Course Of Development Research Articles

Implementation Process of Research Based Learning (RBL) for Doctoral Education Program Students: An Exploratory Case Study

Research-based learning (RBL) is a learning model that involves research activities in the learning process. The higher education system cannot separate from learning and research activities. This study aims to present a case study that explores the learning experiences of 5 students of the doctoral education program and how their research skills differ before and after implementing RBL in a local-based science learning development course. Collecting data methods are interviews, learning notes, product assessments, and questionnaires. Data analysis consisted of examining, categorizing, and recombining the quantitative and qualitative evidence to discuss the research's initial propositions. Research results show that the ability of doctoral program students applied knowledge in practical contexts, research skills, critical and analytical thinking, scientific communication skills could be improved through research-based learning.

Effect of trauma quality improvement initiatives on outcomes and costs at community hospitals: A scoping review

BackgroundDue to complex geography and resource constraints, trauma patients are often initially transported to community or rural facilities rather than a larger Level I or II trauma center. The objective of this scoping review was to synthesize evidence on interventions that improved the quality of trauma care and/or reduced healthcare costs at non-Level I or II facilities. MethodsA scoping review was performed to identify studies implementing a Quality Improvement (QI) initiative at a non-major trauma center (i.e., non-Level I or II trauma center [or equivalent]). We searched 3 electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL) and the grey literature (relevant networks, organizations/associations). Methodological quality was evaluated using NIH and JBI study quality assessment tools. Studies were included if they evaluated the effect of implementing a trauma care QI initiative on one or more of the following: 1) trauma outcomes (mortality, morbidity); 2) system outcomes (e.g., length of stay [LOS], transfer times, provider factors); 3) provider knowledge or perception; or 4) healthcare costs. Pediatric trauma, pre-hospital and tele-trauma specific studies were excluded. ResultsOf 1046 data sources screened, 36 were included for full review (29 journal articles, 7 abstracts/posters without full text). Educational initiatives including the Rural Trauma Team Development Course and the Advanced Trauma Life Support course were the most common QI interventions investigated. Study outcomes included process metrics such as transfer time to tertiary care and hospital LOS, along with measures of provider perception and knowledge. Improvement in mortality was reported in a single study evaluating the impact of establishing a dedicated trauma service at a community hospital. ConclusionsOur review captured a broad spectrum of trauma QI projects implemented at non-major trauma centers. Educational interventions did result in process outcome improvements and high rates of self-reported improvements in trauma care. Given the heterogeneous capabilities of community and rural hospitals, there is no panacea for trauma QI at these facilities. Future research should focus on patient outcomes like mortality and morbidity, and locally relevant initiatives.

Nanoscale myelinogenesis image in developing brain via super-resolution nanoscopy by near-infrared emissive curcumin-BODIPY derivatives

Understanding the intricate nanoscale architecture of neuronal myelin during central nervous system development is of utmost importance. However, current visualization methods heavily rely on electron microscopy or indirect fluorescent method, lacking direct and real-time imaging capabilities. Here, we introduce a breakthrough near-infrared emissive curcumin-BODIPY derivative (MyL-1) that enables direct visualization of myelin structure in brain tissues. The remarkable compatibility of MyL-1 with stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy allows for unprecedented super-resolution imaging of myelin ultrastructure. Through this innovative approach, we comprehensively characterize the nanoscale myelinogenesis in three dimensions over the course of brain development, spanning from infancy to adulthood in mouse models. Moreover, we investigate the correlation between myelin substances and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), shedding light on the essential role of MBP in facilitating myelinogenesis during vertebral development. This novel material, MyL-1, opens up new avenues for studying and understanding the intricate process of myelinogenesis in a direct and non-invasive manner, paving the way for further advancements in the field of nanoscale neuroimaging.Graphical

Profiling the status of out-of-field teaching in Western Australia: graduate teacher and principal perspectives

ABSTRACT This paper shows how system-level data can generate useful insights into the profile of first-year graduates who are teaching out-of-field (OOF). Understanding in-school demand and impacts on first-year graduates teaching OOF is important, especially when the first years of teaching are complex, busy, and involve a steep learning curve. A mixed methods sequential explanatory design was used to generate qualitative and quantitative data collected from teacher and principal surveys. This study establishes the prevalence of OOF teaching amongst first-year graduates in Western Australian public schools and develops a profile of their OOF experiences and support needs based on their perceptions and their principals’ perceptions. This study details the supports that will make a difference to teachers’ capability, in particular a reduction in load where the OOF teaching workload is high, and access to formal subject-specific mentoring, both noted in research as important support mechanisms. This paper provokes new research questions, highlights areas for further research, and establishes the need for more large-scale datasets and longitudinal studies to examine change over time and the enduring effects of OOF teaching, both in relation to transitions into teaching, as teachers learn on-the-job, and when teachers undertake formal professional development programmes or courses.

