Determination Of Plasma Volume Research Articles

Ocular blood volume.

The blood volume of the rabbit eye measured by use of erythrocytes tagged with radioactive iron (⁵⁹Fe) is extremely small, 18.2μl. The hematocrit of the eye is approximately one half that of venous blood and is consistent with the rheologic behavior of blood in the ocular microvasculature. Utilizing iodinated I 131 serum albumin (human), an apparent progressive increase in the ocular albumin was noted. This finding, due to an increase in the eye/plasma¹³¹I-albumin ratio during the time of the study, negates the use of this substance for determination of ocular plasma volume.

Effects of saline loading on the renin, erythropoietin, and blood pressure responses to canine renal allotransplantation.

Serial determinations of plasma erythropoietin and renin activities and mean arterial blood pressure were done in five dogs before and after renal allotransplantation. Throughout the experiment, the animals were given 154 mEq of NaCl per day, starting 1 week before transplantation. No immunosuppressive therapy was given. Onset of immunological rejection was determined by daily measurement of endogenous creatinine clearance. Arterial pressure and plasma erythropoietin concentration increased markedly at the time of rejection, with the curves for the two variables closely paralleling each odier in all animals. Serial determinations of plasma volume done in two of the dogs did not show any significant change at the time when hypertension appeared. Plasma renin activities remained very low throughout the experiments, indicating that even with the vascular lesions of rejection renin release is still subject to normal control mechanisms. It is concluded that elevated plasma renin activity is not an essential causal factor of the hypertension which occurs with renal allograft rejection. Since it is possible to suppress renin release without substantially inhibiting erythropoietin release, different stimuli appear to cause release of these substances.

An examination of single-tracer, semi-automated blood volume methodology.

AnaesthesiaVolume 23, Issue 4 p. 659-669 Free Access An examination of single-tracer, semi-automated blood volume methodology M. L. Heath, M. L. Heath M. L. Heath, Senior Registrar and M. D. Vickers, Lecturer in Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Du Cane Road, London W12.Search for more papers by this authorM. D. Vickers, M. D. Vickers M. L. Heath, Senior Registrar and M. D. Vickers, Lecturer in Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Du Cane Road, London W12.Search for more papers by this author M. L. Heath, M. L. Heath M. L. Heath, Senior Registrar and M. D. Vickers, Lecturer in Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Du Cane Road, London W12.Search for more papers by this authorM. D. Vickers, M. D. Vickers M. L. Heath, Senior Registrar and M. D. Vickers, Lecturer in Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Du Cane Road, London W12.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1968 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1968.tb00129.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 NOBLE, R. P. and GREGERSEN, M. I. (1946). Blood volume in clinical shock. 1. Mixing time and disappearance rate of T-1824 in normal subjects and in patients in shock; determination of plasma volume in man from 10-minute sample. J. clin. Invest., 25, 158. 2 UNDERWOOD, P. S., BOYAN, C. P. and HOWLAND, W. S. (1966). Appraisal of RISA blood volume for clinical use. Curr. Res. Anesth. & Analg., 45, 1. 3 ALLEN, T. H., PENG, M. T., CHEN, K. P., HUANG, T. F., CHANG, C. and FANG, H. S. (1956). Prediction of blood volume and adiposity in man from body weight and cube of height. Metabolism, 5, 328. 4 NADLER, S. B., HIDALGO, J. U. and BLOCH, T. (1962). Prediction of blood volume in normal human subjects. Surgery, St Louis, 51, 224. 5 REEVE, E. M., GREGERSEN, M. I., ALLEN, T. H. and SEAR, H. (1953). Distribution of cells and plasma in the normal and splenectomized dog and its influence on blood volume estimates with P32 and T-1824. Am. J. Physiol., 175, 195. 6 CHAPLIN, H., MOLLISON, P. L. and VETTER, H. (1953). The body/venous hematocrit ratio; its constancy over a wide hematocrit range. J. clin. Invest., 32, 1309. 7 WILLIAMS, J. A. (1964). Blood volume: comments on methodology. Am. Surg., 30, 375. 8 ALBERT, S. N. (1963). Blood volume, p. 36. Springfield , Ill. : Thomas. 9 HOBBS, J. T. (1965). Instrument for measuring blood volume. Br. med. J., i, 1374. 10 CROWELL, J. W. and GUYTON, A. C. (1962). Further evidence favoring a cardiac-mechanism in irreversible hemorrhagic shock. Am. J. Physiol, 203, 248. Citing Literature Volume23, Issue4December 1968Pages 659-669 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Determination of plasma volume in the mouse with screened iodine-labelled proteins.

