Blood Glucose Determinations Research Articles

Paper-based microfluidic devices based on 3D network polymer hydrogel for the determination of glucose in human whole blood.

In this study, optical microfluidic paper analytical devices (μPADs) for glucose detection from whole blood samples with a small sample volume (2 μL) have been developed on a single paper. In the proposed method, a mushroom-shaped analytical device contains a sample inlet zone and a detection zone. When blood is dripped onto the inlet region of a μPAD, the plasma diffuses to the detection region. The detection region is implanted with a metallic three-dimensional (3D) polymer hydrogel vehicle. The gel vehicle consists of a copper complex that responds to oxygen changes and glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized inside the gel as a bioactivity preservative. The phosphorescence of the copper complex is enhanced by oxygen consumed by detection of glucose with a limit of detection (S/N = 3) of 0.44 mM, and the total analysis of the sample is completed within 1 min. The validity of the proposed research is demonstrated using control samples and real-world whole blood samples of glucose concentrations ranging from 3 to 200 mM, and the detection results are shown to be in agreement with those obtained using a glucometer. Attaining a simple device for analysing glucose in human whole blood without any pretreatment procedures and having a broad sensing range while consuming a small sample volume remain challenging; thus, our new analytical device is of great interest.

Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract may precipitate infertility in male diabetic Wistar rats

Objective:This study was designed to investigate the Ocimum gratissimum (OG) effects on sperm quality and testicular cytoarchitecture in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Method:Twenty male Wistar rats (150-200 g) were assigned into 4 groups (n=5) as A (control), B (OG), C (Dia) and D (Dia+OG). Groups A and B were normal animals receiving distilled water or OG (400 mg/kg), respectively while diabetes was induced by alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg) in groups C and D, followed by the administration of distilled water or OG, respectively for 28 days. Blood samples were obtained for fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fructosamine determination while, epididymis and testes were obtained for sperm quality assessment using computer-assisted sperm analyzer and testicular histomorphometry, respectively. Seminiferous tubule diameter and interstitial space distance were quantified in hematoxylin and eosin stained slides. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA and student t-test at α0.05.Results:Fructosamine and FBG were reduced in Dia+OG (80.11±3.80µmol/L and 132.0±8.41mg/dl, respectively) compared with Dia (139.66±4.29µmol/L and 285.6±26.69mg/dl, respectively). Sperm count was unchanged in Dia, but decreased in OG and Dia+OG; abnormal sperm cells increased in OG, Dia and Dia+OG. Mild vacuolation in the seminiferous tubule, disorganized germinal cells layer, arrested sperm maturation with empty spermatozoa in lumen, decreased seminiferous tubule diameter and increased interstitial space were found in the testes of OG, Dia and Dia+OG compared with control.Conclusion:Diabetes induces sperm impairments and distortions in testicular cytoarchitecture, which were aggravated by OG leaf extract in male Wistar rats.

Risk Factors of Intraoperative Dysglycemia in Elderly Surgical Patients.

BACKGROUNDː Dysglycemia is associated with adverse outcome including increased morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. Acute insulin resistance due to the surgical stress response is seen as a major cause of so-called stress hyperglycemia. However, understanding of factors determining blood glucose (BG) during surgery is limited. Therefore, we investigated risk factors contributing to intraoperative dysglycemia.METHODSː In this subgroup investigation of the BIOCOG study, we analyzed 87 patients of ≥ 65 years with tight intraoperative BG measurement every 20 min during elective surgery. Dysglycemia was defined as at least one intraoperative BG measurement outside the recommended target range of 80-150 mg/dL. Additionally, all postoperative BG measurements in the ICU were obtained. Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) status, diabetes, type and duration of surgery, minimum Hemoglobin (Hb) and mean intraoperative norepinephrine use was performed to identify risk factors of intraoperative dysglycemia.RESULTSː 46 (52.9%) out of 87 patients developed intraoperative dysglycemia. 31.8% of all intraoperative BG measurements were detected outside the target range. Diabetes [OR 9.263 (95% CI 2.492, 34.433); p=0.001] and duration of surgery [OR 1.005 (1.000, 1.010); p=0.036] were independently associated with the development of intraoperative dysglycemia. Patients who experienced intraoperative dysglycemia had significantly elevated postoperative mean (p<0.001) and maximum BG levels (p=0.001). Length of ICU (p=0.007) as well as hospital stay (p=0.012) were longer in patients with dysglycemia.CONCLUSIONSː Diabetes and duration of surgery were confirmed as independent risk factors for intraoperative dysglycemia, which was associated with adverse outcome. These patients, therefore, might require intensified glycemic control. Increased awareness and management of intraoperative dysglycemia is warranted.

