Demolition Of Buildings Research Articles

Trading building demolition waste via digital twins

Excessive building demolition waste (BDW) has become a major factor affecting the ecological environment. In recent years, scholars have explored BDW disposal from various perspectives, including policy, theory, and technology. However, the current recycling and reusing rate of BDW remains low. Thus, this paper explores a novel market-oriented circulation channel for BDW and proposes a BDW trading conceptual framework based on digital twin (DT). Two key technologies and four key services involved are discussed. To verify the effectiveness of the framework, a real-life case study is conducted by integrating IoT, big data, robotics, and 3D printing technologies. With the DT-based BDW trading system, BDW disposal processes could be accurately mapped. Contractors and recyclers could conduct online product browsing, communication, and transactions. The digital bi-directional information interaction shows great potential for improving the recycling and reusing rate of BDW.

UPDATE OF GEOMONITORING TECHNOLOGIES AS A FACTOR OF ENSURING THE SAFE OPERATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES

Obtaining reliable data based on the results of geomonitoring allows timely measures to stabilize deformations of buildings and structures. Implementation of the scientific justification for the development of methodological recommendations is required to increase the stability of structures and take the necessary measures to protect buildings in case of detection of unacceptable deformations. Among the causes of deformations, it is possible to single out the imperfection of the structures of the building, the influence of natural conditions (changes in temperature, groundwater level, wind action, seismic events, geological conditions) and anthropogenic human influence (mechanical loads). The purpose of the work is to study research of existing methods of geomonitoring for deformations of buildings and structures in dense urban development. Comparative analysis of geomonitoring methods and the formation of proposals for their rational and mandatory use. Methodology. Analysis of regulatory and literary sources on geodetic monitoring of buildings and structures. Analysis of foreign experience of observation of towers using modern 3D laser scanning technologies. Comparative analysis of accuracy and economic characteristics of methods of monitoring buildings and structures. Scientific novelty. It is recommended during the design process to include geodetic marks for the monitoring network in the projects of buildings and structures, so as not to spoil their architectural appearance at the stage of operation, if necessary, to carry out geodetic monitoring. By using modern geodetic monitoring methods with innovative modern technologies, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional picture of the deformation of buildings and structures. These actions are performed in order to take timely measures to combat them and develop protective measures to prevent further destruction of buildings. Practical value. Nowadays, with the development of technologies and the appearance of modern equipment, the combined method of geomonitoring has become widely used. This method involves a combination of tacheometric surveying with terrestrial laser scanning and digital stereo photography. This allows you to get a three-dimensional 3D picture of the deformations of the entire building (both foundations and walls). An analogue of this method is the use of traditional ground methods − leveling and plan-altitude surveying, and the prototype − ground stereo photography. However, there are often cases when geodetic observations of deformations of foundations and foundations of structures are neglected in order to save the construction budget. Results. Types and causes of deformations of engineering structures are analyzed. Modern technologies of geodetic monitoring are considered, their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. Attention is drawn to compliance with the requirements of regulatory documents and the rational choice of an economically feasible technology for conducting geodetic monitoring using reliable geodetic points. In large cities with different building densities and the presence of various architectural ensembles, during the development of construction works, it is necessary to have a reliable geodetic basis. A reliable geodetic network can be formed by regular monitoring of the existing urban geodetic network.

Energy analysis of high-rise residential buildings under demolition using controlled explosion: An Indian case study