Une epuration biologique prealable («screening») des proteines marquees est indispensable pour la mesure du volume plasmatique chez la souris. La diffusion extravasculaire rapide de l'albumine gene fortement les determinations. Au contraire, le fibrinogene donne des resultats exacts et reproductibles.

Blood and plasma volumes in sheep infected with Trypanosoma vivax

Sheep infected with a West African strain of Trypanosoma vivax showed a reduced packed cell volume, reduced albumin and β-globulin concentrations and an increased γ-globulin concentration. Plasma volume determinations using Evans Blue (T1824) showed that infected sheep had an increased plasma volume, but that the total blood volume remained unaltered. When allowance was made for this increase in plasma volume the intravascular γ-globulin was the only serum protein which was significantly altered in the infected sheep. It is suggested that the increase in γ-globulin which occurs in trypanosomiasis acts as a plasma volume expander and that the fall in the concentration of the other serum proteins is due to dilution.

Relation of sodium balance to arterial pressure during drug-induced saluresis.

Serial determinations of plasma volume and urinary sodium excretion were determined during saluresis in 20 hypertensive patients. Although the diuretics produced a decrease in plasma volume and an increase in urinary sodium excretion in all patients, there was no direct relationship between the decrease in plasma volume and the fall in arterial pressure. Concomitant administration of dextran solution prevented the reduction in plasma volume but did not prevent the fall in arterial pressure. Similarly, replacement of plasma volume with dextran solution at the peak of hypotension following the diuretics had no effect on the reduced arterial pressure. Concomitant administration of hypertonic saline solution with the diuretic prevented the fall in arterial pressure, and the replacement of urinary sodium loss at the peak of hypotension returned the arterial pressure to control values when the sodium administered exceeded the urinary sodium loss. It would seem that in the hypertensive sodium depleted state a direct relationship exists between arterial pressure and sodium balance. Thus, a positive sodium balance is associated with a rise in arterial pressure, whereas a negative sodium balance is associated with a fall in arterial pressure. The data suggest also that the decreased pressor response during saluresis is due more to the production of negative sodium balance than to a decrease in plasma volume.

Erythrocytosis and Hyperlipemia as Manifestations of Hepatic Carcinoma

METABOLIC and hematologic abnormalities have been described as manifestations of primary hepatic neoplasms. Erythrocytosis is the most common of these secondary manifestations, occurring in 11.7% of patients in one series. 1 Less commonly, hypercholesterolemia, 2,3 osteoporosis, 2,4 porphyria, 5 precocious puberty, 6 and hypoglycemia 7 have been reported. This report describes the occurrence of erythrocytosis and hyperlipemia in a young adult with hepatic cell carcinoma. Studies were done to clarify the mechanisms of these abnormalities. Awareness of the unusual metabolic alterations associated with hepatoma may assist in the diagnosis of obscure hepatic disease. Methods Routine laboratory procedures including determinations of liver function and cholesterol levels 8 were performed by the clinical chemistry laboratory by standard methods. Plasma volume was determined by the isotope dilution technique using iodinated I 131 serum albumin (human). Red blood cell volume was calculated from the hematocrit and the determined plasma volume. Serum and saline extracted