Assessment of impaired fasting blood glucose staff in Kashim Ibrahim College of education Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria

This study assessed of impaired fasting blood glucose staff in Kashim Ibrahim College of Education Maiduguri, Borno state. Three hypotheses guided the study. Survey research design was used for this study. The population for the study comprised staff of Kashim Ibrahim College of Education Maiduguri numbering 566 (academic staff 216 and non-academic staff 350). A sample of 57 (males 37, females 20) staff were selected for the study using stratified sampling technique with proportionate method. The instruments used for data collection were Floride oxalate container (green cap), syringe (5ml) and needle (made in USA 2016 model), buffer or lyophilized enzymes, hydrogen peroxidase, Blank, standard solution and test solution was used to determine blood glucose of the participants; biodata sheet was used in recording the information of each participant. Analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, frequency counts and percentage. T-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to test hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance. All the hypotheses formulated was retained. It was concluded that there is no significant difference in the hypotheses tested. Based on the results of this study, it was recommended that seminars, workshops and health talks should be organize by the College authority to create more awareness to the staff on dieting and the importance of healthy eating.

Effect of diabetes compensation on ovarian function recovery in women of reproductive age with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Hypothesis/aims of study. The adverse effects of type 1 diabetes mellitus on the female reproductive system have been proved by many studies. There is still conflicting literature on the impact of diabetes and other factor compensation on ovarian function in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; Study design, materials and methods. The current analysis was undertaken to study the effects of diabetes compensation on ovarian function in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. In order to this, 180 individuals aged 20 to 40 years were examined. The main group consisted of 112 diabetic patients with primary ovarian insufficiency, the comparison group included 68 women with type 1 diabetes mellitus and a normal ovulatory cycle. After 18–24 months following the therapy aimed to compensate diabetes, 63 patients with ovarian insufficiency were re-examined. The examination included determination of blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), FSH, LH, prolactin, estradiol, total and free testosterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, dihydrotestosterone, progesterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, as well as ultrasound examination in the first and second phases of the menstrual cycle.&#x0D; Results. Association of ovarian insufficiency with HbA1c level and the dose of insulin was found. Patients in the main group experienced a decrease in FSH and SHBG levels, an increase in the ovarian volume and the number of antral follicles compared to those in diabetic patients with a normal ovulatory cycle. In patients with decompensated diabetes and ovarian insufficiency, after the compensation of diabetes, the recovery of the ovulatory cycle was observed in 61.8 % of cases.&#x0D; Conclusion. Ovarian function in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus depends on HbA1c level and the dose of insulin. Diabetes compensation in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus contributes to the recovery of ovulation in 61.8 % of cases.

