Development Of 5G Research Articles

Chinese Shallow Semantic Parsing Based on Multi-method of Machine Learning

With the rapid development of 5G+ information intelligence, higher requirements are put forward for accurate and efficient semantic annotation methods. Semantic role annotation for any single method at present has its obvious and complementary advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this paper attempts to introduce the above three mainstream and stable annotation methods into each task of semantic role annotation, and designs a Chinese semantic role annotation that integrates multi-method. This method integrates the statistical-based linear sequence method, the rule-based hierarchical tree method and the most advanced deep learning in the four processing modules of semantic role annotation. Multi-level linguistic features are introduced into the feature arrangement of the model to realize the mutual combination of multiple modules. Experiments show that the modular fusion of steps and methods effectively improves the annotation performance of each step of annotation.

Digital Transformation and Economic Contributions of 5G Networks

The advent of 5G is more than just a generational step; it opens up a new world of possibilities for every industry. It represents a fundamental transformation of the role that mobile technology plays in society. As 5G becomes a reality, it will impact us on a massive scale, especially in the workplace. The purpose of this paper is to do a systematic literature review and explore how 5G can enable or streamline intelligent automation and why the development and implementation of 5G are crucial to where the authors will find themselves in the coming years. This paper reviews the evolution and development of various generations of mobile wireless technology, underscores the importance of 5G revolutionary networks, reviews its critical enabling technologies, examines its trends and adaptation challenges, explores its applications in different industries, including Industry 4.0 and digital marketing, and highlights its role in digital transformation based on the latest research activity in the field.

On-Demand Efficient Clustering for Next Generation IoT Applications: A Hybrid NN Approach

The internet-of-things(IoT) extends the traditional Internet and realizes the interconnection of all things in a smart way. With the rapid development of 5G and beyond communication technology, the number of users and demands for IoT applications has increased significantly along with resource constraints networking in the communication systems. The next generation IoT applications challenges these issue using smarter cooperative communication with large heterogeneous clusters along in par with traditional IoT systems. The proposed work illustrates a hybrid neural network (NN) model for dynamic clustering for efficient next generation IoT applications. A dynamic cluster model based on hybrid NN optimization is proposed along with the Gaussian copula technique for realizing the correlation between the clusters for efficient cooperative communication. The mathematical analysis and simulation results show that the model maximizes the amount of information in the cluster and balances the resource allocation among nodes to improve the life of the entire network.

Optimization of Data Exchange in 5G Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Edge Networks

In recent years, intelligent transportation systems are a vital part of the development of smart cities. In intelligent transportation systems, it is necessary for each vehicle to know the states of all other running vehicles within a range, depends on the road speed limit. The states include location, travelling direction, speed, and possibly other useful information. Knowing the states of surrounding vehicles is critical in high-risk locations, such as traffic intersections and roundabouts. The development of 5G and its technologies, such as massive multiple-input multiple-output antenna, enables a new communication model, termed vehicle-to-infrastructure edge network (V2IEN), to achieve the above communication goal. In this paper, we study the optimization of the data throughput of the proposed V2IENs in 5G with the Time Division Duplex scheme. We show that due to the nature of information flow in the proposed V2IENs, the uplink and downlink traffic loads are asymmetric. This asymmetric characteristic allows maximizing the degrees of freedom of the V2IENs by optimizing the time-slot resources for uplink and downlink transmission. In this work, we present the sum-DoF capacity of the V2IENs with proof. We demonstrate that a significant DoF gain is achieved for the V2IENs by carefully allocate the system transmission time resources. We further propose an iterative algorithm for network sum-rate maximization via the optimization of the vehicle and base station precoders. Numerical results demonstrate that a careful design of the precoders at the base station and at the vehicles can considerably improve the V2IENs performance.

Real-Time Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11p EDCA Mechanism for IoV in a Highway Environment

With the development of 5G, the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) evolves to be one important component of the Internet of Things (IoT), where vehicles and public infrastructure communicate with each other through a IEEE 802.11p EDCA mechanism to support four access categories (ACs) to access a channel. Due to the mobility of the vehicles, the network topology is time varying and thus incurs a dynamic network performance. There are many works on the stationary performance of 802.11p EDCA and some on real-time performance, but existing work does not consider real-time performance under extreme highway scenario. In this paper, we consider four ACs defined in the 802.11p EDCA mechanism to evaluate the limit of the real-time network performance in an extreme highway scenario, i.e., all vehicles keep the minimum safety distance between each other. The performance of the model has been demonstrated through simulations. It is found that some ACs can meet real-time requirements while others cannot in the extreme scenario.

