Determination Of Ranitidine Research Articles

Simultaneous Determination of Ranitidine and Metronidazole at Low Potential Using an Acid‐Activated Glassy Carbon Electrode

AbstractA simple, highly sensitive and inexpensive electrochemical method was established using an activated glassy carbon electrode (AGCE) in an acidic condition for the determination of ranitidine (RT) and metronidazole (MT) simultaneously at a low potential range. The AGCE was characterized using various techniques such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and morphology was studied through field‐emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM). The AGCE exhibited an electrocatalytic behavior towards the reduction of RT and MT in 0.5 M acidic solution. Both CV and DPV responses for the mixture of RT and MT gave well‐resolved peaks at low potential. Analysis of these experiments helps us to predict interactions that took place on the surface of AGCE and RT and MT with each other for having different types of functional groups. Furthermore, AGCE also promoted the electron transfer process. The linear dynamic range of MT and RT was 0.5–580 μM and 0.5–500 μM, respectively with the regression coefficient 0.99. The detection limit (S/N=3) calculated for MT and RT was 0.062 μM and 0.13 μM, respectively. Decent results were obtained from the reproducibility and stability test. The performance of the sensor was evaluated for the possible interferences which show high selectivity. Additionally, the real sample analysis was carried out to understand our sensor‘s applicability in real life.

Flow injection analysis of ranitidine based on derivatization reaction producing 2‐Methylfuran cation as a sensitive and selective amperometric detector

AbstractA new electrochemical sensor in a flow injection system is developed for the determination of ranitidine in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the deamination reaction of ranitidine in an acidic environment in the presence of nitrite ions producing the electroactive species 2‐methylfuran and releasing nitrosamine [1]. A wide linear range of ranitidine from 4.4 to 6000 mg L−1, with correlation coefficient R2 = 0.996 and the detection limit 1.3 mg L−1 was obtained. The method has been applied in tablet analysis and ampoules; the results are within the confidence limits with 95 % reliability compared to the reference method with HPLC.

Paper based device (PAD) for colorimetric determination of ranitidine in pharmaceutical samples

Ranitidine is a drug widely used in both humans and animals. Its main function is attributed to inhibit the excessive production of gastric acid, also called hyperacidity. Several methodologies are employed for ranitidine determination; however, they require high cost and reagent consumption as well as laborious operation and complex equipment. To overcome these problems, herein we present a simple and low-cost paper-based device (PAD) for ranitidine determination in pharmaceutical samples based on the colorimetric reaction between ranitidine and 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl). Using a scanner, the color intensity (RGB value) was employed as the analytical signal. Under optimized conditions, the PAD presented a LOD of 84.6 µM, linear correlation of r = 0.9982 and linear range of 0.2–1.5 mmol L−1 and relative standard deviation ≤ 2.49%. The proposed method was applied for ranitidine determination in pharmaceutical samples. This method is cheap, ease to use and low-cost, which makes it suitable for pharmaceutical applications.

Carbon Nanofiber Modified Glassy Carbon Platform for Quantification of Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonist Ranitidine in Micellar Media

In this study, the reduction of ranitidine (RNT) was studied on a carbon nanofiber modified glassy carbon sensor (CNF/GC). The method developed for the analysis is selective, reliable, and also environment- friendly as it involves the use of a solubilized system. Fabricated sensor, prior to analysis, was characterized by microscopic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques to obtain considerable information about the morphology, composition, and sensitivity of the modified electrode towards the determination of RNT. A comprehensive study of various experimental conditions that affected the peak response was carried out. Under optimized experimental conditions, the modified sensor exhibited a linear response for the electrocatalytic reduction of RNT over a concentration range from 0.05 to 0.75 mg mL-1. Low limits of detection and quantification were obtained for the proposed sensor. The analytical utility of the developed method was justified by measuring the concentration of RNT in a pharmaceutical formulation.

Electrochemical synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate nanocomposite film and its application for ranitidine detection

Abstract Here we describe a simple and rapid voltammetric fabrication of a novel nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based on reduced graphene oxide/ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate (rGO/RuOHCF). The performance of the electrode was tested for ranitidine (RTD) electrocatalytic oxidation. Characterization techniques confirmed an efficient electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and the formation of ruthenium oxide hexacyanoferrate (RuOHCF) nanoparticles. The nanocomposite presented well distributed ~89 nm particles entrenched in wrinkled graphene sheets. The electrochemical behavior of RTD on the nanocomposite surface was examined by cyclic voltammetry, and its mass transport process was evaluated by scan rate test. The parameters of the amperometry with batch-injection analysis (BIA) system for RTD determination were optimized, and the calibration curve presented high linearity (R2 = 0.999) from 5.0 to 100.0 μmol L−1, good sensitivity of 0.216 μA L μmol−1, and a limit of detection (LD) of 274.4 nmol L−1. RTD from pharmacological samples was successfully determined, with approximately 95% of recovery.