Hyperglycemia in Rural Dwellers: A cross sectional study of the Effutu Municipality, Ghana

Background: Despite increasing prevalence of hyperglycemia leading to a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the urban areas, relatively little is known about its actual prevalence and associations in the rural population. This study sought to determine hyperglycemia and its associated risk factors among rural dwellers in the Effutu Municipality.Method: A simple-random cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2015 to May 2015 at the Effutu Municipality, in the Central region of Ghana. One hundred and forty-nine (149) participants were enrolled onto the study. A structured questionnaire was administered to obtain information on demography, alcohol use, tobacco use, educational status, visual challenges, sugary food intake and late-night eating. Blood samples were obtained for determination of fasting blood glucose (FBG). Body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC) were determined and hip circumference (HC) using standard protocols. Data obtained was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and p &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The study showed 8.1% hyperglycemia among the rural dwellers and advanced age showed significant association with glycemic status (P = 0.0376). BMI, gender, waist hip ratio, waist circumference and hip circumference were higher in hyperglycemic participants than in normogylcaemic participants, however there was no significant difference when these parameters were compared by glycemic status.Conclusion: The prevalence of hyperglycemia in rural dwellers was 8.1% and it was significantly associated with advanced age. BMI, gender, HC, WC, WHR showed no association with hyperglycaemia.

Biotinylated fluorescent probe for the specific and quantitative determination of blood glucose

The quantitative detection of biomarkers in protein‐rich samples using fluorescent probes is usually hampered by nonspecific fluorescence as a result of nonspecific probe–protein interactions. In this paper, we report a biotinylated fluorescent probe that is encapsulated in avidin protein, which can generate very specific fluorescence in blood serum by blocking out nonspecific dye–protein interactions. This approach was applied successfully to quantify glucose concentrations in blood serum.

Isolated compounds from Cuscuta pedicellata ameliorate oxidative stress and upregulate expression of some energy regulatory genes in high fat diet induced obesity in rats.

Cuscuta pedicellata and some of its isolated compounds were suggested previously to have an anti-obesity effect in rats. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ten isolated compounds from C. pedicellata on insulin resistance, some oxidative stress markers and expression of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-1) genes in brown adipose tissue of high fat diet (HFD) rats. One hundred and four male albino rats were divided into 13 groups. Group (1) was considered as normal untreated rats. Obesity was induced in all other groups by HFD. Group (2) served as obese control group and groups (3-11) were treated for four weeks with C. pedicellata extract or one of its isolated compounds (naringenin, kaempferol, aromadenderin, quercetin, 3,5,7,30,50-pentahydroxy flavanone, naringenin-7-O-b-d-glucoside, aromadenderin-7-O-b-d-glucoside, taxifolin 7-O-b-d-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-b-d-glucoside [astragalin], and quercitin-3-O-b-d-glucoside [isoquercitrin]). At the end of the experiment, rats were then sacrificed under anesthesia and their brown adipose tissues were dissected out for determination of UCP-1 and CPT-1 genes using quantitative PCR. Blood samples were collected for determination of blood glucose, insulin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. A significant reduction in homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and TBARS levels was observed in rats treated with C. pedicellata crude extract and some of its isolated compounds, with a significant increase in SOD and catalase levels and upregulation of UCP-1 and CPT-1 genes expression compared to the obese control group. This study suggests a beneficiary role of C. pedicellata in reducing insulin resistance, oxidative stress and enhancing energy expenditure.

Effect of milk protein intake and casein-to-whey ratio in breakfast meals on postprandial glucose, satiety ratings, and subsequent meal intake

