Designed Array Antenna Research Articles

A planar broadband substrate‐integrated waveguide 1 × 2 array antenna for the Ka‐band wireless communication

AbstractThis article proposes a Ka‐band substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) quasi‐Yagi array antenna with the advantages of thinness, compactness, wide bandwidth, and higher gain. Analyzing the microstrip‐to‐SIW transition structure to confirm that the designed structure provides the best performance, the optimum reflectance coefficient bandwidth can be obtained. With the optimized rectangular etched slot structure at the antenna end, the impedance matching can be tuned to improve the bandwidth. The designed array antenna is fabricated and measured for verification. The substrate is based on Al2O3 ceramic and the antenna size is 23.3 mm 13 mm 0.5 mm. The measurement results indicate that the antenna achieves an impedance bandwidth of 13.59% below −10dB, with an average gain of approximately 7 dBi and a peak gain of 7.4 dBi in 28.1–32.2 GHz. Therefore, the 1*2 antenna proposed in this paper has the advantages of compact and planar structure, easy fabrication, and easy integration into RF circuits, which is very suitable for Ka‐Band applications.

A 5G beam-steering microstrip array antenna using both-sided microwave integrated circuit technology

In this paper a beam steering 2×2 microstrip array antenna is proposed and simulated for the 5G sub-6 GHz frequency band. The array antenna is designed at the resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz. The antenna has four patches excited by two microstrip lines. Microstrip lines on top of teflon substrate of 0.8 mm height and slot line in the ground plane makes a hybrid junction. The design uses both sided microwave integrated circuit (MIC) to feed signal to the patch elements. This designed array antenna has the beam steering capability of maximum -17º to +17º while keeping the side lobe gain below 10 dB. The simulation results show that the array antenna is designed through good input impedance matching. The antenna has a return loss of -43 dB at center frequency 3.5 GHz. The results also show that the array antenna has a high gain of 12.57 dBi and directivity of 25.11 dB. The maximum gain of this antenna is 24.1 dB at -17º and +17º. The proposed work is simulated on keysight technologies advanced designed system (ADS).

Multiple Pattern Synthesis in Four-Dimensional Antenna Arrays Using the Quasi-Newton Memetic Optimization Method

The evolution in wireless radio communication systems has fueled the development of array antenna designs toward the direction of inventive, economical, and outcome-driven solutions. This article explored unorthodox techniques for designing array antennas for multiple radiation pattern synthesis by eradicating the required attenuators and phase shifters. An economical alternate design model is proposed with “Time-modulated” antennas capable of scanning and steering the beam electronically. “Time” is employed as a four-dimensional antenna parameter, and hence, the “Time-modulated” antennas are referred to as four-dimensional (4D) antennas. The idea is conceptualized by controlling high-speed switches attached to the antennas in a periodic way to produce the desirable excitation and phase tapering. So, the requirement of costly phase shifters and attenuators is eliminated. This work expanded the idea of “Time-modulation” for synthesizing multiple radiating beams such as monopulse, scanned beams, and shaped beams for multifunction radar systems. An appropriate switch sequence is designed to produce a concurrent sum-difference pattern for monopulse radars. Simultaneous scanning patterns and shaped flat-top patterns are also proposed for multifunction radars. To achieve the goals, two sets of 4D linear arrays are designed and the modulation parameters switch ON time and periods are optimized with a quasi-Newton memetic GA (Genetic algorithm). All the optimal outcomes are reported and also compared with other counterpart outcomes to show the efficacies of the “Time-modulation” concept for the said applications.

