Design Of Patch Research Articles

Design, Development, and Evaluation of Transdermal Patches Containing Donepezil Hydrochloride

This study aimed to develop a donepezil hydrochloride (DH) transdermal drug delivery system to address non-compliance due to dementia in Alzheimer’s patients. DH has a low dose, balanced hydrophilicity/lipophilicity, and low toxicity making it suitable for transdermal. DH transdermal patches were prepared using a polymer and plasticizer matrix system via box-Behnken design and evaluated for properties. Formulation B2 containing hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ethyl cellulose (EC), and xanthan gum was optimal, exhibiting a maximum of ~99.17% in-vitro drug release for 48 hours. In-vivo pharmacokinetic parameters studied in rabbits were superior to commercial DH tablets. The study demonstrates the potential for DH transdermal patches as an alternative to oral medication for Alzheimer’s patients. The patches can provide sustained release for prolonged periods without requiring multiple doses. However, further confirmation is needed via in-vivo pharmacodynamic and human pharmacokinetic studies.

The Plug-Type Patch Results in Immediate and Postoperative Advantages in Graft-to-Bone Integration for Bridging Massive Rotator Cuff Tears in a Chronic Rabbit Model

Background: Various patches have been used to bridge massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs) by reconnecting the cuff tendons to the humeral head, but the outcomes continue to be suboptimal. Notably, the graft-bone junction is a vulnerable site for failure, which requires optimization in patch design and techniques to enhance initial and postoperative fixation strength at the graft-bone interface. Hypothesis: The plug-type patch (Plug-Pat) through intratunnel fixation would optimize mechanical characteristics in initial graft-to-bone fixation and subsequently improve postoperative biomechanical and histological properties in graft-to-bone healing when compared with the routine rectangular patch (Rect-Pat). Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 60 mature male New Zealand White rabbits underwent acute rotator cuff defects to create chronic models with MRCTs. The fascia lata autograft was then harvested to prepare a Plug-Pat, which was distally rooted in the bone tunnel and proximally sutured to native tendons in a horizontal mattress fashion to reconnect the humeral head and cuff tendons. The control group was repaired with a routine Rect-Pat that was secured onto the bone surface for graft-bone fixation. After surgery, the cuff-graft-bone complexes of rabbits in both groups were harvested immediately (0 weeks) for time-zero initial fixation strength and refreshed contact area assessment, and at 6 or 12 weeks for postoperative biomechanical and histological evaluation. Results: The Plug-Pat significantly enhanced initial fixation strength in comparison with the Rect-Pat (mean ± SD; failure load, 36.79 ± 4.53 N vs 24.15 ± 2.76 N; P < .001) and decreased failure at the graft-bone interface of the construct at 0 weeks, with a significantly increased refreshed bone bed contact area (52.63 ± 2.97 mm2 vs 18.28 ± 1.60 mm2; P < .001) between the graft and bone. At 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively, the Plug-Pat similarly resulted in greater failure load (43.15 ± 4.53 N vs 33.74 ± 2.58 N at 6 weeks; P = .001; 76.65 ± 5.04 N vs 58.17 ± 5.06 N at 12 weeks; P < .001) and stiffness (10.77 ± 2.67 N/mm vs 8.43 ± 0.86 N/mm at 6 weeks; P = .066; 16.98 ± 2.47 N/mm vs 13.21 ± 1.66 N/mm at 12 weeks; P = .011), with less specimen failure at the graft-bone interface than the Rect-Pat. In histological analyses, the Plug-Pat had a higher postoperative graft-bone integration score than the Rect-Pat, showing a more mature intratunnel healing interface with fibrocartilage tidemark formation, improved collagen properties, and more oriented cells when compared with those at the surface healing interface in the Rect-Pat. Conclusion: The Plug-Pat enhanced initial fixation strength and enlarged the refreshed contact area for graft-bone connection at time zero and subsequently improved postoperative biomechanical properties and graft-bone integration at the graft-bone healing interface when compared with the Rect-Pat. Clinical Relevance: The Plug-Pat using intratunnel fixation may be a promising strategy for patch design to optimize its initial and postoperative graft-bone connection for bridging reconstruction of MRCTs.

Phytochemical test and optimization of transdermal patches of Carica papaya extract: Formulation design of candidate drug for wound healing

Abstract. Santi TD, Siregar TN, Sutriana A, Andini R, Candra A. 2022. Phytochemical test and optimization of transdermal patches of Carica papaya extract: Formulation design of transdermal patch as candidate drug for wound healing. Biodiversitas 23: 2904-2913. Papaya leaves contain metabolite compounds thathave anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. This leaf extract as a transdermal patch allows easy application for wound healing. This study aimed to examine the phytochemicals of papaya leaves and determine the formulation of the transdermal patch. This study employed qualitative methods with color testing and quantitative methods with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) to determine the phytochemical profiles of papaya leaves. The optimization test of patches used Response Surface Methodology with Box-Behnken design on Expert Version 12 software. There were three factors (x) tested in the study, namely PVP, ethyl cellulose, and Ethanol Extract of Papaya Leaves (EECP). There were also three responses (y) investigated, namely thickness, weight, and moisture content. The phytochemical color testingresults revealed the presence of alkaloids, steroid, terpenoid, saponins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and the GC-MS analysis showed six compounds with the widest areas. From an ANOVA analysist, the p-value was significant (&lt;0.5) while the match value was less significant (p-value &gt;5%). The optimal patch found in this study was the one containing PVP (0.3 mg), ethyl cellulose (0.4 mg), and EECP (0.3 mg). In terms of response values (y), the patch had a ??thickness of 0.25 mm, a weight of 82 mg, and a moisture content of 4.39%.