Whey and casein proteins differentially affect postprandial blood glucose and satiety mechanisms, with relevance for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to investigate the effect of the casein-to-whey protein ratio and total protein concentration of milks consumed with cereal on postprandial blood glucose, appetite ratings, and subsequent food intake in a randomized, controlled, double-blinded study with healthy young adults (n = 32, 23.4 ± 3.1 yr, body mass index = 22.2 ± 2.5 kg/m2). Fasted participants consumed milk (250 mL) with either 80:20 or 40:60 (modified) casein-to-whey protein ratios at commercially normal (3.1%, wt) or high protein (9.3%, wt) concentration, or control (water with whey permeate), each along with 2 servings of oat-based breakfast cereal. Blood glucose concentrations were determined from finger prick blood samples and appetite was assessed using visual analog scales. Participants consumed a measured ad libitum pizza lunch at 120 min and blood glucose determination and appetite assessment continued following the lunch meal (140-200 min) to observe the second meal effect. Pre-lunch (0-120 min) incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and mean change from baseline blood glucose were reduced with consumption of all milk treatments relative to control. However, we found no differences between all treatments on pre-lunch appetite change from baseline and total area under the curve (tAUC) or lunch meal food intake. In terms of protein concentration results, high protein (9.3%, wt) treatments contrasted to normal protein (3.1%, wt) treatments lowered blood glucose change from baseline and iAUC, and post-lunch appetite change from baseline and tAUC. Protein ratio showed a modest effect in that modified (40:60) protein ratio lowered pre-lunch blood glucose change from baseline but not iAUC, and normal (80:20) protein ratio lowered pre-lunch appetite change from baseline but not tAUC. Therefore, high-carbohydrate breakfast meals with increased protein concentration (9.3%, wt) could be a dietary strategy for the attenuation of blood glucose and improved satiety ratings after the second meal.

Modifiying efficacy of pectoral nerve block combined with general anesthesia in patients undergoing radical mastectomy

Objective To evaluate the modifiying efficacy of pectoral nerve (Pecs) block combined with general anesthesia in patients undergoing radical mastectomy. Methods A total of 60 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ female patients, aged 40-64 yr, weighing 50-70 kg, scheduled for elective radical mastectomy, were divided into 2 groups (n= 30 each) using a random number table method: general anesthesia group (group GA) and Pecs block combined with general anesthesia group (group PB+ GA). The patients in group PB+ GA received Pecs block guided by ultrasound.After the needle was advanced to the pleura plane between the pectoralis major and minor, 0.33% ropivacaine 15 ml was injected, and 0.33% ropivacaine 30 ml was injected into the surface of the serratus anterior muscle at the level of the third rib.Anesthesia was induced by intravenous injection of midazolam, propofol, sufentanil and cisatracurium and maintained by target-controlled infusion of propofol and intermittent intravenous boluses of sufentanil and cisatracurium.Bispectral index value was maintained at 40-60.Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia was performed with sufentanil at the end of surgery.Immediately after anesthesia induction, at 30 min and 2 h after skin incision, and at 2, 6 and 24 h after operation, peripheral venous blood samples were collected for determination of the concentrations of plasma epinephrine by radioimmunoassay, and the blood samples were collected from the end of the finger at the same time for determination of blood glucose concentrations.The consumption of intraoperative sufentanil, emergence time, pressing times of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and development of nausea and vomiting within 24 h after operation were recorded. Results Compared with group GA, blood glucose and plasma epinephrine concentrations were significantly decreased, the intraoperative sufentanil consumption was reduced, the emergence time was shortened, the pressing times of PCA were decreased at 2, 6 and 24 h after operation(P 0.05). Conclusion When Pecs block combined with general anesthesia is used in the patients undergoing radical mastectomy, it is helpful in reducing the opioid consumption and more helpful in inhibiting postoperative stress responses and pain responses than general anesthesia alone. Key words: Nerve block; Thoracic nerves; Anesthesia, general; Breast neoplasms