Evaluation of small acute blood loss in man

The accuracy and comparative results of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell blood count, I 131 HSA blood volume, blood pressure, and pulse in one hundred human subjects with measured acute blood loss have been studied. These studies were carried out in each donor prior to, immediately after, at ten minutes, and at forty-eight hours after donation of 460 to 480 ml. of whole blood. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell counts all showed a small but persistent drop with a small standard deviation of 2 to 5 per cent. The hematocrit, on the average, had a higher point drop of 1.21 per cent at ten minutes after donation and 3.75 per cent at forty-eight hours after donation, possibly allowing this to be the better of these three mentioned studies for clinical evaluation purposes. The red blood cell volume, plasma volume, and whole blood volume determinations had similar standard deviations of 10 per cent throughout. The red blood cell volume showed an average decrease of 141 ml. at ten minutes after donation and 102 ml. at forty-eight hours. The blood volume showed a decrease of 259 ml. at the ten minute postdonation period and a hypervolemia of 183 ml. at the forty-eight hour period due to the increased plasma volume.

The Use of Human Radio-iodinated (I131) Serum Albumin in Determining Whole Body Blood Volumes in the Chicken

THE use of human radio-iodinated (I131) serum albumin in birds as a method for determining whole body blood volumes has been reported previously by others (Kotula and Helbacka, 1966; Portman et al., 1952). It has also been used in our laboratory as a method to determine blood volumes in chickens.Human radio-iodinated serum albumin (I131) has been recommended for the determination of plasma volume (directly) and blood volume (indirectly) in humans. Since it is not foreign to the human body, the loss rate is slow; i.e., limited to the rate of metabolization by the body (Abbott, 1966). Its use in other species however probably results in an altered loss rate (Portman et al., 1952). The use of human radio-iodinated serum albumin and its physiological characteristics to determine whole body blood volumes in chickens were investigated and reported herein.METHODSSingle Comb White Leghorn adult female chickens were used in this .

The Determination of Plasma Volume Using Coomassie Blue Dye as Indicator - III - A Comparison of the Values Obtained by this Method with those Obtained in the Same Individuals on the Same Day Using Evans' Blue Dye (Twenty-four Cases) and Radioiodinated Albumin (Eleven Cases)

Having previously established the safety of Coomassie blue and having established the reproducibility of the method in the estimation of plasma volume, it was decided to make a direct comparison of Coomassie blue versus standard plasma volume methods. The conclusion is that the divergencies in the results obtained are random and by employing the methods described in this and in our two previous papers Coomassie blue is suitable for the measurement of plasma volume in humans.

Anabolic agents and relative polycythaemia.

after the administration of testosterone an increase in the haemoglobin concentration may occur, and the difference in haemoglobin concentration between males and females has been ascribed to this hormonal influence. This hypothesis has been confirmed experimentally by Kennedy (1962). An increase in the haemoglobin concentration has also been brought about by the administration of ‘anabolic’ drugs (Booij and Kuypers, 1962; Everse and Van Keep, 1962). Both testosterone and anabolic drugs have induced remissions in congenital and acquired aplastic anaemia (Kennedy and Gilbertson, 1957; Shahidi and Diamond, 1959, 1961; Kennedy, 1962). These authors also reported polycythaemia in some cases following treatment with androgens or anabolic drugs. Gardner and Pringle (1961) have described polycythaemia in a woman suffering from a tumour of the adrenal cortex. Booij and Kuypers (1962) reported two cases of polycythaemia after prolonged administration of Nandrolone‐phenylpropionate (Durabolin) at high dosage, and they also demonstrated that this drug had an erythropoietic action in rats. But, like most other workers they based their observations only on measurements on peripheral blood and they made no blood volume determinations. Thus they were unable to distinguish between an increase in haemoglobin concentration due to a decrease of the plasma volume and an absolute increase of the whole red cell mass. Kennedy (1957), however, observed a return to normal values of the red cell mass during treatment of breast cancer with testosterone and even an increase exceeding the normal values in some of the patients. Unfortunately no plasma volume determinations were made.The results in three patients with clinical signs of polycythaemia after prolonged administration of anabolic drugs are reported. Examination of the peripheral blood showed an increase in haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume. However, determination of the plasma and red cell volume showed that these changes were due to a decrease of the plasma volume.