The end-of-life phase of buildings has not found adequate representation in the literature despite affording opportunities for reclaiming precious construction material and energy savings from the reuse and recycling of demolition waste. Moreover, the extant literature has limited the research focus primarily to the energy analysis of only the building portion, while the associated components, such as mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) services and site features, are generally excluded from study scope. Furthermore, the majority of research studies in this area have excluded the demolition of buildings using controlled explosion. The current study aims to address these research gaps with a view to estimate the demolition energy requirements for the prospective demolition of a recently constructed high-rise residential building, including all connected services and site features. The demolition is executed using a hybrid method comprising deconstruction, mechanical demolition, and controlled explosion.The results indicate that, although building-related sub-systems accounted for approximately 80% of demolition waste and demolition energy requirements, non-building sub-systems, including MEP services, represented a considerable share of about 20% and thus should not be ignored. The overall waste generation rate of the building project is estimated to be about 1715 kg/m2.Concrete contributed to the highest proportions of demolition waste (73.20%) and demolition energy consumption (84.46%), while steel scrap enabled the highest amount of embodied energy recovery (90.46%) in recycling. Overall, the demolition project resulted in the recovery of nearly 2.70% of the embodied energy consumed during the pre-occupation stage of the building project life cycle.The findings of this study are expected to be useful to stakeholders in identifying opportunities to reduce the demolition energy footprint to make the end-of-life stage of a building project more sustainable. The study also establishes the need for emergent policy initiatives on the revision of guidelines for demolition waste management based on the realistic waste generation rate of high-rise residential buildings; the establishment of waste exchanges to reduce landfill space requirements; and incentivizing the use of recycled products in new constructions. Additionally, some relevant areas have been suggested for further research.

The use of GIS technologies for geodetic monitoring

Using GIS technologies, the article analyzes, systematizes, and processes, the data obtained in the process of geodetic monitoring of man-made territories and objects, which will make it possible to analyze the existing state of the object and provide an opportunity to determine critical spatial deviations that can lead to irreversible processes of destruction of buildings and structures. This provides an opportunity to prevent processes that can lead to large-scale disasters, as well as determines the adoption of timely measures to prevent the destruction of structures and predict emergencies.

Ecological effect life cycle assessment of house buildings based on emergy footprint model

Construction is an important sector for climate action. The construction, operation and maintenance, demolition and disposal stages of house buildings consume many resources and have a significant impact on society, the economy and the environment. To assess such efforts, we propose the emergy footprint model of house buildings, which can quantitatively analyse the ecological effect in the house buildings life cycle. The research shows the following. China’s ecological efficiency of the housing sector is characterized by improvement. In the house building fifty-year life cycle, the emergy footprint of the operation and maintenance stage is the largest (75.92%), followed by the construction stage (21.95%), but the emergy footprint intensity of the latter is 4.82 times that of the former. Reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in the operation and maintenance stage is the key to reducing the life cycle emergy footprint of house buildings. The ecological impact coefficient of house buildings is negatively exponentially correlated with their service life. It reaches ecological break-even when the service period of the house building is equal to 36.73 years. If the house building is demolished after less than nine years of service, the impact is extremely unfavourable.

Numerical modelling of the physical response of coral reef Sandy island to sea level rise by considering seasonal patterns

Sea level rise (SLR) can increase the bathymetry of coral reef platforms, thereby increasing the potential for island erosion and flooding to damage coastal buildings. However, SLR is a threat to the coastal buildings of islands not only in this way, but also in the destruction of coastal buildings due to island morphology changes caused by SLR. Based on sediment, offshore wave, and tidal data from Yongxing Island (sandy island), Xuande Atoll, South China Sea, a process-based morphodynamic model, XBeach-G, was used to predict the morphological evolution of coral reef sandy island under future SLR based on the RCP8.5 scenario. As waves and tides in the South China Sea are distinctly seasonal, the influence of seasonal patterns was considered in the model. Sensitivity analysis of the effects of water level on the reef, offshore significant wave height, sediment porosity and sediment size on the morphological evolution of the islands was conducted. Numerical simulations indicate that under SLR and extreme wave action, the sandy islands eventually retreat landward and the foreshore height increases and the slope steepens and as the SLR rate increases, the island retreats more towards land and the foreshore height rise decreases. While this natural adjustment of the coral reef island increases the island's potential to offset future flood events and support future physical persistence, there is a negative impact on the safety of coastal buildings. This paper highlights the need to develop reasonable conservation policies based on the island's specific environment and conditions. Excessive use of artificial shorelines to protect islands can damage their natural adjustment to resist disasters such as flooding, while artificial defenses are necessary in the case of threats to coastal buildings or the disappearance of certain islands.