Momordica charantia (Bitter melon) in Combination with Metformin Potentiates Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) in combination with a standard oral hypoglycemic agent metformin on alloxan induced diabetic rats (AIDRs). Both the plant extract and the drug, individually and in combination, were subjected in vivo for two weeks (short term) and four weeks (long term) treatment protocol to determine blood glucose level, lipid profile and liver glycogen level using Swiss Albino rats. In short term treatment protocol, bitter melon extract (BME) at a dose of 75, 150 and 300 mg/ kg body weight (bw) were administered in AIDRs by using oral gavages once daily and dose-dependent antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic effects were investigated. This short term study revealed that the most effective dose of BME was found as 300 mg/kg bw among the three doses. In long term treatment protocol, AIDRs in different groups received fixed dose monotherapy of BME (300 mg/kg bw) and metformin (15 mg/kg bw) and fixed dose BME (150 mg/kg bw) and metformin (7.5 mg/kg bw) combination therapy. The study showed that combination therapy significantly decreased the blood glucose level from 18.42 ± 0.95 to 6.80 ± 0.39 mmol/l in comparison to the control group after daily treatment for four weeks. In case of antidyslipidemic effect, combination therapy reduced total cholesterol (34.25%), triglycerides (11.92%) and LDL-cholesterol (57.73%) levels and increased HDL-cholesterol level (55.48%) in comparison with their respective control groups. Metformin, BME and their combination preserved the liver glycogen level by 35.21%, 22.54% and 49.01%, respectively in comparison to diabetic control group. These changes were significantly better than those of BME and metformin monotherapy. The results suggested that treatment with combination therapy was more effective than mono-therapy for preventing diabetes as bitter melon extract potentiates the effects of metformin on long term alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 21(2): 109-117, 2018

Serum markers for asymptomatic atherosclerosis in Egyptian psoriatic patients: study controlled by Doppler estimation of carotid intima-media thickness.

BackgroundThe aim of the study was to measure serum levels of endocan, myeloperoxidase (MPO), pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in psoriatic patients and to study their correlations with carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in trial to evaluate predictability of these parameters in diagnosing asymptomatic atherosclerosis (AAS).Patients and methodsSeventy-five psoriasis patients and 75 control subjects underwent complete clinical examination and Doppler estimation of CIMT using thickness of 0.9 mm as cutoff point for diagnosis of AAS. Blood samples were collected for determination of fasting blood glucose, lipid profile and serum C-reactive protein (CRP), endocan, MPO, PTX3 and 1,25(OH)2D3.ResultsEstimated blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and serum CRP, PTX3, MPO and endocan levels were significantly higher, while blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) and serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were significantly lower in patients than in controls. CIMT showed significant positive correlation with disease severity and duration; patients’ age; and endocan, MPO, LDL-c, PTX3 and CRP levels, and significant negative correlation with HDL-c and 1,25(OH)2D3 levels. Regression analysis defined high serum endocan and MPO, low serum 1,25(OH)2D3 and increased disease severity as significant predictors of high CIMT.ConclusionElevated serum levels of endocan and MPO and low 1,25(OH)2D3 levels may underlie the development of psoriasis-related cardiac manifestations. Elevated serum endocan and low 1,25(OH)2D3 levels could be used as early predictors of increased CIMT, which is a pathognomonic feature of AAS.

Difference in Hepatic Steatosis and Pancreatic Beta-Cell Mass between Dapagliflozin and Insulin Glargine Treatment at Comparable Levels of Glycemic Control