How a Trading Market for Mobile Roaming in Europe Can Save 5G

When “Roam Like At Home” (RLAH) rules were introduced in 2017, many observers thought that this was the end of the roaming problem in Europe. While retail roaming surcharges were abolished across the EEA, the underlying problem of high prices at the wholesale level continued and the existing archaic system of determining those wholesale prices continued. This paper argues that wholesale prices are unrelated to costs because of a structural problem in the way traffic is traded -in particular the custom of bartering traffic or ‘balancing’ has distorted the market and means that for most wholesale roaming traffic, the wholesale price is unimportant. A central recommendation of this paper is that policy makers’ focus must be on breaking the link between in-country roaming services and returning traffic volumes – this will introduce a competitive dynamic in the market and allow normal pricing mechanisms. This can be achieved by moving the market to an electronic trading market to determine prices and volumes. Recent data clearly shows that certain operators are greatly disadvantaged by high pricing in the wholesale roaming markets and that demand suppression practices such as the avoidance of 4G agreements are not currently tracked. The implications for the development of 5G are that roaming risks undermining service development and adoption. The wholesale stresses are also leaking through to the retail level and consumers are not getting what was promised by RLAH in terms of the ability to roam throughout Europe on the same terms as they do in their home markets. This paper argues that the establishment of a wireless trading platform which permits one-way bids only (and thereby eliminates the fundamental problem of traffic balancing) as well as anonymising participation and being transparent on pricing would enable prices to move towards marginal cost. Mandating participation on such a trading platform might be necessary and two possibilities appear possible (via the Roaming Regulation or via an antitrust action). Moving pricing towards marginal cost would enable RLAH to be sustainable for all operators even where data volumes are very high, such as in a 5G environment. In turn, this will facilitate an accelerated 5G service development and accelerated adoption in Europe.

Security Risk Assessment for 5G Networks: National Perspective

The development of 5G presents regulators with several security-related challenges. Implementation of a security framework that would be capable of addressing all concerns of users and, by extension, of governments, is one of them. In March 2019, the European Commission presented a plan to achieve, throughout the European Union, a concerted response to security concerns related to 5G networks. This article presents one of the national responses that consists of assessing the risk pursuant to the EN-ISO/IEC 27005 standard and introducing relevant risk mitigation measures. The article focuses on the introduction of a methodical approach to developing 5G security regulations based on an analysis of different risk scenarios. It also strives to propose the applicable government-level mitigation measures aiming to counteract any 5G security threats should these be encountered. When implemented efficiently, the said mitigation measures guarantee that the new networks will be designed in a proper manner. They will also impact cybersecurity of all networks over the coming years.

5G-V2X: standardization, architecture, use cases, network-slicing, and edge-computing

Vehicular communication is one of the critical technologies in intelligent transportation system to provide connectivity between vehicles, road side units, and pedestrians. Multiple wireless accessing technologies designed to provide connectivity in vehicular networks such as conventional Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.11p, and cellular communications. Recently, cellular V2X (C-V2X) is standardized and designed by the third generation partnership project (3GPP) for automotive services. C-V2X supports two communication modes through a single platform to provide both Wi-Fi and cellular communication. LTE-V2X is the current 3GPPRelease 14 standard that has many enhancements to provide the new 3GPPRelease 16 for the new 5G radio generation. 5G-new radio (NR) is expected to address the automotive capabilities, improvement, and services for 2020 and beyond. 5G-NR becomes a competitive technology compared with other wireless technologies because of extensive coverage, high capacity, high reliability, and low delay support. In this paper, we propose the Optimizing of 5G with V2X, and analyzing the current V2X standards, introducing the development of 5G, challenges, features, requirements, design, and technologies.