RESTORATION COMPOUNDS FOR TERRAZZITE PLASTER ON THE EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES OF THE 20TH CENTURY (RUSSIA)

Inroduction: Gradual destruction of buildings or structures of historical significance is a natural process that cannot be stopped. Therefore, preservation of architectural monuments is one of the most important areas of restoration activity. Complete replacement of damaged building materials of architectural monuments changes the historical appearance, and thus cultural sites are stripped of their original look. Innovations in the re-creation of historical building materials and technologies help preserve historical continuity. The purpose of the study was to develop a number of compounds of terrazzite plaster mixtures for cultural heritage sites of the 20th century, which, from an aesthetic point of view, will not allow the loss of the natural and picturesque appearance of the monument, and will be able to preserve the “patina of time”. As a result of the research, the authors studied the compositions of the selected samples, proposed restoration compounds of terrazzite plaster, and determined the algorithm for applying an analogue of the historical plaster. In terms of technical and economic indicators, the developed restoration compounds are effective and make it possible to return architectural monuments to their original appearance with minimal costs. Based on the results obtained, conclusions were drawn about the feasibility of using the proposed new components in terrazzite plaster mixtures to increase strength and ensure high-quality adhesion of the old and new plaster layers. The proposed technology contributes to the return of architectural monuments to their original appearance without losing the historical authenticity of the buildings.

Development of Integrated Physics E-Module Earthquake Material Based on Inquiry-Based Learning to Improve Student Competence

The Mentawai Islands were one of the areas on the island of Sumatra which are prone to earthquakes. An earthquake's main result was the destruction of buildings due to ground shaking. Presenting disaster knowledge in schools was one of the efforts to integrate disaster knowledge through the educational curriculum. Implementing disaster knowledge requires facilities that can present the disaster in real terms, namely in the form of non-printed teaching materials, one of which was e-modules. The type of research was Research and Development (R&D). Product development refers to the Plomp stage, namely the Preliminary Research, Development or Prototyping Phase and Assessment Phase. The data in this study were needs analysis data, validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The research instrument consisted of a questionnaire, analysis sheet, validation sheet, practicality sheet, self-assessment sheet, and objective questions. The data analysis technique was validity analyzed by Aiken's V formula, practicality was analyzed using a Likert scale, and effectiveness was analyzed using descriptive analysis. The result of the research was that the High School Physics e-module was integrated with inquiry learning-based earthquake materials to improve students' competence with valid, practical, and effective criteria.

Design of a Five-story Brick-concrete Structure Building Demolition Scheme by Folding Blasting

There are several schemes for controlled blasting demolition of buildings, including in-situ collapse, inward collapse, directional collapse, unidirectional collapse, and bidirectional collapse. The choice of blasting plan is mainly influenced by the structure and geometric size of the explosive, the surrounding environment, and the initiating equipment. This article designs a folding blasting demolition plan for a 5-story brick concrete structure building. Based on the structural dimensions of the building to be demolished and the surrounding environmental map. Only the south side of the building is relatively open and can provide a site for the collapse of the building, so the directional dumping blasting plan towards the south is chosen. Adopting a comprehensive protective system to eliminate or minimize blasting hazards as much as possible. This blasting adopts a hybrid blasting network with electric detonators detonating non electric detonators. Each blasting hole has one detonator, which is connected with one segment of detonator inside the hole and one segment of detonator outside the hole. After every 20 detonators are clustered together, they are connected to a double detonator to form a connection point, and then the connection points are double connected to form a blasting network.