Background: Although several studies have shown that SGLT2 inhibitors exert protective effects on pancreatic beta cells and hepatic steatosis, the mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, we compared the glucose-lowering effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (dapa) on pancreatic beta cell mass and hepatic steatosis with those of insulin glargine. Methods: Six-week-old db/db mice were assigned to one of four groups: untreated (Placebo), treated with dapa (Dapa), treated with insulin glargine (Gla), or treated with both dapa and insulin glargine (Dapa+Gla). After 8 weeks of treatment, we determined blood glucose levels, beta cell mass and liver triglyceride (TG) content. Results: Fed blood glucose levels were significantly lower in the treated groups compared with the Placebo group (Placebo 904.2 ± 35.6 mg/dL, Dapa 425.0 ± 26.7 mg/dL, Gla 406.1 ± 25.8 mg/dL, Dapa+Gla 347.3 ± 24.0 mg/dL). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that pancreatic beta cell mass was significantly increased in the Dapa and Dapa+Gla groups, but not the Gla group, compared with the Placebo group (Placebo 2.25 ± 0.45 mg, Dapa 5.01 ± 0.52 mg, Gla 3.79 ± 0.32 mg, Dapa+Gla 5.19 ± 0.56 mg). Liver TG content was significantly increased in the Gla group compared with the others (Placebo 24.1 ± 5.7 mg, Dapa 30.6 ± 6.4 mg, Gla 128 ± 25 mg, and Dapa+Gla 54.4 ± 7.1 mg per gram liver). Microarray analysis revealed genes involved in hepatic steatosis such as Cidec and Pparg were significantly upregulated in the Gla group compared with the Placebo group. As for hepatic fatty acid composition, concentrations of C16:0 and C18:1n-9 were significantly increased in the Gla group compared with the Placebo group, while C18:0 was not significantly different between groups. There was no difference in safety including mortality. Conclusion: Beta cell mass was maintained, and hepatic steatosis was not induced, after 8 weeks of treatment with dapa, but with insulin glargine, in db/db mice. Disclosure K. Omori: None. A. Nakamura: Research Support; Self; Sanofi, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, MSD K.K., Novo Nordisk Inc., Novartis Pharma K.K., AstraZeneca, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. H. Miyoshi: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma US, Inc., AstraZeneca, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly and Company, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma US, Inc., AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Speaker's Bureau; Self; MSD K.K.. K. Takahashi: None. N. Kitao: None. Y. Terauchi: Research Support; Self; MSD K.K.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; MSD K.K.. Advisory Panel; Self; MSD K.K.. Research Support; Self; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Novartis Pharma K.K., Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. Advisory Panel; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. Research Support; Self; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Advisory Panel; Self; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation. Research Support; Self; Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited. Advisory Panel; Self; Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited. Research Support; Self; Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc.. Research Support; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Advisory Panel; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Research Support; Self; Sanofi. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Sanofi. Advisory Panel; Self; Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.. Research Support; Self; Shionogi &amp; Co., Ltd.. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Shionogi &amp; Co., Ltd., Bayer Yakuhin, Ltd., Astellas Pharma US, Inc., AstraZeneca. Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Teijin Pharma Limited. T. Atsumi: Speaker's Bureau; Self; Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Astellas Pharma US, Inc., Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Pfizer Inc., AbbVie Inc.. Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma US, Inc., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Otsuka Holdings Co., Ltd..

Study of Association of Hematological Parameters with HbA1c and Microvascular Complications in type II Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Studies have proved that complications of diabetes particularly the microvascular complications are strongly associated with HbA1c levels [2,3]. The higher the Hba1c values the higher the chance of developing complications. Hba1c values have thus become a valuable marker in assessing the glycemic control and the risk of developing complications as it is convenient, reproducible and efficient in reflecting chronic hyperglycemia. Aim: To assess the association and correlation of haematological parameters with HbA1c levels in type II diabetes mellitus patients. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year with 150 patients with diabetes and 150 controls were taken without diabetes. Patients’, age, gender, blood pressure, accompanying disease history, medication history and medical history were recorded using pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire. Five milliliters of fasting blood sample was collected by laboratory technologist for fasting blood glucose (FBG) determination after 10–12 hours of fasting with the exception of water and medication. FBG was estimated by following glucose oxidase method using MINDRAY BS300 fully auto chemistry analyzer, made in china according to manufacturer’s instructions. The quantitative urine albumin/creatinine ratio in morning spot urine samples was used for albuminuria determination in the diagnosis of microalbuminuria. Results: The mean values of fasting and postprandial blood glucose along with HbA1c were found to be significantly higher among the diabetes group than the control group, similarly the urine albumin levels also was found to be significantly higher in the diabetes group, whereas the renal parameters (serum urea and creatinine) did not show statistical significant difference between the diabetes and control group. HbA1c and the other hemotological parameters and we found a statistically significant positive correlation with WBC, ploymorphs, lymphocytes and mean platelet volume and a statistically significant negative correlation was observed with platelet count among the diabetic group whereas among the control group there were no statistical significant correlation between HbA1c and the other hemotological parameters.