Effects of graded hemorrhage on renal blood flow in unanesthetized dogs.

IT HAS been demonstrated that anesthesia has an important effect on renal physiology. 1-7 With the increasing current interest in shock, the influence of this variable on renal blood flow in the hypovolemic animal should be reevaluated. It is the purpose of this report to describe the effect of graded hemorrhage on renal blood flow in both anesthetized and unanesthetized dogs. Method Six healthy mongrel dogs varying in weight from 14.5 to 23.5 kg (32 to 51.6 lb) were studied. Preliminary blood volumes were inferred following plasma volume determinations using either radio-iodinated serum albumin or Evans Blue Dye. The animals were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (25 mg/kg IV). Electromagnetic flowmeter probes * were implanted about the left renal artery after it had been exposed through an incision in the left flank. Extra efforts were made to minimize blood loss during the procedure. With the flowmeters in place and the connectors fixed

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF THE VOLUME OF RED CELLS AND PLASMA FOR SURVIVAL STUDIES OF STORED BLOOD.

A method is described for the determination of the in vivo survival of stored human red cells. Cr51 labeled red cells and I125 labeled human serum albumin are infused simultaneously to esti‐mate the whole blood volume and establish the 100 per cent retention value for subsequent red cell survival determination.The whole body hematocrit correction factor, necessary for the determination of 100 per cent retention value, has been established by the simul‐ taneous measurement of the red cell and plasma volumes in a group of 71 patients.Cr51 and I125 gamma emissions are separated for plasma and red cell volume determinations by measuring their values on a scaler equipped with a pulse height analyzer.This method has proven to be a safe and suitable means for the accurate establishment of in vivo survival of stored red cells, red cell mass, and plasma volume.

Movement of fluid, albumin, and globulins with overtransfusion and hemorrhage.

Two groups of 18 morphine-pentobarbitalized dogs were used for the experiments. Determinations of plasma volume and protein concentration were made before and after the experimental procedures. The first group was bled to a mean arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg. During an average bleeding time of 74 min in which the dogs bled 48% of their circulating plasma and 47% of their total protein, 29% of the plasma and 14% of the protein removed has been replaced from extravascular sources. Those dogs that bled for the longest time gained the greatest amount of fluid and protein. Globulins comprised 74% of the protein mobilized. The second group of dogs was overtransfused with a mean volume of 85 ml/kg of whole blood. Thirty minutes after the transfusion, 20 ml/kg of plasma and 0.53 g/kg of protein escaped from the vascular system. No correlation was found between the rate of infusion and the rate of fluid and protein loss. Seventy per cent of the total protein leaving the circulation was albumin.

Fibrinogen-I131, T-1824, and red cell-Cr51 spaces following hemorrhage

Altered hemodynamics following hemorrhage causing extended mixing time of indicators, fluid shifts, and changes in indicator disappearance slopes were studied in 17 anesthetized splenectomized dogs. Fibrinogen-I131, T-1824, and red cell-Cr51 spaces were determined simultaneously and the animals were bled 11.3 ml/kg. There was a significant decline in concentration of the three indicators that could not be accounted for on the basis of hematocrit or plasma protein concentration changes. After 20 min stabilization, the spaces were again measured, and the animals were bled an average of 17.7 ml/kg (to an arterial pressure of 60 mm Hg). The decline in indicator concentration was again observed. After allowing the animals to stabilize for 20 min, the spaces were again measured. There was a mobilization of red cells following the first hemorrhage and a trapping of red cells following the second hemorrhage. Fibrinogen-I131 and T-1824 spaces agreed closely with the expected spaces calculated from changes in hematocrit or plasma protein concentration. The fibrinogen space was consistently less than the T-1824 space. The ratio BVcells/ BVfibrinogen significantly increased from 0.92 to 0.99 following the hemorrhages. This suggested a possible redistribution of "extra plasma" or a smaller involvement of extravascular space in the plasma volume determination. BVcells/ BVT-1824 did not change following the hemorrhages. Possible causes for the decline in indicator concentration following hemorrhage are discussed.