Non-domestic building stock: linking dynamics and spatial distributions

In contrast to domestic buildings, the drivers influencing the stock dynamics (construction subtracted by demolition) of non-domestic buildings (NDB) have not yet been researched on a use-class basis. For the first time, due to elaborated data sets on construction and demolition of NDB in Germany, an in-depth analysis of causal relationships is provided at a subnational level. This paper investigates the cause–effect relationships between influencing variables and stock dynamics of the three quantitatively most relevant use classes of the German NDB stock: office buildings, industrial buildings and warehouses. Influencing variables on the development of the stock were first identified by means of expert interviews. Regions with high construction dynamics were identified. Within these highly dynamic regions, construction activity was correlated with influencing variables. A principal component analysis was used to examine the explanatory power of underlying, use-class-specific components of the variable set. The results show the particular importance of employment-related variables. They combine demographic, economic and wealth-related influences and allow for a distinction to be made in relation to functional non-domestic-use classes. For the first time, this confirms that different use classes of NDB are characterised by different influencing variables, and that these variables recur to uncorrelated overarching drivers. Practice relevance This study identifies the drivers of NDB stock dynamics. These drivers can be used to estimate future changes of the NDB stock on different scales. The linkages to specific use-class drivers allow new understandings of stock dynamics for office, industrial and warehouse buildings at a regional level. This has potential application to circular economy approaches as the results of this research can be applied at city levels. This study can provide a clearer understanding of future construction material volumes and their respective recycling capacities. The same is applicable for research on stock-driven land demand. This study can contribute to the broader discussion on the future development of the non-residential building stock and the resulting environmental impacts due to land use, energy and material consumption or CO2 emissions.

SETBACK DISTANCES IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN HISTORICAL AND NEW BUILDINGS IN HISTORICAL CITIES: OMM MUSEUM

The design of new buildings in historical cities is an important area of debate and study in the field of architecture. The interaction between all buildings built during the historical process forms one of the fundamental foundations of this area of discussion. This interaction, in turn, produces unity between buildings. Newly designed buildings that fit into the historical fabric of a city become an integral part of that city. They also exert a direct influence on the totality. When speaking of the totality of a historical city, all currently existing buildings are included. In this context, it is critical that there be strong interaction and controlled cohesion between historical and new buildings. This unity can be achieved by studying the interaction between buildings from different thematic points of view. The hypothesis of this research is that the interaction between buildings, setback distances, the boundaries of building proximity, the distances between buildings, and their proximity are directly related. This research addresses the concept of setback distances, building proximity boundaries, which has received less attention in the existing literature. In this research, the Odunpazarı Modern Museum (OMM) in Eskişehir, Turkey, was investigated. The reasons for selecting this building include "demonstrating a unique perspective among examples of new structures designed in historical Turkish cities," "establishing distinct relationships and interactions with historical buildings located in the southeast and northwest in relation to the boundaries of building proximity and through various forms of interaction" and "the changes in interactions due to the changes in the boundaries of proximity resulting from the demolition of buildings over time". The research conducted highlights that setback distances play a direct role in the interaction between newly designed structures in historical cities and existing historical buildings. This interaction can lead to either positive or negative outcomes. Therefore, this context emphasizes the importance of accurately determining in advance the boundaries and spacing between buildings in areas where new architectural designs are to be located in order to avoid damage to the surrounding area and other structures. In order to ensure the preservation of the various values and allow controlled relationships that prevent their erosion, it is recommended that the relevant institutions carry out their work in accordance with these principles and take appropriate measures to create a well-structured interaction.

Design strategies for renovation of public space in Beijing's traditional communities based on measured microclimate and thermal comfort

This paper proposes design strategies for renovating traditional communities in Beijing based on measured microclimate and thermal comfort and preserving historical authenticity to empower residents to make autonomous decisions about the renovation process. Based on the collected data from 11 hutongs and 102 courtyards in Dongcheng District, 4 representative courtyards and 2 representative hutongs are summarized. Microclimate data were collected in the representative months of January and September 2022. The design guidelines for 4 courtyards and 2 hutongs design guidelines, including 20 renovation modes, are proposed through on-site measurement and thermal comfort analysis. Due to the difference in microclimate, the proposed design guidelines can only be applied to the public space of traditional communities in Beijing but not to the public space in traditional villages in the suburbs. The application of the results also faces two challenges: the willingness of the public to participate in the renovation work and the demolition of illegal buildings. This study emphasizes human comfort as a factor to be considered in renovation projects. This study provides a standardized method for public space renovation in historic districts through microclimate analysis and thermal comfort assessment.