Kinetics Spectrophotometric determination of Ranitidine based on its Inhibitory effect on the Oxidation Rate of Malachite green by N-bromosuccinide

A simple and sensitive kinetic spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of ranitidine. The method is based on the inhibiting effect of ranitidine on the rate of oxidation of malachite green (MG+ ) with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) The oxidation reaction was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the rate of change of the absorbance of malachite green with time at λ=617nm in the presence of different concentrations of ranitidine using the recommended procedure. Ranitidine can be determined from 0.08 to 2.40 g ml-1 with a linear calibration graph and detection limit of 0.026 g ml-1 . The method was successfully applied for the determination of ranitidine in pure ranitidine samples and in ranitidine tablets. The recovery of the analyzed samples were 97-100% with relative standard deviation, sr (%) =1.14 x 10-4 indicating high accuracy and precision of the suggested method. The interference of various cations and anions in the determination of ranitidine was studied

Ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction for the determination of ranitidine in water samples and pharmaceutical preparations

A new extraction method is proposed for the isolation of the histamine H2 receptor antagonist ranitidine (RNT) from aqueous samples.

Design and Study of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Polymer Inclusion Membranes Containing Polyoxometalates

Polyoxometalates (POM) are a class of inorganic compounds with various structures and remarkable electrical, magnetic and optical properties. Ion-pair complexes formed with some organic cations have high lipophilicity and they can be used as ionophores for PVC matrix membranes with active recognition function. The present study describes the construction and characterization of selective membrane sensors based on electroactive material incorporated in PVC matrix. They have been employed for the determination of ranitidine and nizatidine by using their complexes with silicotungstic acid as ionophores. The composition of the membrane has been optimized. The linear response range for both sensors was between 10-1-10-5M with quantification limits of 2.83�10-6M for ranitidine and 3.43�10-6M for nizatidine, and a response time shorter than 50 seconds. The new electrodes have been used for the potentiometrical determination of ranitidine and nizatidine in pharmaceutical products.

Single drop microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SDME-LC-MS/MS) for determination of ranitidine in water samples

Single drop microextraction (SDME) procedure for isolation of antihistaminic drug ranitidine (RNT) from water samples was developed. This technique is a simple, fast and virtually solvent-free pretreatment method. The isolation process of analyte was performed following by 5 μL of extraction solvent. Optimization of experimental conditions (e.g. organic drop volume, pH of the sample solution, stirring time) was investigated and the interfering effect of the foreign substances on the SDME microextraction process was studied. The organic extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography connected with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The microextraction procedure enables the effective isolation and preconcentration of ranitidine (enrichment factor: 45). The elaborated method was successfully applied for determination of RNT in surface and wastewater samples.

Electrochemical oxidation of ranitidine at poly(dopamine) modified carbon paste electrode: Its voltammetric determination in pharmaceutical and biological samples based on the enhancement effect of anionic surfactant

The preparation and characterization of a carbon paste electrode modified with poly(dopamine) as well as its novel application for the electrochemical oxidation and voltammetric determination of ranitidine are described. The sensitivity of the voltammetric measurements was significantly increased at modified electrode in comparison to the bare one. Besides, a further increase in the detecting sensitivity of ranitidine could be obtained in the presence of anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate). Using square-wave voltammetry, the drug yielded a well-defined voltammetric response in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 5.0) containing 1 × 10−3 M sodium dodecylsulfate at +0.96 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). The process could be used to determine ranitidine in the concentration range from 1 × 10−7 to 7.5 × 10−6 M, with a detection limit of 1.9 × 10−8 M (6.1 ng mL−1). The suggested method was successfully applied to pharmaceuticals and spiked human urine samples.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Antiulcerative Drugs in Pharmaceutical Dosages

The aim of this work is to develop cheap, safe, rapid, reliable and reproducible spectrophotometric method for the assay of some antiulcerative drugs namely Omedar, Nadine and Rantag in their pharmaceutical dosages, using methyl red (MR) as a chromogenic reagent. The proposed method is based on the reaction of each of the three drugs with MR at pH 3.0. The optimum analytical variables have been investigated carefully. The maximum absorbance was obtained at 405 nm with absorptivity of 1.35 × 104 L/mol cm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of concentration of 0.5–15 μg/mL for ranitidine (active ingredient) content in the studied drugs. The limits of detection and quantification of the drug active ingredient were 0.05 and 0.13 μg/mL, respectively, with a linear regression correlation coefficient of 0.998, and recovery was in the range 99.91–100.48%. Effects of pH, temperature, standing time and MR concentration on the determination of ranitidine hydrochloride of the drugs have been examined. This method is simple and can be used for the determination of ranitidine in the pharmaceutical dosages of antiulcerative drugs.

