, in particular in Poland after the Polish Uprising of 1863.

Analysis of the development of agriculture in Russia during the pandemic

The article is devoted to the study of the results of agricultural production in the context of economic and social constraints during the COVID-19 pandemic. The main objective of the study is to determine the factors that form the stability of the agricultural sector during crisis periods in the country’s economy in order to stimulate their development and strengthen, as well as to identify the negative features of agricultural sectors that reduce the growth rate of production volumes and the development of this type of activity. Based on the analysis of time series, the features of the influence of crisis situations in the economy as a whole on the production of agricultural products are revealed, the rates of change in the indicators of the conditions and results of the production of crop and livestock products are determined. The use of the grouping method made it possible to establish differences in the reaction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to the pandemic crisis, to determine the location of production in a large territory with different climatic conditions as one of the favorable factors for the formation of the stability of the agricultural sector. The dependence of agricultural sectors on imported resources (seed and planting material, herbicides, chemicals, etc.), as well as the low level of use of digital technologies in the production and sale of products, were noted as unfavorable factors that hinder the development of the industry.

ОЦЕНКА ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКИ РОССИЙСКИХ СЕЛЬХОЗТОВАРОПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЕЙ

The methodological support for improving the efficiency of the use of budget funds in the framework of state support to domestic agricultural producers is considered. It is proposed to expand the system of criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of state support funds both at the regional level and at the level of individual entrepreneurs. The calculations of indicators on the example of the Orenburg region are given. The approach to the distribution of subsidies between regions, linking the amount of state support to the fulfillment of certain conditions and obligations by agricultural producers, is aimed at increasing attention to ensuring favorable conditions for the development of agriculture in Russia at the state level and to justify the amounts of budget expenditures for the implementation of programs.

Professional and Public Accreditation as An Assessment of Agricultural Educational Program Quality in Russia

The aim of the study is to substantiate methodological approaches to the agricultural educational program development on the basis of a modular-competence-based approach, which provides training for the experts of the agricultural industry, capable of implementing a federal scientific and technical program in the future for the development of agriculture in Russia, taking into account the requirements of professional standards. Professional and public accreditation of agricultural educational programs will allow for an external examination of the educational program implementation level and quality in accordance with approved professional standards and develop recommendations aimed at student training level improvement. The study defines the role of professional and public accreditation provision in the interaction between the labor market and the vocational education system. The authors substantiated the modular-competence-based approach to the development of educational programs that contributes to human capital quality improvement in agriculture. In this paper, an algorithm has been developed to expert training quality improvement.In general, the result of the work will contribute to the training of personnel for the industry and will ensure the achievement of a balance of qualifications between the labor market and agricultural education.
 
 
 Keywords: Accreditation, Agriculture, Education quality, Educational programs, Professional qualifications.

A.V. CHAYANOV ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FARMING IN RUSSIA

The article considers the model of development of agricultural enterprises in Russia, proposed by the outstanding agricultural economist A.V. Chayanov. The authors demonstrate the relevance of A.V. Chayanov's ideas for solving modern problems of import substitution and ensuring food security facing domestic agriculture. It is argued that today the socio-economic model of agricultural enterprises in Russia, developed by A.V. Chayanov in the 1920s-1930s, is still extremely relevant and in demand. According to Chayanov, the core of such the model is a family labor-based peasant farm. The authors claim that A.V. Chayanov used a large factual material to prove that the way to increase the efficiency and innovative development of agriculture in Russia lies through the increase and strengthening of farms, their support at the government level, as well as their association into production and consumer cooperatives. A.V. Chayanov strongly opposed the nationalization of agricultural cooperatives, he warned that the state could not directly manage agricultural production. The state can and should create favorable conditions for the development of family labor-based peasant farms and agricultural cooperatives: improve the regulatory framework for agricultural activities, create social infrastructure in rural areas, regulate the taxation of peasant farms and agricultural cooperatives, regulate social and labor relations in agricultural production, implement targeted subsidies in lean years or in the event of emergency circumstances.

The Human Factor in the Development of Agriculture in Russia in Modern Conditions

The article reviews the role of the human factor in the development of agriculture in modern Russia. The system of education of agricultural personnel and the specifics of workers employed in the agricultural sector are characterized. The article emphasizes the need to improve the quality of education as an integral condition for the innovative development of agriculture. There is a relatively low, in comparison with workers in other sectors of the Russian Federation, the level of wages both in the agricultural sector and in the field of training agricultural personnel. The author analyzes the influence of the monopsony nature of the labor market in the agricultural sector on the low level of wages. The data showing the insufficient financing of the sphere of training of agricultural workers are given. The measures are given, which are necessary both for the development of research work of students and for increasing the level of their professional training. The system of training scientific personnel in the agricultural sphere of activity is analyzed. The article characterizes the financial condition of agricultural organizations and its influence on solving the problems of stimulating labor in agricultural production. The author gives conclusions and proposals for the development of a system for training qualified personnel employed in the agricultural sector.

The role of innovations in the development of agriculture in Russia

This article is intended to substantiate the role of innovations in the development of agriculture in Russia. The authors of the article focused on identifying the importance of innovative techniques and technologies in the modern development of the agricultural industry. The current directions of innovative developments in the agricultural sector in Russia have been identified and investigated. The conditions for achieving effective implementation of digital land use projects are presented; “Smart field”; “Smart garden; Smart farm. The experience and level of development of innovative techniques and technologies in foreign countries are considered. An up-to-date list of both Russian and foreign manufacturers of innovative developments, the buyers of which are domestic agricultural organizations, is presented. The factors that hinder the active implementation of innovations in the activities of agricultural entities in Russia have been identified. A diagram of the relationship between the components of the process of creating and applying innovative technologies has been developed. Also the author’s schematic position of the role and place of innovations in the process of creating and applying innovative technologies is presented. As a result of the research, there were given recommendations for eliminating the identified problems in the field of introducing innovative techniques and technologies in agricultural production.

Budget support as a tool for innovative and technological development of agriculture in Russia

The article is devoted to budget support as the main tool of innovative and technological development of agriculture in Russia within the framework of the State Program. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of subsidizing preferential investment loans aimed at modernizing the material and technical base of agricultural production. The assessment of the state of material and technical support of agricultural production in Russia in comparison with other countries of the world is given. The composition and structure of the limits of the resource provision of the departmental project “Stimulating investment activity in the agro-industrial complex” for 2017-2019 is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of preferential investment lending. The dynamics of the purchase of agricultural machinery in the Russian Federation is presented, taking into account the new mechanism of state support that encourages the technical re-equipment of the industry. The rating of the leading credit and financial organizations of Russia participating in the implementation of the mechanism of preferential investment lending is presented. The composition and structure of concessional investment loans have been studied. The article describes the practice of updating the material and technical base of agriculture through Resolution No. 1432 and the system of JSC “Rosagroleasing”.