A low-power RF mixer with harmonic cancellation for IEEE 802.15.4 portable, wearable wireless applications

There is an aggressive need for the rapid development of 5G based battery-powered, portable, wearable, wireless applications in the telecommunication industry. The battery-powered devices pose a critical challenge in processing higher data rates while achieving less distortion and low-power consumption. Hence, the problem of power-efficient distortion cancellation needs to be addressed to equip the 5G New Radio (NR) based portable, wearable wireless systems for better performance. This work addresses the problem by proposing a complementary post-distortion harmonic cancellation (CPDHC) technique to improve the linearity of the Mixer used in battery-powered wireless systems. In the proposed CPDHC method, the overall third-order transconductance of the input stage is reduced optimally by the overall third-order transconductance of the auxiliary transistors. This optimal reduction in third-order transconductance retards the growth of third-order harmonics in the circuit, thus improving the linearity performance of the Mixer circuit. From post-layout simulations, the current reuse based Mixer achieves an IIP3 of −6.823 dBm before linearization, and with linearization by CPDHC technique, the IIP3 is improved to 5.05 dBm, resulting in a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 66.03 dB for 100 MHz channel bandwidth. The CPDHC based Mixer contributes an integrated double-sideband noise figure (DSB-NF) of 12.57 dB and a peak gain of 14.36 dB while consuming 1.25 mW from a 1.2 V supply.

RJCC: Reinforcement-Learning-Based Joint Communicational-and-Computational Resource Allocation Mechanism for Smart City IoT

With the fast development of smart cities and 5G, the amount of mobile data is growing exponentially. The centralized cloud computing mode is hard to support the continuous exchanging and processing of information generated by millions of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. Therefore, mobile-edge computing (MEC) and software-defined networking (SDN) are introduced to form a cloud-edge-terminal collaboration network (CETCN) architecture to jointly utilize the communicational and computational resources. Although the CETCN brings many benefits, there still exist some challenges, such as the unclear operation mode, low utilization of edge resources, as well as the limited energy of terminals. To address these problems, a reinforcement learning-based joint communicational-and-computational resource allocation mechanism (RJCC) is proposed to optimize overall processing delay under energy limits. In RJCC, a Q -learning-based online offloading algorithm and a Lagrange-based migration algorithm are designed to jointly optimize computation offloading across multisegments and on edge platform, respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed RJCC outperforms the delay-optimal, energy-optimal, and edge-to-terminal offloading algorithm by 42%-74% in long-term average energy consumption while maintaining relatively low delay.

The Evolutionary Game for Collaborative Innovation of the IoT Industry under Government Leadership in China: An IoT Infrastructure Perspective

Since the United States, the European Union, China, and other countries put forward the development strategy of Internet of Things (IoT), it has been growing rapidly, leading to industrial restructuring and the sustainable development of various industries. Not only can collaborative innovation of the IoT industry accelerate R&D efficiency and product substitution frequency of IoT infrastructure, but also it can promote the construction of smart cities, the application of Big Data and Cloud Computing, and the development of 5G. In China, government is a leader and initiator of IoT infrastructure deployment. Therefore, in this paper, we construct an evolutionary game model of the IoT industry under government leadership represented by government, telecom equipment manufacturers, and telecom operators. Then, we analyze the asymptotic stability, equilibrium stability, and evolutionary stability strategy of the model. Finally, we carry out numerical simulation to investigate the effect of eight factors and four mechanisms on evolutionary behaviors of the three parties. The results show each factor has a different influence on them. Evolutionary game model offers ideas for government and industry subjects before the collaborative innovation of IoT infrastructure deployment in practice.

A Novel QoS Framework for Network Slicing in 5G and Beyond Networks Based on SDN and NFV

Along with the development of 5G, NS plays an important role in the application of mobile networks to meet all kinds of personalized requirements. In terms of NS concept, network operators can vertically split a physical network into multiple logically separate networks to flexibly meet QoS requirements, which are mainly represented as higher bandwidth and lower latency. In this article, we propose a novel QoS framework of NS in 5G and beyond networks based on SDN and NFV to guarantee key QoS indicators for different application scenarios, such as eMBB, mMTC and URLLC. In this QoS framework, a 5G network is divided into three parts, RAN, TN and CN, to form three types of NS with different network resource allocation algorithms. The performance evaluation in the simulation environment of Mininet shows that the proposed QoS framework can steer different flows into different queues of OVS, schedule network resources for various NS types and provide reliable E2E QoS for users according to preconfigured QoS requirements.