Development of Problem-Based Tools to Improve Thinking Abilities in In-Service PPG Program Students

This research aims to develop problem-based learning tools that empower students' thinking abilities in the In-service Teacher Professional Education Program at Unima. The learning tools developed consist of modules and LKPD for the Biology Learning Tool Development course. The development model used is the ADDIE development model consisting of four stages, namely 1) analysis, 2) design, 3) development, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation. The results of the research are the feasibility of the learning tools which are seen based on the aspects of validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the learning tools. Next, to see the effectiveness of problem-based learning tools on thinking ability using One Group Pretest-Posttest Design which was implemented on 29 PPG Daljab Category 1 students, class 3 of 2023. The results of the research show that the learning tools are very valid with an assessment score interval between 3.5-4 and reliability between 95%-98%. The learning implementation is categorized as very good with an assessment score interval between 3.6-4 with an average reliability of 97%, the average readability level of the device based on the Gunning Fox index is 11 with medium criteria, the readability percentage of the learning device based on the readability sheet of the learning device is 97% and students provide a positive response to learning tools was 98%. The increase in students' cognitive learning outcomes can be seen from the average N-gain value for all students, namely 0.68 with medium criteria, classical completeness of 100%, and indicator completeness with an interval of 2.5-3.5. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that problem-based learning tools in the biology teaching tool development course are suitable for use to improve the thinking skills of students in the PPG Daljab Program at Unima.

Professional development of english foreign language teachers in Indonesia: non-english educational background

The paper reports on the results of a study aiming to analyze the teachers’ perception of their professionalism in teaching English as non-English education graduates as well as the challenges that are faced by the teachers. The data were collected from observation and interview with two English teachers of the Senior High School in Subang, West Java, Indonesia. The data were analyzed by a qualitative method through three steps: reduction, display and conclusion. From the interview result, two teachers have similar perceptions of professionalism in teaching. They believed that professional development can be improved by joining some events and programs in an effort of developing their pedagogical competence such as seminars, workshops, short courses or teacher training related to teaching in order to develop their knowledge of teaching methods. Meanwhile, the observation results show that both teachers have not applied all practical professional development activities in their classrooms, such as the implementation of lesson study is not achieved well and the teachers are not familiar with self-reflection. The result highlighted from two teachers’ perceptions of being professional that they are consciously confident that professionalism is undeniable for the sake of students’ achievement in learning English by having various of professional development courses or trainings. In conclusion, the researcher assumed that their teaching English professionalism could be developed as long as they have taught English skills which can be reinforced by some experiences in teaching English, applying pedagogical knowledge and attending teacher’s programs that can improve their competence in teaching.

Neuronal deletion of Gtf2i results in developmental microglial alterations in a mouse model related to Williams syndrome.

Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a heterozygous microdeletion, characterized by hypersociability and unique neurocognitive abnormalities. Of the deleted genes, GTF2I has been linked to hypersociability in WS. We have recently shown that Gtf2i deletion from forebrain excitatory neurons, referred to as Gtf2i conditional knockout (cKO) mice leads to multi-faceted myelination deficits associated with the social behaviors affected in WS. These deficits were potentially mediated also by microglia, as they present a close relationship with oligodendrocytes. To study the impact of altered myelination, we characterized these mice in terms of microglia over the course of development. In postnatal day 30 (P30) Gtf2i cKO mice, cortical microglia displayed a more ramified state, as compared with wild type (controls). However, postnatal day 4 (P4) microglia exhibited high proliferation rates and an elevated activation state, demonstrating altered properties related to activation and inflammation in Gtf2i cKO mice compared with control. Intriguingly, P4 Gtf2i cKO-derived microglial cells exhibited significantly elevated myelin phagocytosis invitro compared to control mice. Lastly, systemic injection of clemastine to P4 Gtf2i cKO and control mice until P30, led to a significant interaction between genotypes and treatments on the expression levels of the phagocytic marker CD68, and a significant reduction of the macrophage/microglial marker Iba1 transcript levels in the cortex of the Gtf2i cKO treated mice. Our data thus implicate microglia as important players in WS, and that early postnatal manipulation of microglia might be beneficial in treating inflammatory and myelin-related pathologies.