Highly luminescent S,N co‐doped carbon quantum dots‐sensitized chemiluminescence on luminol–H2O2 system for the determination of ranitidine

S,N co-doped carbon quantum dots (N,S-CQDs) with super high quantum yield (79%) were prepared by the hydrothermal method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, UV-Vis spectroscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. N,S-CQDs can enhance the chemiluminescence intensity of a luminol-H2 O2 system. The possible mechanism of the luminol-H2 O2 -(N,S-CQDs) was illustrated by using chemiluminescence, photoluminescence and ultraviolet analysis. Ranitidine can quench the chemiluminescence intensity of a luminol-H2 O2 -N,S-CQDs system. So, a novel flow-injection chemiluminescence method was designed to determine ranitidine within a linear range of 0.5-50 μg ml-1 and a detection limit of 0.12 μg ml-1 . The method shows promising application prospects.

Novel flow injection spectrophotometric determination of ranitidine in pharmaceuticals

A novel flow injection spectrophotometric determination of ranitidine in pharmaceuticals is reported. The method is based on a compound formed in a reaction using ranitidine with and potassium permanganate in neutral media, which can be monitored at 430 nm. Under optimal conditions, an analytical curve was constructed, which was linear in the range between 5.0 × 10−5 and 1.0 × 10−3 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−5 mol L−1. In addition, the sample throughput was 60 h−1 and the obtained results for commercial formulation samples by applying the proposed method were in good agreement with labeled values and those obtained by a reference method at a 95% confidence level.

A new sensor architecture based on carbon Printex 6L to the electrochemical determination of ranitidine

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with carbon Printex 6L (Printex6L/GCE) as a novel sensor is proposed. A morphological study was carried out using scanning electron microscopy, and an electrochemical characterization of the proposed electrode was performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) using [Fe(CN)6]4− as a redox probe. With the incorporation of the carbon Printex 6L film onto the GCE surface, the [Fe(CN)6]4− analytical signal was substantially increased and the difference between the oxidation and reduction potentials (ΔE p) decreased, a characteristic of the electrocatalytic effect. Furthermore, the use of carbon Printex 6L film resulted in an 84 % increase in the oxidation current and a 123 % increase in the reduction current. Faster charge transfer was observed at the proposed electrode/electrolyte interface during CV when compared with GCE. The Printex6L/GCE was tested for ranitidine (RNT) sensing and showed a decrease in the working potential and an increase in the analytical signal, when compared with GCE, again demonstrating an electrocatalytic effect. Under optimized experimental conditions, the developed square-wave adsorptive anodic stripping voltammetry (SWAdASV) method presented an analytical curve that was linear in RNT concentration range from 1.98 × 10−6 to 2.88 × 10−5 mol L−1 with a detection limit of 2.44 × 10−7 mol L−1. The developed Printex6L/GCE was successfully applied to the determination of RNT concentrations in human body fluid samples (urine and serum).

An Efficient Ion-Pair Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Some H2 Receptor Antagonists.

A simple, efficient and reliable ion-pair chromatography (IPC) method was developed and validated for the determination of some H2 receptor antagonists including ranitidine (RAN), nizatidine (NIZ) and famotidine (FAM). The use of IPC separations provided improved peak resolution with good peak shape in short analysis time and augmented method selectivity compared with the frequently used RP-C18 methods. A simple isocratic mode with mobile phase containing acetonitrile and 20 mM acetate buffer (50 : 50, v/v) containing 20 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate was used for separation. The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL min(-1), and the effluent was monitored by UV detector at 280 nm FAM and 320 nm for NIZ and RAN. The method was validated in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization guidelines and shown to be suitable for intended applications. The limits of detections and quantitations were 0.008-0.011 and 0.025-0.033 µg mL(-1), respectively. The proposed IPC method was successfully applied for the determination of pharmaceutical dosage forms without prior need for separation. Additionally, the developed method was applied for the determination of RAN in rabbit plasma using NIZ as the internal standard. The method entailed direct injection of the plasma samples after deproteination using methanol. Finally, the proposed IPC method was applied successfully in a pharmacokinetic study for RAN in rabbits after a single oral dose of RAN.