Leveraging university research within the context of open innovation: The case of Huawei

The emergence of 5G and the trade dispute between China and the United States have made Huawei a global hot topic. Owning 37% of the patents, Huawei is undoubtedly one of the key players in the development of 5G. For both governmental policy-makers and business decision-makers, an in-depth understanding of this rapidly growing manufacturer is therefore of significant implications to formulate 5G policy and strategies. Given the lack of systematic studies of how Huawei has grown from a local technology follower to a global technology leader in less than three decades, this paper provides a comprehensive review of Huawei's practice in implementing open innovation. Open innovation is perhaps one of the most powerful key factors behind Huawei's rapid development. The findings shed new lights on the use of open innovation governance models and how to source and work with academic partners. The implications of Huawei's case will also be discussed.

An Efficient and Credible Multi-Source Trust Fusion Mechanism Based on Time Decay for Edge Computing

With the development of 5G, user terminal computing moves up and cloud computing sinks, thus forming a computing fusion at the edge. Edge computing with high-efficiency, real-time, and fast features will become part of 5G construction. Utilizing distributed computing and storage resources at the edge of the network to perform distributed data processing tasks can alleviate the load on the cloud computing center, which is also the development trend of edge computing. When a malicious node exists, the error information feedback by the node will affect the result of local perception decision. To solve the problem of malicious behavior of the node, a node trust evaluation mechanism of interactive behavior is introduced. The trust mechanism for edge computing network environments is introduced as a novel security solution. First, the key thought of the trust mechanism proposed in this paper is to establish a trust relationship between edge nodes in open edge computing environment. Then, a multi-source trust fusion algorithm based on time decay aggregates direct interaction trust and different third-party recommendation trust to calculate the global trust of the evaluated nodes. Finally, simulation experiments show that the algorithm has a certain degree of improvement in computational efficiency and interaction success rate over other existing models, which reduces the situation of malicious node deception.

Patent Analysis of the Critical Technology Network of Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

With the development of 5G, mobile communication, and optical communication technologies, semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) have become an important research topic. However, most SOA-related studies have focused on a technical discussion or market research but have failed to indicate the critical SOA technologies and the SOA technology development trends. Therefore, this study analyzes SOA patents and constructs a technology network for SOA patents. The results indicate that the critical SOA technologies are mainly used in lasers, semiconductor lasers, light guides, electromagnetic wave transmission communication other than radio-wave communication, and devices controlling light sources. Among the five critical SOA technologies, lasers (H01S3) account for the highest percentage at 22.21%. Consequently, the critical technologies do not focus on specific technology fields but have characteristics of multiple technology fields. In addition, considerable development has occurred in semiconductor lasers in recent years. Finally, patentee analysis indicates that for SOA technologies, the public sector and academia play relatively weak roles in early technology development or following technology development. However, with the rapid development of mobile communication and optical communication, the government of each country can consider investing additional R&D funds and resources in the future. This study constructs a network model for patent technologies to explore the development tendencies for SOA technologies. This model can be used as a reference for R&D resource management and the promotion of new technologies.

Optimum Functional Splits for Optimizing Energy Consumption in V-RAN

A virtualized radio access network (V-RAN) is considered one of the key research points in the development of 5G and the interception of machine learning algorithms in the Telecom industry. Recent technological advancements in Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Radio (SDR) are the main blocks towards V-RAN that have enabled the virtualization of dual-site processing instead of all BBU processing as in the traditional RAN. As a result, several types of research discussed the trade-off between power and bandwidth consumption in V-RAN. Processing at remote locations instead of BBU reduces mid-haul bandwidth at the expense of power consumption and vice versa. As a result, the integration of NFV and SDR in V-RAN facilitates dynamic power consumption and processing whenever relaxation is needed. This paper studies several functional splits proposed by ETSI in the NFV of the dual-site network. In addition, network performance is analyzed in terms of data rate, power consumption, and energy efficiency (EE) optimization. Furthermore, the combined optimization of power consumption and mid-haul bandwidth are investigated, and optimal operating parameters are recommended for similar network operators. Thus, regulators/operators can adjust their networks with these parameters to achieve the best performance. Additionally, the UEs switching scheme is introduced to sleep some RRHs in low-density traffic to lessen power consumption.