Pengaruh Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) terhadap Histologis Pankreas Mencit (Mus musculus L. Swiss Webster) yang Diinduksi Sukrosa

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder caused by lack of insulin which islet cells of Langerhans in the pancreas were damaged or decreased. DM treatment is quite expensive so it takes the alternative medicine. Ones of alternative medicine using Mangosteen Fruit pod. The pod of the mangosteen fruit have xanton flavonoid compounds, which function as antioxidants that can lower blood glucose levels and improve pancreatic cells. The study aimed to determine the effect of mangosteen rind extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) to display the pancreatic histology of mice (Mus musculus L. Swiss Webster) induced male sucrose. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications. treatments is P1 (positive control), sucrose 0.8 g/kg (negative control / P2), sucrose + 200 mg/kg of mangosteen peel extract (P3), sucrose + 400 g/kg of mangosteen peel extract ( P4), sucrose + 600 mg/kg of mangosteen peel extract (P5). Observations quantitatively to determine blood glucose levels and the number of Langerhans islet cells after 5 days and 4 days inducing the extract. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, if there is a difference will be continued with Duncan test at the 0.05 significance level. The results showed the average number of Langerhans islet cells 205.6 (P1), 134.0 cells (P2), 114.2 cells (P3), 193.0 cell (P4), and 181.8 cells (P5). From the results obtained in the analysis of data obtained Fhitung&lt;Ftabel significant at 0.05, so it can be concluded that the mangosteen rind extract has no effect on pancreatic histological induced male mice sucrose.

Antihyperglicemic and Antioxidant Potential of Aloe vera Juice Supplementation in the Type-II Diabetic Rats Model

To evaluate the potential effects of Aloe vera supplementation on blood glucose and antioxidant enzymes (Glutathione peroxidase, GPx; Superoxide dismutase, SOD) as well as lipid peroxides (Malondialdehyde, MDA) in the kidneys of experimental type-II Diabetic rats model. This was an experimental study with post-test only control group study design. Type-II diabetes rats were induced by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, ip) and nicotinamide (230 mg/kg, ip) to Wistar rats. The diabetic rats were randomized into three groups, as follows: (i) Diabetic control rats (received CMC-Na 1 % vehicle only); (ii). Diabetic rats received glibenclamide 0,18 mg/200g orally once daily; (iii) diabetic rats group received glibenclamide (0,18 mg/200g body weight) as well as Aloe vera juice supplementation (3,6 mL/200 g body weight) orally once daily for 30 days. Rats fasted over night and the blood was withdrawn by retro-orbital puncture under light ether anesthesia on the pre-induction and 1st, 7th, 14th and 28th post induction to determine blood glucose. The kidney tissues of rats were taken under anesthesia at the end of 30 days. In the third group showed the decrease of blood glucose level significantly (p

A comparative analysis of glucose oxidase method and three point-of-care measuring devices for glucose determination

Diabetes mellitus is gradually becoming a major health burden in Nigeria, partly due to westernization of our diet and life style. It affects both young and old people and when not properly managed may lead to complications. Thus there is need for quick, convenient and cheap means of monitoring blood glucose level for optimum management. This study aimed at comparing some point-of-care testing devices with a laboratory method. A total of 150 volunteers participated in this study. Laboratory glucose determination was carried out on plasma samples using glucose oxidase method while finger prick whole blood was used for point-of-care testing methods (Accu Chek, On Call Plus, One Touch UltraMini). Eighty eight (88) males (58.7%) and sixty two (62) females (41.3%) volunteers, aged 48.37± 10.89 years participated in this study. There were significant differences in the mean value of glucose using glucose oxidase method when compared with the point-of-care testing devices (p<0.05). Significant positive correlations existed between mean glucose values determined by using laboratory glucose oxidase method and all point-of-care testing devices (p<0.05). On the other hand, analysis of variance showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the glucose values from laboratory method and pointof- care testing devices used for this study. The significant difference between glucose oxidase and point-of-care testing noted in this study may suggest the importance of laboratory evaluation of plasma glucose in proper evaluation and effective management of patients with diabetes mellitus. While home monitoring with point-ofcare testing should be encouraged, it should not be absolutely relied upon as this may occasionally lead to erroneous result. The need for periodic revalidation of point-of-care methods with standard laboratory method is underscored. Keywords : Blood glucose determination methods, Hyperglycemia, Diabetes mellitus.