Professional competence establishment for postgraduate education professionals through self-study

Relevance. After graduation, the development of a young professional does not stop. It is, above all, a question of a culture of social relations and the necessity of establishing and strengthening social and professional status. Establishing personal and professional status starts with cultivating the relationships that drive socio-cultural development and base a person's socio-cultural abilities. This study examines the establishment of professional competence of postgraduate education specialists based on self-study, the main components and types of self-study. Purpose. The purpose of the study is a theoretical justification, development of the modern model of establishment of professional competence of specialists of postgraduate education in the Republic of Kazakhstan based on self-study. Methodology. The unbiased research methods included theoretical analysis and synthesis of teaching psychology literature, modelling, observation, and analysis of the competence activities of postgraduate education specialists. Results. As a result, approaches to the methodological design of independent work of educational programmes of postgraduate education were investigated and systematised, and all types of professional competencies of these professionals were identified. One factor of professional competence was identified as being the ability to perform assigned learning objectives independently, through a structured plan of independent work. Conclusions. The practical significance of the study is that the performed work of analysing the principles and methods of developing educational programmes for training postgraduate specialists is ready for implementation in the educational process of the higher education school. These recommendations can also be applied to the establishment of your course syllabus for the development of educational programmes in teaching disciplines and professional development courses in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Keywords: postgraduate education; specialist adaptation; professional competence; higher education

The Metaverse Design and Evaluation in Product Design and Development

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted a shift to online learning like SUT-Elearning, Zoom, and Google Classroom. However, these platforms have limitations in replicating classroom dynamics and fostering interaction. Students have low motivation for studying and class participation. The concept of a metaverse classroom is introduced, aiming to enhance engagement by exploring the Metaverse's origins, features, and educational benefits. This study delves into integrating metaverse technology into online education, using Suranaree University of Technology's product design and development course as a model. This course merges project-based and problem-based learning. The investigation outlines the gradual creation of a virtual classroom aligned with these traditional approaches, detailing its functions, components, and limitations. The classroom design is evaluated through student feedback gathered from interviews and surveys. Students assess the design's advantages and disadvantages and compare between the Metaverse, physical classes, Zoom, and video-based learning. Results drawn from feedback from 20 students highlight a preference for physical learning, closely followed by the Metaverse, which excels in engagement over Zoom and video. The Metaverse also excels in real-time interactions, with minor differences in self-directed learning. The study emphasizes the potential of integrating the Metaverse as a catalyst to improve online education and immersive learning. It highlights the ability of metaverse integration to increase real-time engagement and support innovative instructional methods. These methods are vital in effective online education, particularly in the ever-evolving educational landscape.

The use of digital technologies in the sport and physical education lesson: Fostering need-supportive behaviours in physical education teachers

<p>In primary and high school settings, the benefits of incorporating technology into curricula have been addressed by several studies; however, wearable technology integration as experienced by physical education teachers is less prevalent. Physical education teachers’ lack of confidence teaching P.E. using wearables, along with a lack of appropriate preparation and unclear curricula frameworks that define how wearables could be used, are additional factors which require further exploration. As such, due consideration of the opportunities and barriers that physical education teachers encounter with wearable usage is presented. This article contributes to pedagogical practices in physical education using wearable technology. This is achieved by highlighting the opportunities that wearable technology presents as a student learning support tool as wearable allow cross curriculum learning opportunities with science, technology, engineering and mathematics. In this paper, the practicality and curriculum relevance of wearable usage in physical education is highlighted. Our paper discusses implications for research and practice and provides a knowledge base for the establishment of professional development courses based on teacher needs.</p>