Design and Performance Analysis of 28 GHz two-port MIMO Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for 5G Applications

A rectangular microstrip patch antenna array with two ports, designed for operation in the mm-wave band at 28 GHz for 5G applications, has been developed to exhibit superior gain and efficiency. This paper introduces a 12-element array activated by a feed network utilizing a T-junction power combiner/divider. The array elements consist of rectangular patch antennas inserted throughout the structure. The designed array antenna exhibited a measured impedance bandwidth of 1.42 GHz. The simulated findings indicate that the antenna achieved a favorable impedance match, with isolation levels below -22 dB throughout the frequency range. The whole substrate board dimensions were 19.99 × 26.968 × 0.254 mm3. The array is positioned on the substrate material known as Rogers RT5880, resulting in a consistent and reliable radiation pattern. The CST MWS software is employed to model and simulate the microstrip patch array antenna. CST MWS is an electromagnetic simulator utilizing the Finite Integration in Technique (FIT) methodology to model and analyze full-wave electromagnetic phenomena accurately. The realized gain of 15 dBi has been reached for the combined array, whereas the individual arrays have a realized gain of 12.3 dBi. The calculated overall efficiency is roughly -0.5 decibels. The antenna array under consideration has demonstrated favorable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) capabilities, as evidenced by an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of less than 0.1.

A beam reconfigurable array antenna using slot‐coupled microstrip structure

AbstractA planar low‐profile 4 × 4 beam reconfigurable array antenna using electronically controllable method at X‐band is presented. A novel switchable slot‐coupled microstrip feed structure (SMFS) is employed in the design of the antenna, which can provide a 180° phase difference in a wide frequency band. The antenna element is composed of an SMFS, a 2 × 2 parasitic square metal patch array, and a DC bias circuit. By switching the p‐i‐n diodes on the SMFS for all antenna elements, four radiation patterns of the designed array antenna can be reconfigured. The measurement results indicate that the designed antenna has achieved good impedance matching over a wide overlapped relative bandwidth of 24%. Benefiting from the advantages of wideband operation in four dynamical reconfigurable beams, the proposed array antenna is quite suitable for intelligent spatial perception, multi‐beam, and anti‐interference wireless communication systems.

Design of traveling wave slotted waveguide array antenna with high efficiency

<span lang="EN-US">The slotted waveguide antenna is one of the most important antennas used in high-frequency applications, in radars, navigation systems, remote sensing systems and communications because of its efficiency and high gains. In this paper, the slotted waveguide antenna was designed and simulated with suitable specifications with a working frequency range of 2-2.45 where this antenna was checked by plotting S parameters in the designed frequency band and we got a very good reflection coefficient for the designed antenna (S11) at the operating frequency, draw and illustrate the three-dimensional radiation pattern of the designed antenna that shows the gain and bandwidth at the operating frequency. The performance of a 9-element slotted waveguide array antenna with an operating frequency of up to 12 GHz was also investigated by plotting the S11 parameters and illustrating the designed antenna directivity diagram.We obtained the reflection coefficient of the designed array antenna (S11) below -23 dB at the operating frequency, and the SWG antenna directivity pattern with a maximum value of=13.2 dB and a minimum value of=-23 dB.</span>

A Millimeter-Wave Ultrawideband Tightly Coupled Dipole Array Antenna for Vehicle Communication

This letter presents a millimeter-wave (mmWave) ultrawideband tightly coupled dipole array (TCDA) for vehicle communication. The designed array antenna has eight dipole unit cells arranged in one dimension. A special Marchand balun with comb-type perforated structure is developed to realize the unbalance-to-balance transformation and match the impedance. The proposed unit cell of the array achieves a 1:7.6 bandwidth (5.7 GHz--43.3 GHz) with active reflection coefficient less than −6 dB during the simulation. Meanwhile, the antenna achieves a low profile of 0.087 λl, where λl is the free-space wavelength at the lower cut-off frequency. Then, a prototype with scanning angle up to 45° is fabricated and measured to validate the proposed structure. The measured realized gain of the array is 8 dBi at the center frequency of 18 GHz. The measured and simulated results are in good agreement, which confirms the simulation results and validate the proposed design.