English

An UV spectrophotometric method using simultaneous equation was developed for the simultaneous determination of ranitidine and itopride in a binary mixture. In the proposed method, the signals were measured at 315.0 and 258.0 nm corresponding to absorbance maxima of ranitidine and itopride hydrochloric acid (HCl) in double distilled water, respectively. Linearity range was observed in the concentration range of 2 to 20 µg/ml for both drugs. Concentration of each drug was obtained by using the absorptivity values calculated for both drugs at two wavelengths, 315.0 and 258.0 nm and solving the simultaneous equation. Developed method was applied to laboratory mixture. The method was validated statistically and recovery study was performed to confirm the accuracy of the method. The method was found to be rapid, simple, accurate and precise. Key words: Itopride, simultaneous equation, spectrophotometry, ranitidine.

Estimation of Ranitidine in Bulk and Formulation by First Order Derivative Area under Curve UV-Spectrophotometry Methods

Simple, fast and reliable spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of Ranitidine in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The solutions of standard and the sample were prepared in Methanol. The quantitative determination of the drug was carried out using the first order Derivative Area under Curve method values measured at 329-335nm. Calibration graphs constructed at their wavelengths of determination were linear in the concentration range of Ranitidine using 2–10μg/ml (r2=0.999) for first order Derivative Area under Curve spectrophotometric method. The proposed methods have been extensively validated as per ICH guidelines. There was no significant difference between the performance of the proposed methods regarding the mean values and standard deviations. The developed methods were successfully applied to estimate the amount of Ranitidine in pharmaceutical formulations.

Modified Au nanoparticles-imprinted sol–gel, multiwall carbon nanotubes pencil graphite electrode used as a sensor for ranitidine determination

A new, simple, and disposable molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor for the determination of ranitidine was developed on pencil graphite electrode (PGE) via cyclic voltammetry (CV). The PGEs were coated with MWCNTs containing the carboxylic functional group (f-MWCNTs), imprinted with sol–gel and Au nanoparticle (AuNPs) layers (AuNP/MIP-sol–gel/f-MWCNT/PGE), respectively, to enhance the electrode's electrical transmission and sensitivity. The thin film of molecularly imprinted sol–gel polymers with specific binding sites for ranitidine was cast on modified PGE by electrochemical deposition. The AuNP/MIP-sol–gel/f-MWCNT/PGE thus developed was characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and CV. The interaction between the imprinted sensor and the target molecule was also observed on the electrode by measuring the current response of 5.0mMK3[Fe(CN)6] solution as an electrochemical probe. The pick currents of ranitidine increased linearly with concentration in the ranges of 0.05 to 2.0μM, with a detection limit of (S/N=3) 0.02μM. Finally, the modified electrode was successfully employed to determine ranitidine in human urine samples.

Simultaneous determination of ranitidine and metronidazole in pharmaceutical formulations at poly(chromotrope 2B) modified activated glassy carbon electrodes

A simple and sensitive electrochemical method for the simultaneous and quantitative detection of ranitidine (RT) and metronidazole (MT) was developed, based on a poly(chromotrope 2B) modified activated glassy carbon electrode (PCHAGCE). The PCHAGCE showed excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of both RT and MT in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.0). The peak-to-peak separations for the simultaneous detection of RT and MT between the two reduction waves in cyclic voltammetry were increased significantly from ∼0.1 V at activated GCE, to ∼0.55 V at PCHAGCE. By differential pulse voltammetry techniques, the reduction peak currents of RT and MT were both linear over the range of 1.0 × 10−5–4.0×10−4 mol/L. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 5.4 × 10−7 mol/L and 3.3 × 10−7 mol/L for RT and MT, respectively. The modified electrode was successfully applied to the determination of RT and MT in pharmaceutical preparations and human serum as real samples with stable and reliable recovery data.

Electrochemical sensor for ranitidine determination based on carbon paste electrode modified with oxovanadium (IV) salen complex

The preparation and electrochemical characterization of a carbon paste electrode modified with the N,N-ethylene-bis(salicyllideneiminato)oxovanadium (IV) complex ([VO(salen)]) as well as its application for ranitidine determination are described. The electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode for the electroreduction of ranitidine was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, and analytical curves were obtained for ranitidine using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) under optimized conditions. The best voltammetric response was obtained for an electrode composition of 20% (m/m) [VO(salen)] in the paste, 0.10molL−1 of KCl solution (pH5.5 adjusted with HCl) as supporting electrolyte and scan rate of 25mVs−1. A sensitive linear voltammetric response for ranitidine was obtained in the concentration range from 9.9×10−5 to 1.0×10−3molL−1, with a detection limit of 6.6×10−5molL−1 using linear sweep voltammetry. These results demonstrated the viability of this modified electrode as a sensor for determination, quality control and routine analysis of ranitidine in pharmaceutical formulations.