Fast Fading Characterization for Body Area Networks in Circular Metallic Indoor Environments

With the increasing development of 5G and Body Area Network based systems being implemented in unusual environments, propagation inside metallic structures is a key aspect to characterize propagation effects inside ships and other similar environments, mostly composed of metallic walls. In this paper, indoor propagation inside circular metallic structures is addressed and fast fading statistical distributions parameters are obtained from simulation, being assessed with measurements at 2.45 GHz in a passenger ferry discotheque with an 8 m diameter circular shape. It is observed that, in this kind of environments, second order reflections are particularly relevant due to the walls' high reflective nature. Globally, it is concluded that the Rayleigh distribution can be used to characterize fast fading effects with no significant loss of accuracy compared to the Rice one, since a low value of the Rice parameter is observed, being below 3.1 dB, even under Line-of-Sight conditions. Moreover, it is observed that, from the fast fading viewpoint, the best transmitter position is at the circle center.

Innovation Opportunity for 5G Technologies: A Survey

The “not withal formally defined” 5G commonplace leads to the consequence that its relevant technological innovation continues to be wide open. For distinctive innovations probability, we have a tendency to should discover the actual technical area to contribute to the technological development of 5G. This paper discusses a framework responsive the foremost question: inside that technological area one may contribute to the innovation? The answer shall profit countries, firms, universities and analysis institute that intends to contribute to the formulation of official 5G commonplace. First, we've got a bent to review the key technologies of fifth generation mobile communication technology (5G). Present and skill of the network unit main technical focus. A flat IP-based network thought was reviewed, additionally as psychological feature radio technology to reach the terminal that have AI. BDMA technology was planned to help achieving system efficiency in terms of multiple access system. Second, we've got a bent to familiar technological challenges, that specialise in issues} related to security and issues to have an effect on restricted frequency spectrum resources. Afterward, we've got a bent to map the innovation probability supported technical area that's recently unconcealed in analysis article. We’ve got a bent to terminated that innovation opportunities lies on the analysis about security, network, technological implementation and applications issues. Index Terms - 5G; innovation; normal

Key Technologies and Development Trends of 5G Optical Networks

With the development of 5G, 5G optical networks have gradually received increasing attention from scholars. However, most studies have focused on discussing the technical or market aspect. Furthermore, their findings have not provided a panorama of the technologies in the 5G domain, nor have they provided a detailed understanding of the key technologies and development trends. An optical network is an indispensable type of infrastructure for the development of 5G. Therefore, defining key technologies in this domain is particularly crucial. The present study used patents for 5G optical networks as the basis of its analysis and constructed a technology network using a network analysis method. Research results indicated that the key technologies provided by 5G optical networks include wireless communication network facilities and local resource management (H04W88 and H04W72), selection arrangements for multiplex systems (H04Q11), and arrangements enabling multiple uses of the transmission path (H04L5). The maturation of optical component technology has paved the way for multiplex communication system technology to flourish and made it one of the key technologies in the development of 5G. Additionally, an analysis of top patentees revealed that information technology companies are the main force in developing 5G optical network technologies. Thus, driven by the market, 5G optical communication has become the technical focus of the private sector. In this study, the researchers constructed a technology network model to explore the technology development trends, and the results may serve as a reference for the government in observing emerging technologies.

Parallel building: a complex system approach for smart building energy management

These days&#x02BC smart buildings have high intensive information and massive operational parameters, not only extensive power consumption. With the development of computation capability and future 5G, the ACP theory &#x0028 i.e., artificial systems, computational experiments, and parallel computing &#x0029 will play a much more crucial role in modeling and control of complex systems like commercial and academic buildings. The necessity of making accurate predictions of energy consumption out of a large number of operational parameters has become a crucial problem in smart buildings. Previous attempts have been made to seek energy consumption predictions based on historical data in buildings. However, there are still questions about parallel building consumption prediction mechanism using a large number of operational parameters. This article proposes a novel hybrid deep learning prediction approach that utilizes long short-term memory as an encoder and gated recurrent unit as a decoder in conjunction with ACP theory. The proposed approach is tested and validated by real-world dataset, and the results outperformed traditional predictive models compared in this paper.