Unlocking enhanced selectivity of Pd/Al2O3 in semihydrogenation of alkynes by in situ ligand‐reduction strategy

AbstractThe partial hydrogenation of alkynes into alkenes constitutes a pivotal chemical transformation in the synthesis of fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and polymers. Nevertheless, the extant industrial catalyst falls short of achieving a felicitous equilibrium between its catalytic potency and selectivity. Herein, triphenylphosphine (PPh3) modified Pd/Al2O3 catalysts are fabricated through a “one‐pot” process, which achieve highly selective hydrogenation of alkynes at room temperature. PPh3 plays a dual role—as a reducing agent and a ligand. Kinetic and characterization studies reveal PPh3 alters H2 activation from homolytic to heterolytic cleavage, which facilitate the formation of alkene. Moreover, PPh3 can also optimize the reaction microenvironment, achieving the reduced self‐poisoning of alkyne and promoted desorption of alkene. In the realm of alkyne hydrogenation, our philosophy encompasses a global optimization of active sites, ligand systems, and reaction microenvironmental. This method steers the course of catalyst development for other reactions beyond the field of alkyne hydrogenation.

Future Directions: The Phenomenology of Irritable Mood and Outbursts: Hang Together or Hang Separately1

ABSTRACT Recognition of the importance of irritable mood and outbursts has been increasing over the past several decades. This “Future Directions” aims to develop a set of recommendations for future research emphasizing that irritable mood and outbursts “hang together,” but have important distinctions and thus also need to “hang separately.” Outbursts that are the outcome of irritable mood may be quite different from outbursts that are the trigger or driving force that make youth and his/her environment miserable. What, then, is the relation between irritable mood and outbursts? As the field currently stands, we not only cannot answer this question, but we may also lack the tools to effectively do so. Here, we will propose recommendations for understanding the phenomenology of irritable mood and outbursts so that more directed and clinically useful assessment tools can be designed. We discuss the transdiagnostic and treatment implications that relate to improvements in measurement. We describe the need to do more than repurpose our current assessment tools, specifically interviews and rating scales, which were designed for different purposes. The future directions of the study and treatment of irritable mood and outbursts will require, among others, using universally accepted nomenclature, supporting the development of tools to measure the characteristics of each irritable mood and outbursts, understanding the effects of question order, informant, development and longitudinal course, and studying the ways in which outbursts and irritable mood respond to treatment.

Research on Digital Transformation and Upgrading of Manufacturing Industry

It is not only a theoretical but also a practical issue in influencing the development of high-quality manufacturing. The author thinks that the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry is highly efficient, innovative, and highly valuable, and they are internally and externally coordinated with each other. On this basis, the theoretical framework of high-quality development in the manufacturing industry is analyzed. The paper probes into the theory mechanism of the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry. Meanwhile, this paper studies the influence of digital technology on the manufacturing industry, analyzes the problems in the course of development, and puts forward some countermeasures.

Sensitivity to the initial rewarding effects of alcohol: Influence of age, sex, and β-endorphin.

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are widespread, devastating and complex. About 20% of people who consume alcohol develop problem use, accounting for over 5% of worldwide deaths. While numerous animal models have facilitated understanding of the consequences of excessive drinking, translational models allow for experimental manipulation of factors thought to contribute to AUD liability. We employ a single-exposure conditioned place preference assay (SE-CPP) to investigate the influence of age, sex and the opioid peptide β-endorphin (bE) on the initial rewarding effects of ethanol, a strong predictor of AUDs. Adolescent (PND28-35) and adult (PND70-90) male and female, control C57BL/6J and bE-deficient mice were tested following a single injection of 1.5 g/kg of ethanol. Following the SE-CPP test, animals were deeply anesthetized, sacrificed, and perfused, and the brains were subsequently sectioned at 40 microns and processed for immunohistochemical localization of c-fos. One-sample, two-tailed t-tests were used to assess drug preference or aversion and the locomotor effects of alcohol. In general, adults were more sensitive to the effects of alcohol than adolescents, and outcomes depended on sex and bE. For example, among females, adolescents were stimulated by the drug, but insensitive to locomotor effects as adults, while among males, adolescents were insensitive and adults sedated. Wild-type adolescents of both sexes failed to evince initial subjective reward from the drug, but bE-deficient adolescents, and all adult subjects, preferred a context once associated with ethanol over one that had been paired with saline. c-fos immunoreactivity in multiple brain regions was attenuated in bE-deficient animals, though influences of both sex and bE grew stronger with age. This study demonstrates the utility of the SE-CPP paradigm for elucidating factors that contribute to the liability for AUDs, and supports the growing body of research that shows that sensitivity to the rewarding effects of alcohol changes during the course of development. Our results also suggest that developmental contributions are sex-dependent, and may also depend on the influence of endogenous opioid signaling.