INNOVATIVE METHODS OF PLANNING AND RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORICAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS USING A 3D SCANNER

During the war, many houses were completely or partially destroyed. Damaged residential buildings, historical buildings are of particular importance as monuments of architecture and art and cannot be restored. Thanks to the bombing, a whole historical era was lost. For restoration and rebuilding or reconstruction, qualitative analysis and assessment of the degree of destruction are required. There are many well-known methods of assessing the destruction and damage of buildings, which were used by architects and urban planners. The following types of technical inspection of the condition of buildings are known: general inspection and continuous inspection of destroyed buildings; diagnosis of the construction of buildings to obtain the opinion of experts on the development of a project for the repair or reconstruction of the building; carrying out an engineering and technical examination to determine the condition of the entire building or individual load-bearing structures and to identify the degree of damage or deformations. There is a problem of their restoration, rebuilding or reconstruction. To solve this problem, it is necessary to determine the degree of damage and develop a project of reconstruction or reconstruction, for this: determine the factors of deformation, damage to the structure of buildings; find out the level of danger in the operation of the building and its structures; calculate the possibility of increasing loads on the structure and its bearing capacity; reveal the possibility of additions to existing structures and endurance. Various methods are used for examination: visual, mechanical, impression method, sclerometric, hammering or removal of metal rods, ultrasonic or pulse, radiometric and electrophysical methods. Innovative methods - GIS technologies are fast, accurate and do not require large expenditures of time and money. These are methods of computer diagnostics of building damage, among them the laser scanning method, which has a number of advantages, as it makes 50,000 points per second, scans the surface of the damaged building outside and inside the building, and is remotely controlled by a specialist in a given program. Next, they conduct computer processing of the removal, calculations of damages and their degree. Next, they build a 3-D model of the reconstruction of the building. Laser scanning of historical buildings will help restore destroyed or damaged historical monuments of architecture, which are valuable for future generations and are the historical heritage of the Ukrainian nation. Keywords: planning, reconstruction of destroyed buildings, objects of historical cultural heritage, 3-D scanner, innovative methods, reconstruction of post-war Ukraine.

Predictive control of HVAC by multiple output GRU - CFD integration approach to manage multiple IAQ for commercial heritage building preservation

Excessive and fluctuating indoor air quality (IAQ) leads to destruction of historical buildings. Regenerated commercial historic buildings are generally fitted with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for IAQ improvement. There is a time delay in the HVAC system to control environment within the target range after the settings adjustment because of the time required for air conditioners to cool, heat or exchange fresh air. The lack of timely and effective control of traditional HVAC is insufficient to control IAQ for the preservation of historical buildings. This research proposed a novel Multiple Output Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) - Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) integration method and combined it with the automatic control using digital twin technology to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of multiple IAQ management for the preservation of whole indoor spaces. This method considered visual impacts and minimized the external equipment impact. The sequencing order of multiple IAQ enhancements by adjusting HVAC control was investigated based on the priority of multiple IAQ parameters on historic building preservation. The proposed Multiple Output GRU prediction reduced the time by at least 1/3 for training and validation. As heritage buildings restrict the installation of sensors, CFD was used to identify the maximum value and location based on sensed IAQ data for adjustment triggers. The combined method contributed to identifying the predicted maximum value to trigger the 10 min pre-regulation of the HVAC system for dealing with the time delay to maintain multiple IAQ in standard ranges for heritage building preservation.

Feasibility Review of Aerated Materials Application in 3D Concrete Printing.