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF RED CELL MASS AND PLASMA VOLUME WITH CR51 AND I131 USING A PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER.

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF RED CELL MASS AND PLASMA VOLUME WITH CR51 AND I131 USING A PULSE HEIGHT ANALYZER.

Toxicity of evans blue dye in the monkey and tracing of it in the tooth pulp

1. 1. Intravenous injections of Evans blue dye killed monkeys as follows: 50 mg. per kilogram of body weight killed in eleven days, 100 mg. per kilogram killed in seven days, and 200 mg. per kilogram killed in four days. 2. 2. An intravenous dose of 25 mg. Evans blue per kilogram of body weight was nontoxic to the test monkey, and the coloring that it gave to the skin and mucous membrane of the mouth disappeared after five weeks. 3. 3. With higher concentrations of Evans blue, the larger blood vessels of the pulp appear blue under the stereoscopic microscope. 4. 4. The dye present in the blood vessels is lost in histologic preparation of the tissue, probably because of its solubility in water as well as in alcohol. 5. 5. Part of the dye leaves the blood vessels within half an hour, or probably even earlier. This may cause a small error in the determination of plasma volume.

Shifts in fluid and protein with overtransfusion and hemorrhage in the dog

After control determination of red cell and plasma volume and protein concentration, seven dogs were successively overtransfused with a mean of 90 cc/kg blood, then slowly hemorrhaged to an arterial pressure of 35 mm Hg and, finally, the blood reinfused. Red cell and plasma volume and protein concentration were determined after each procedure. The bleeding volume of overtransfused dogs was larger by 11% than it was in a previously published series of dogs. However, the fraction of blood remaining in the vascular system after hemorrhage, expressed in percentage of the prehemorrhage volume for overtransfused and control dogs, was approximately the same, 66 and 61%, respectively. After the hemorrhage of overtransfused dogs, 4.6 cc/kg fluid and 2.7 g% protein left the circulation, whereas, for the control series considerable amounts of protein and fluid entered the circulation. On reinfusion, 13.9 cc/kg fluid and 4.7 g% protein left the circulation of the overtransfused dogs, a phenomenon which occurs to an even greater extent in the control group.

Radioisotopes as Diagnostic Aids in Gastroenterology

The value of I 131 -labeled triolein in the demonstration of impaired intestinal absorption in diseases of the small bowel and of the pancreas and also following subtotal resection for peptic ulcer has been well established. The distinction between a defect of digestion and an error of absorption can be made by the successive use of I 131 -labeled triolein and the I 131 -labeled oleic acid. Co 60 -labeled B 12 , in conjunction with intrinsic factor and antibiotics, has been found valuable in distinguishing between sprue, pernicious anemia, and the blind-loop syndrome. Red blood cells tagged with Cr 51 have been used to demonstrate intestinal bleeding; I 131 -labeled albumin is helpful in determining plasma volume.

Plasma and blood volumes in the little brown bat.

Modifications are described which make T-1824 suitable for plasma volume determinations on small bats. An average plasma volume of 6.5 ml/100 gm body weight has been determined for the active little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus; average blood volume, based on plasma volume and hematocrit, is 13.0 ml/100 gm body weight. Seasonal changes have been observed which apparently result primarily from changes in lean body weight and from pregnancy. Young bats have a proportionately greater blood volume. No significant differences have been found between sexes, nor between determinations made during day and night hours. Plasma and blood levels are changing least at the beginning and end of the hibernating period. Comparisons of previous studies suggest that, while a plasma decrease and unchanged cell volume seem generally characteristic of mammals which have entered hibernation, a concurrent drop in heart blood hematocrit of the hibernating bat suggests a redistribution of erythrocytes as well.