Rural trauma team development training amongst medical trainees and traffic law enforcement professionals in a low-income country: a protocol for a prospective multicenter interrupted time series.

Road traffic injuries and their resulting mortality disproportionately affect rural communities in low-middle-income countries (LMICs) due to limited human and infrastructural resources for postcrash care. Evidence from high-income countries show that trauma team development training could improve the efficiency, care, and outcome of injuries. A paucity of studies have evaluated the feasibility and applicability of this concept in resource constrained settings. The aim of this study protocol is to establish the feasibility of rural trauma team development and training in a cohort of medical trainees and traffic law enforcement professionals in Uganda. Muticenter interrupted time series of prospective interventional trainings, using the rural trauma team development course (RTTDC) model of the American College of Surgeons. A team of surgeon consultants will execute the training. A prospective cohort of participants will complete a before and after training validated trauma related multiple choice questionnaire during September 2019-November 2023. The difference in mean prepost training percentage multiple choice questionnaire scores will be compared using ANOVA-test at 95% CI. Time series regression models will be used to test for autocorrelations in performance. Acceptability and relevance of the training will be assessed using 3 and 5-point-Likert scales. All analyses will be performed using Stata 15.0. Ethical approval was obtained from Research and Ethics Committee of Mbarara University of Science and Technology (Ref: MUREC 1/7, 05/05-19) and Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (Ref: SS 5082). Retrospective registration was accomplished with Research Registry (UIN: researchregistry9490).

MADS-Box Family Genes in Lagerstroemia indica and Their Involvement in Flower Development.

MADS-box is a key transcription factor regulating the transition to flowering and flower development. Lagerstroemia indica 'Xiang Yun' is a new cultivar of crape myrtle characterized by its non-fruiting nature. To study the molecular mechanism underlying the non-fruiting characteristics of 'Xiang Yun', 82 MADS-box genes were identified from the genome of L. indica. The physicochemical properties of these genes were examined using bioinformatics methods, and their expression as well as endogenous hormone levels at various stages of flower development were analyzed. The results showed that LiMADS genes were primarily classified into two types: type I and type II, with the majority being type II that contained an abundance of cis-acting elements in their promoters. By screening nine core proteins by predicted protein interactions and performing qRT-PCR analysis as well as in combination with transcriptome data, we found that the expression levels of most MADS genes involved in flower development were significantly lower in 'Xiang Yun' than in the wild type 'Hong Ye'. Hormonal analysis indicated that 'Xiang Yun' had higher levels of iP, IPR, TZR, and zeatin during its early stages of flower development than 'Hong Ye', whereas the MeJA content was substantially lower at the late stage of flower development of 'Hong Ye'. Finally, correlation analysis showed that JA, IAA, SA, and TZR were positively correlated with the expression levels of most type II genes. Based on these analyses, a working model for the non-fruiting 'Xiang Yun' was proposed. During the course of flower development, plant hormone response pathways may affect the expression of MADS genes, resulting in their low expression in flower development, which led to the abnormal development of the stamen and embryo sac and ultimately affected the fruiting process of 'Xiang Yun'.

Sustaining University-Industry Collaborations in Nanotechnology Research: The Malaysian Case

University-Industry (U-I) collaborations during the course of technology development – commercialization cycle needs to be “symbiotically mutual” to both academia and industry. Based on this principle, this paper aims to determine the obstacles in sustaining U-I collaborations. By referring to the qualitative case study of nanotechnology research in Malaysia, it is evident that the two-way opposite directional priorities are what disables the mere fortification of U-I collaborations. Results from ten in-depth interview sessions have highlighted five main barriers to U-I collaborations, namely the issues of distinct logics and priorities, patent and commercialization, time factor, product safety, and product functionality and capabilities. The findings also suggest that the expected yield derived from U-I collaborations are to be the product of continuous re-engineering performed iteratively rather than “fast track” results.