Recent years have witnessed a growing global interest in 3D concrete printing technology due to its economic and scientific advantages. The application of foamed concrete, renowned for its exceptional thermal and acoustic insulation properties, not only holds economic attractiveness but also aligns seamlessly with the principles of sustainable development. This study explores various solutions related to 3D printing technology in construction, discussing the design, production, and properties of foamed concrete mixtures. The integration of 3D printing and the potential for automating the entire process offers opportunities to boost productivity and reduce construction costs. Furthermore, the utilization of foamed concrete with its commendable insulation properties will enable a reduction in the usage of materials other than concrete (e.g., mineral wool, facade mesh, and polystyrene), significantly facilitating the recycling process during building demolition. This, in turn, will lead to the preservation of nonrenewable natural resources and a decrease in CO2 emissions. Despite the promising results, there have been limited studies focusing on 3D printing with foamed materials, whereas a survey of the existing body of literature indicates a notable absence of endeavors pertaining to the utilization of aerated concrete within the realm of 3D printing, especially geopolymer composites (GP) and hybrid geopolymer composites (HGP). The outcomes delineated in the ensuing discourse are demonstrative for conventionally used materials rather than the additive manufacturing variant. Hence, this work aims to systematically review existing practices and techniques related to producing foamed concrete with 3D printing technology. This analysis also contributes to the establishment of a foundational framework and furnishes a preliminary basis upon which future endeavors aimed at the 3D printing of aerated concrete can be embarked. The findings from the literature analysis justify the desirability of continuing research on this topic, particularly when considering the potential for large-scale industrial implementation. This article provides a comprehensive state of the knowledge on the development of 3D printing techniques for foamed concrete mixtures. By consolidating and analyzing findings from different studies, this article offers insights into the advancements, challenges, and potential applications of foamed concrete in additive manufacturing processes. This, in turn, contributes to the overall understanding and advancement of 3D printing technologies using foamed concrete as a versatile and sustainable construction material. The encouraging results obtained from the analysis further underscore the need for the continued exploration of 3D printing, especially with an eye towards its industrial-scale implementation.

Identifying the potential development of HAZUS model as an earthquake disaster loss model for school buildings in Indonesia

Located in a complex tectonic zone, Indonesia is prone to earthquakes, which cause considerable damages to houses and buildings and lead to significant economic losses. One of the most significant damages to public facilities is the destruction of school buildings. In addition to hazard factor, poor building structure in most of Indonesia’s school buildings have contributed to increased earthquake disaster losses as a vulnerability component. To reduce disaster losses, quantifying earthquake disaster losses was conducted as an initial process. In practice, Indonesian government and Indonesia’s National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) calculate disaster losses at the time of post-disaster using various methods. Such calculation method is generally time-consuming, which may impeded the disaster response process. Thus, pre-disaster disaster losses quantification method could be a solution to this problem, which have not been developed and widely applied in Indonesia. HAZUS model is used for estimating earthquake disaster losses in the pre-disaster phase and has been widely used based on the building performance developed by FEMA, USA. This study aims to identify the potential for developing the HAZUS model as a tool for estimating disaster losses in school buildings in Indonesia. The identification was conducted in four stages. The analysis of HAZUS models consisted of hazard analysis, capacity analysis, damage analysis, and losses analysis. A case study was conducted on disaster losses potential mapping in Cicendo District, Bandung City, Indonesia. On the hazard analysis, hazard data were applied on the basis of the Indonesian earthquake hazard and 2017 source map and building code of SNI 1726:2019 as response spectrum procedure. In the analysis of the building capacity, potential development was identified based on capacity building parameters (Ay, Dy, Au, Du) specific to the typical school building in Indonesia with a survey approach and analysis of existing buildings. Concrete Frame with infill masonry shear walls (C3) and Reinforced Masonry Wall with flexible diaphragms (RM1) were identified as the types of structures, which were close to the typical school buildings in Indonesia. The difference of local structure characteristics was identified as the potential to develop fragility curves of local structure on the damage analysis. In the losses analysis, four components of economic loss were applied, consisting of building replacement and repairment of losses, income losses, and building relocation losses. The potential and challenges lie in the use of limited taxonomic data on buildings and school administration data, as well as in the historical data approach to the costs and duration of school building repairs.