Design of 1*4 Microstrip Antenna Array on the Human Thigh with Gain Enhancement

In this paper, at first attempted to design and simulate a stacked circular microstrip patch antenna for high gain at frequency 2.45 GHz, to apply on the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) applications. The antenna needs to be minimized for the array mounted on the human thigh, which has high gain and pattern scan capability. The substrate with a high relative permittivity is used for the designed antenna to minimize the dimension of the antenna. A 1*4 array antenna is designed for mount on the human thigh. The amplitude and phase of each antenna are obtained using the maximum-gain theorem to achieve the maximum gain of this array antenna. The coaxial feed is used to achieve good impedance matching, low cross-polarization, and easy control of the amplitude and phase of the element. For designing this entire array antenna, three-dimensional electromagnetic field simulation software Ansoft HFSS based on the finite element method is applied. To experimentally verify the performance, a prototype of the array antenna is fabricated and measurement is performed. The realized gain of the designed array antenna at the resonant frequency is 11 dB. This array structure can be mounted on a human thigh, waist, or head for medical applications, depending on the specific radius.

Design of a Single-Layer ±45° Dual-Polarized Directional Array Antenna for Millimeter Wave Applications.

A single-layer ±45° dual-polarized directional array antenna for millimeter wave (mm-wave) applications is designed in this communication. Based on the theory of orthogonal circularly polarized (CP) wave multiplexing, two ports of a series-fed dual CP array are fed with equal amplitudes, and the array can radiate a linearly polarized wave with ±45° polarization orientations through the adjustment of the feeding phase difference. As the two ports of the series-fed array are simultaneously excited, the antenna can achieve directional radiation. In addition, the cross-polarization level of the array can be effectively suppressed by placing two series-fed arrays side by side. A prototype of the designed array antenna operating at 30 GHz is fabricated and measured; the working bandwidth of the proposed antenna is approximately 3.5%. Owing to its simple structure and directional radiation, the proposed antenna array is a competitive candidate for mm-wave applications.

Coplanar Strip Line-Fed Series Dipole Array Antenna for High-Gain Realization

In this communication, we present a coplanar strip (CPS) line-fed series dipole array antenna for high-gain realization. Printed dipoles of the same size are connected using the CPS line, and impedance matching is achieved with an integrated balun. The gain of the designed array antenna is increased by approximately 2.6 dB as the number of dipoles is doubled. Unlike the conventional endfire array, which has no gain increment beyond a certain number of radiation elements, the gain of the proposed array antenna continuously increases in proportion to the number of dipoles. A CPS line-fed series array antenna with 32 dipole elements was fabricated and evaluated. The measured gain of the 32 dipole array antenna at a center frequency of 15 GHz was 17.4 dBi, the measured -10 dB impedance bandwidth was 9.1-21.6 GHz, and the measured 3 dB gain bandwidth was 13.4-17.4 GHz. The dimensions of the designed dipole array antenna are 0.7 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> ×13.2 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> ×0.0063 λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> , where λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> is the free space wavelength at the center frequency.

Wide-Angle Frequency-Scanning Array Antenna Using Dual-Layer Finger Connected Interdigital Capacitor Based CRLH Unit Cell

In this paper, a wide-angle frequency-scanning array antenna is presented for three-dimensional (3D) radar. Initially, a modified composite right/left-handed (CRLH) unit cell based on a dual-layer finger-connected interdigital capacitor (FCIDC) is analyzed. Compared with its conventional counterpart, the proposed unit cell eliminates the undesired high-order resonances and has a lower right/left-handed passband. Then, a broadband frequency-scanning feeding network, which has a large scanning angle, is designed using the proposed CRLH unit cell. The responses of the four output ports indicate that the network can offer desired amplitude and phase difference to scan towards both negative and positive elevation angles. To validate its performance, a tightly coupled planar quasi-Yagi antenna array is fed to synthesize an array antenna. The measured results show that the designed array antenna has an impedance bandwidth ($\vert \text{S}_{11}\vert <; -10$ dB) of 118.7% (2.55-10 GHz) and gains larger than 5dBi in the bulk of the band. Besides, the radiated beam can scan from -47° to 46° continuously when the frequency ranges from 3GHz to 9GHz.