풍화와 침식에 의한 암석의 변화를 설명하는 모델 개발 수업안에 나타난 초등교사의 교수전략 특징

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of elementary school teachers' instructional strategies in developing a model to explain the changes in rocks due to weathering and erosion.
 Methods For this purpose, 11 elementary school teachers with experience in teaching science were recruited. The data collected are lesson plans and interviews with primary school teachers. The researcher categorized the teaching strategies used by the teachers based on the activities and utterances in the lesson plans. The purpose, content, and tools of the teaching strategies were then coded by comparing them to the interview transcripts. The coded data were analyzed qualitatively through an inductive categorization process.
 Results Based on the time of model development, the pre-model development course utilized the following teaching strategies: “Remind students of scientific concepts necessary for model development,” “Observe the phenomenon presented,” “Conduct model experiments before developing a model,” and “Present conditions to consider when developing a model.” The mid-model development course utilized the following strategies: “Suggest preparations and representations for model development,” and “Draw a model design”.
 Conclusions First, elementary teachers utilized a strategy of providing a variety of resources for students to develop models. Second, we found that elementary teachers' awareness of models and model development was low. Third, they identified strategies for checking for problems that students might encounter while developing their own models.

PENINGKATAN HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) MAHASISWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL SELF DIRECTED LEARNING (SDL) PADA MATA KULIAH PENGEMBANGAN PROFESI GURU

Background: This research aims to improve students Higher Order Thinking Skills by using the SelfDirected Learning Models (SDL).Methods: This research uses an exploratory research model. Qualitative data was obtained throughinterviews and questionnaires. Quantitative data was obtained through pretest and posttest data. Theresearch subjects were Biology students at FKIP Pattimura University which offered teacherprofessional development courses. The research instrument used was a test. Quantitative dataanalysis uses descriptive statistics and test scores, while qualitative data analysis uses data collectionprocedures, data reduction, data presentation, and building a conclusion.Results: The results of calculating the implementation of the Self Directed Learning models (SDL) toimprove students higher order thinking skills in teacher professional development courses show anaverage value of 97.36 with a significant value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05 (0.000<0.05) sothat the hypothesis can be accepted.Conclusion: The application of the Self Directed Learning models (SDL) is very effective in improvingthe higher order thinking skills of prospective biology teacher students.

Роль епископии в социокультурном развитии Смоленской земли в XII-XIV вв.: к постановке проблемы

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the cultural monuments of the Smolensk land of the 12-14 centuries, which could have been created thanks to the Diocese. The idea of the exceptional richness and versatility of the Smolensk culture of this period, which had a direct or indirect influence on the course of development of Russian medieval culture as a whole, both before and after the Mongol conquest, is revealed. Smolensk land in the pre-Mongolian period was one of the key regions of Rus'. At the beginning of the 13 century it was one of the four strongest lands, and representatives of the local princely dynasty simultaneously owned all the free tables: Kiev, Novgorod and Galich. This makes us look differently at the role and significance of Smolensk, not only in the political, but also in the cultural life of Rus'. The article analyzes the influence of the Diocese of Smolensk on the development of sociocultural processes in the Smolensk land in the 12-14 centuries. So, in Smolensk, through the efforts of the prince and the bishop, presumably, their own architectural school was formed, a characteristic feature of which is a special stepped-tower-like type of temple, the aspiration of architectural forms upwards, and the expressive decorativeness of the facade. Taking into account various traditions and developing them, the Smolensk masters found their own way. Smolensk architecture largely anticipated the coming changes in the architecture of North-Eastern Rus'. It seems significant that two artels operated in the city at once: princely and bishops. We can judge about the scope of church construction by the archaeological data found on the territory of Smolensk. Three churches of the 12th century have survived to this day: those are the Archangel Michael, John the Theologian, and the Apostles Peter and Paul. In parallel, monumental painting also developed, where the Smolensk masters were innovators and ahead of their time. It also formed its own artel of painters. Smolensk literacy was also distinguished by exceptional originality. Today we can talk about nine monuments that have come down to us, which are works of different genres and themes.