The effects of green cardamom supplementation on blood glucose, lipids profile, oxidative stress, sirtuin-1 and irisin in type 2 diabetic patients: a study protocol for a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial

BackgroundIt has been suggested that the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypolipidemic activities of cardamom may improve diabetes. However, the effect of this spice has not been investigated in diabetic subjects. This study was planned to determine the effects of green cardamom on blood glucose, lipids and oxidative stress status in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods/designEighty overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes will be selected. They will be randomly assigned to receive 3 g/d green cardamom or placebo for 10 weeks. The socio demographic, physical activity and 24-h food recall questionnaires will be collected for each subject. Weight, height and waist circumference will be measured. Determination of blood glucose, lipid profile, and oxidative stress biomarkers including serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in red blood cells will be performed. The homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and the quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) will be calculated. Also, serum levels of irisin, and Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) will be measured.DiscussionThis trial will be the first study to explore the effects of green cardamom supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results from this trial will provide evidence on the efficacy of green cardamom in type 2 diabetes mellitus.Trial registration number(http://www.irct.ir, identifier: IRCT2016042717254N5), Registration date: 23.11.2016.

Blood Glucose Determination: Effect of Tube Additives.

The measurement of fasting plasma glucose may be biased by a time-dependent decrease of glucose in blood tubes, mainly attributable to blood cell metabolism when glycolysis is not rapidly inhibited or blood cells cannot be rapidly separated from plasma. Although glycolysis inhibitors such as sodium fluoride (NaF) in combination with potassium oxalate (KOx) are currently used for overcoming this drawback, their efficacy for stabilizing blood glucose is seemingly limited, and probably lower than that of newer additives such as the citrate buffer. Therefore, we performed a critical analysis of the current scientific literature aimed to generate evidence-based information about the advantages of using citrate buffer in blood tubes compared to the more conventional NaF additive. The results of our systematic overview of the literature show that citrate blood tubes represent a considerable step forward in achieving more accurate and reliable plasma glucose measurements, thereby limiting the risk of underdiagnosing diabetes due to spurious decrease of glucose concentration in uncentrifuged blood specimens, ensuring higher stability of glucose levels over time, while simultaneously producing less hemolysis compared to NaF blood tubes. Therefore, we suggest that the use of this new mixture should be encouraged for achieving a higher degree of accuracy and standardization of plasma glucose measurements.

A multiplex paper-based nanobiocatalytic system for simultaneous determination of glucose and uric acid in whole blood.

In this work, a versatile point-of-care assay platform based on a microfluidic paper-based analytic device (μPAD) was developed for the simultaneous detection of multiple targets. The μPAD with a central zone and six test zones is fabricated by a simple and inexpensive wax printing method. A flower-like hybrid nanocomplex synthesized with specific dual enzymes and Cu3(PO4)2 inorganic nanocrystals is spotted in the test zones on the μPAD, followed by the introduction of assay targets. Using dual-enzyme inorganic hybrid nanoflowers in the μPAD as nanobiocatalysts, which preserve the activity and enhance the stability of the enzymes, based on the H2O2-mediated catalytic oxidizing chromogenic reaction produced by glucose/uric acid, the developed multiplex paper-based nanobiocatalytic system is demonstrated to enable simultaneous and sensitive detection of glucose and uric acid with a detection limit of 60 and 25 μM, respectively. More importantly, it has been successfully used for detecting glucose and uric acid levels in human whole blood samples. The developed multiplex paper-based nanobiocatalytic system features very easy fabrication and operation, low cost, and high sensitivity and has promising prospects for a clinical multianalyte point-of-care test.