Binary Operating Antenna Array Elements by using Hausdorff and Euclidean Metric Distance

In this paper, the linear antenna array is designed by the usage of Woodward–Lawson method. The design procedure fits antenna array radiation pattern to a predefined/required radiation mask. In this study will be investigated the possibility of powering off some antenna elements without modifying the behavior and power ratio of the elements which remains on. The aim of powering off antenna elements is to reduce power consumption of the designed array antenna and to reduce power dissipation problems on modern full digital beam forming architecture. The choice of binary operation of antenna element (on/off) reduces computational effort required for complex beam forming techniques. The results can be stored on look-up tables, in order to be recalled on demand by antenna operator. There are used two different metrics to identify how close, to the required design, is the modified antenna pattern. Euclidean and Hausdorff distances are both used as score of the modified array performance. The obtained solutions shows the applicability of binary operations on existing antenna array and the metric can be effectively used as ranking solutions.

Analysis and optimisation of 8 × 1 double 'U' slotted patch array for future 5G communications

In this manuscript, an 8 × 1 rectangular 'U' slotted patch antenna array designed for future 5G communications is presented. The proposed antenna is designed using the 3D EM CSTv18 microwave studio based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, and compared using HFSSv19 EM (high frequency structure simulator) based on the finite element (FEM) method. Three scenarios are considered in this work, the first one is the analysis of antenna performance of single element, regular antenna array and slotted antenna array in order to evince the performance of the proposed antenna for future 5G communications. The designed array antenna presents good results in term of return loss, efficiency, VSWR, input impedance and gain. Moreover, a comparison between the proposed work and other related works is presented.

LTCC slot array antenna for 5G application

Abstract We develop the antenna module substrate which is broadband and large gain using an LTCC technology in a 28GHz band in this study. We used LTCC materials (dielectric constant 5.8, Dielectric loss 0.002@28GHz) which we developed for materials originally. First of all, we confirmed ability of slot array antenna made by LTCC for 5G application to get broadband property. The structure of designed array antenna became 40mm × 3.2mm × t1.6mm. We confirmed that this antenna has wider bandwidth (2.2GHz) and higher gain (6dBi). But this antenna size is too large for applying mobile device. Therefore we redesigned to reduce antenna size without specification degradation. The structure of redesigned antenna element becomes basically 4.8mm × 6.7mm × t1.0mm. This antenna has wider bandwidth (2.7GHz). The gains are more than 5dBi for the characteristic of this element in a band. Assume this antenna a fabric; 2 × 2 (4 elements: for mobile device) and 4 × 4 (16 elements: for small cell base station) we make an array antenna for Small cell base station and for mobile device. We will evaluate a beam steering examination with emission properties (gain, beam angle).

A Circularly Polarized High-Gain Planar 2 × 2 Dipole-Array Antenna Fed by a 4-Way Gysel Power Divider for WLAN Applications

In this letter, a circularly polarized high-gain planar 2 × 2 dipole-array antenna for wireless local area networks, radio frequency identification, radar, and satellite communication applications is proposed. The proposed array antenna consists of four planar dipole antennas with integrated microstrip-to-parallel-stripline linear tapered balun and feeding network. The designed array antenna is fed by a modified 4-way Gysel power divider. The proposed antenna uses three stacked metal layers, and a metal reflector under the antenna boosts the overall antenna gain. The size of the designed antenna on 3.2 mm thick FR4 substrate was 150 mm × 150 mm × 20 mm including the reflector. The designed antenna had left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and its measured LHCP gain value was 8.70–9.62 dBic at 2.4–2.6 GHz band. The measured axial ratio was 0.3–2.2 dB at the same frequency band of interest. A thorough theoretical analysis and design equations of the proposed array antenna are presented in this letter.