Studying Sustainable Concrete Block Efficiency Production: A Review

Worldwide, enormous amounts of waste cause major environmental issues, including scrap tires and plastic, and large waste, a consequence of the demolition of buildings, including crushed concrete, crushed clay bricks, and crushed thermo-stone. From that point, it’s possible to consider that the recycling processes for these materials and using them in the manufacturing field will reduce the adverse effects on the environment of these wastes and the consumption of natural resources. Sustainable concrete blocks can be considered as one of the products produced by using these materials as partial volume replacement of the coarse, fine aggregate, or cement content, considering their dry density, workability, absorption, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity tests evaluate their performance- and conformity with specifications. The results of tests on samples of sustainable concrete blocks showed the feasibility of using demolished building waste as aggregates instead of natural materials for their production.

Using recycled bricks to improve the compressive strength of concrete and produce lightweight concrete

This research presents the aim of using sustainable materials like crushed bricks from the demolition of old buildings as additives to preserve the environment, reduce energy consumption, reduce the cost of concrete, improve the properties of concrete, and obtain lightweight concrete for high buildings with more fluidity for narrow places. Also, it discusses the best replacement ratios because the knowledge about them is still lake. Three mixes of concrete were used and tested. Mix-1was the standard, where the replacement of coarse aggregate with crushed brick aggregate has been used in mix-2, the mix-3 was to study the replacement of fine aggregate by powder brick. In this analysis, only two factors were taken into account: the percentage of coarse aggregate replaced by brick aggregate (from 0 to 50%) and the percentage of fine aggregate replaced by brick aggregate (from 0 to 75%). Compressive strength was tested after curing at ages (7, and 28) days. The results showed that concrete with crushed brick aggregate reduces unit weight and increases of compressive strength of concrete. Using mix-2 increased the compressive strength by about 9.7%, and 7% at ages (7, 28) days respectively, and reduced the weight by 11%. Also, using mix-3 increased the compressive strength with high percentages of about 59%, and 61% at ages (7, and 28) days respectively, with a little percentage of reducing the weight by 2%.

Popular Planners: Newspaper Writers, Neighborhood Activists, and the Struggles against Housing Demolition in Lagos, Nigeria, 1951-1956

As Nigeria prepared for independence in the 1950s, British planners and Nigerian politicians sought to improve Nigeria’s international image by dismantling what they called the “slums” of Central Lagos. This article examines how a loose coalition of residents—including female traders, homeowners, and tenants—challenged the idea that Central Lagos was a slum and pushed for alternative planning proposals that would suit residents’ interests. I propose “popular planners” to describe the residents who drew on their lived experiences and knowledge of colonial planning laws to critique building demolition and demand the Development Board amend its slum clearance plan. Their competing visions, articulated in newspapers, during street demonstrations, and in petitions, demonstrate everyday people’s investment in transforming the city’s future during the end of colonial rule and their opposition to exclusionary planning processes that continue to shape urban policies in Nigeria.

A simulation evacuation framework for effective disaster preparedness strategies and response decision making

The damage and destruction of homes, buildings, and other infrastructure after a major earthquake makes it necessary for a segment of the population to be evacuated to emergency shelters. However, since areas prone to earthquakes face a major strike at highly unpredictable and infrequent times, disaster and evacuation management can and should be enhanced through the development and effective utilization of useful simulation models. We utilize the Stochastic Pedestrian Cell Transmission Model (SPCTM), a real data-based pedestrian evacuation simulation framework built in collaboration with the National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR) in Taiwan to carry out various statistical analyses to gain useful insights for disaster management decision makers. In particular, SPCTM is used to (1) examine how evacuee compliance rate with the current government evacuation protocol (as opposed to SPCTM) affects the total evacuation time (2) compare the results of the evacuation process for different neighborhoods and compliance rates in Da’an district, and (3) determine how allocating different subsets of shelters to be opened affects the evacuation response time. The analysis results are insightful for government officials to formulate effective evacuation guidelines and strategies in the preparedness or response phases.