Mitigation of mutual coupling in microstrip antenna arrays

This article demonstrates the alleviation of mutual coupling of a simple and low-cost four-element microstrip array antenna by loading I-shaped slot-type electromagnetic band gap structure in the ground plane. FR-4 glass epoxy is used as dielectric substrate. Moreover, the proposed array antenna shows a better performance in terms of multi-band resonance. The antenna is resonating at four frequencies and a virtual size reduction of 78.48% is obtained. The designed array antenna possesses directional radiation properties. Mentor Graphics IE3D software is used to design and simulate the designed antennas and the measured results are obtained using vector network analyser.

Novel Metamaterial Compact Planar MIMO Antenna Systems with Improved Isolation for WLAN Application

In this paper, two element multiple input–multiple output (MIMO) meander line antenna systems with improved isolation performance and compact size are proposed and fabricated in WLAN frequency band. To increase isolation among antenna elements, a novel metamaterial spiral S-shaped resonator is embedded between two radiating elements. The proposed resonator has planar configuration and miniaturized size and is capable of blocking electromagnetic propagation between antenna elements by exhibiting negative effective permeability in the desired frequency band. To illustrate and evaluate the design process, two design samples are fabricated and tested in WLAN frequency band and the agreement among measurement and simulation results approves the design method. In the frequency range of 2.38–2.48 GHz, some MIMO communication system requirements like total active reflection coefficient, envelope correlation coefficient and capacity loss are tested on design samples which show satisfactory results, so this method can be employed in designing array antennas for small mobile communication systems. The designed MIMO antenna systems separated by 13.8 mm (less than λ/9), has better than − 40 dB isolation coefficient and near zero correlation coefficient and capacity loss at the operating frequency (2.4 GHz).

Design of dual‐band circularly polarised array antenna package for 5G mobile terminals with beam‐steering capabilities

Here, a new design of phased-array antenna for future fifth-generation mobile phone applications is presented. The proposed phased array consists of 12 dual-band circularly polarised antenna elements at 28/38 GHz used to form a linear array in the edges region (top-side, right, and left sides) on a mobile phone circuit board. The measured and simulated results show that the designed antenna element has a reflection coefficient less than -15 dB in the assigned frequency bands of 28/38 GHz with a realised antenna gain of 7.68 and 7.73 dB, respectively. Furthermore, the performance of the array antenna package in the vicinity of user's head-hand has been investigated in this study at different scenarios. The designed array antenna achieved good matching impedance with high isolation between the array elements. Moreover, an acceptable realised gain of 16.85 dB on average with an axial ratio <;3 dB is obtained in the entire operation bands. Lastly, the metrics of total scan pattern, coverage efficiency, and user shadowing are investigated. It is found that the proposed phased-array antenna has good 3D beam-steering characteristics, which makes it suitable for millimetre-wave 5G mobile applications.

Three‐element broadband narrow beam without side lobes array antenna

This study proposes the design of a three-element uniform linear array antenna using the method of ` compressed cosines ' . An approximation of an ideal array factor (AF) - Kronecker- δ with third degree optimal polynomial was performed and some Luneburg lenses were used to realise the array antenna. The designed array antenna has remarkable properties: broadband, narrow beam without side lobes, and with constant selectivity of the AF. A Matlab simulation was also demonstrated and a five-element, two-dimensional array antenna was designed with the proposed method.

Conception and Optimization of Patch Array Antenna for WiMAX Applications Using Stubs and Slots Techniques Matching

This paper discusses the investigation of reflection coefficient enhancement for microstrip Patch Array Antenna 2×2 by putting up a slot and stub on the patch. Here, the antenna is designed to work at center frequency around 5.38 GHz for WiMAX applications. It is designed on FR4 laminate with relative dielectric constant of 4.05, thickness substrate h=3.2 mm, and fed by 50Ω probe coaxial cable. Our optimization is to get better matching impedance in terms of reflection coefficient, using two famous technical of matching: novel stub of transmission line technique in antenna and slots technique in ground plane for keep our resonance frequency. The designed array antenna structure is planar and simple; it can be easily mount in wireless communication systems and integrated with microwave circuitry for low manufacturing cost. Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and Computer Simulation Tool (CST) softwares are used to calculate and compare the various parameters mentioned before.