Design of a microstrip antenna patch with a rectangular slot for 5G applications operating at 28 GHz

In this paper, we present a study and design of a rectangular-shaped microstrip patch antenna with a rectangular shaped slot at the operating frequency is 28GHz, for fifth generation (5G) wireless applications, using the microstrip line technique for feeding. The objective of this slot is to contribute to the improvement of antenna performance. This antenna is built on a Roger RT duroid 5880 type substrate having a relative permittivity equal to 2.2, a height of h = 0.5 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009. The compact size of this antenna is 4.2 mm × 3.3 mm × 0.5 mm. The simulations of this antenna were performed using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) and computer simulation technology (CST) software whose main purpose is to confirm the results obtained for this proposed antenna. The results obtained during these simulations are as follows: resonant frequency of 27.97 GHz and reflection coefficient ) of -20.95 dB, bandwidth of 1.06 GHz, a gain of 7.5 dB, radiated power of 29.9 dBm, and efficiency of 99.83%. These results obtained by this proposed antenna are better than those obtained from already existing antennas that are published in current scientific journals. Consequently, this antenna is likely to satisfy the needs for 5G wireless communication applications.

Design of novel hexagonal s-band patches antenna array for RFID applications

The design and study of the behavior of antennas adapted to radio-frequency identification RFID tags take on all their importance because they must respond to integration problems and therefore the need to design a structure with minimal dimensions, without however deteriorating their performance. The rise in frequency makes it possible to have short wavelengths so that it becomes possible to have a great integrationas as well as very fast bit rate. But, this induces a smaller range due to the propagation losses according to the model of Friis. In this article, a new patch antenna array for microwave frequency band in radio-frequency identification RFID applications will be presented. The antenna covers the band for the central frequency of 2.45 GHz with better loss characteristics. In addition, the antenna offers a high gain at this frequency. After the digital design of the antenna element, which was carried out using the commercial software CST MWS®, the antenna is printed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. The comparison between the simulation results and the measurement results proves that the antenna achieves satisfactory impedance matching and radiation efficiency.

Meander and Koch Hybrid Fractal Curve Based Dual Hexagonal Radiating Patch Antenna for Quad Band Wireless Applications

A unique dual hexagonal-shaped radiating patch design with hybrid fractal curves (Meander and Koch) is presented for quad-band wireless applications. Initially, the antenna from 0th to 2nd iteration of hybrid fractal curves with PGP (Partial Ground Plane) is designed and investigated. Further, to get better results of the designed antenna in respect of Bandwidth (BW) and coefficient of reflection these hybrid curves are superimposed on the limited ground plane of 1st and 2nd iteration of the antenna and the generated antennas are designated as Antenna–1 and Antenna–2. A comparison between both the antennas has been made and it is observed that Antenna–2 shows better results in respect of improved BW and coefficient of reflection. The proposed antenna exhibits four resonant frequency bands 1.6, 4.8, 6.9, and 8.8 GHz with improved corresponding impedance BW of 2.09, 1.36, 0.86, and 1.51 GHz. The designed antenna is simulated and made on FR4 glass epoxy substrate with an overall size of 20 × 40 × 1.6 mm3. The fabricated proposed antenna is tested experimentally for the authentication of simulated results with experimental results and these are compatible with each other. The other performance indicators like radiation pattern, peak realized gain, and radiation efficiency are also determined for the proposed Hybrid Fractal Antenna (HFA) and all are found satisfactory. Due to the improved operational parameters, the designed HFA can be considered as a suitable applicant for distinct wireless applications in anticipated operational frequency ranges.

Improvement of scarf repair patch shape for composite aircraft structures

ABSTRACT Scarf patching is the preferred technique for repairing physically damaged aircraft composite structures. The commonly used patch design is a circular conical frustum with a 3°optimized scarf angle. However, for this repair patch design the volume of material removed from the repaired composite panel can be quite large. This paper examines the effects of the different parameters on the stress state in the patch adhesive, such as ply orientation, stacking sequence, ply thickness and scarf angle. It explores an adaptive design of the repair patch for orthotropic materials and composite laminates, using 3D Finite Element Analysis. The design optimization approach is based on the evaluation of a Failure Criterion Index (FCI) and the minimization of its Relative Standard Deviation (RSD). An optimized scarf shape, which takes into account biaxial tensile loading conditions, fiber direction, and stacking sequence, is an elliptical conical frustum that induces a variable scarf angle along the sweeping angle. This design showed that less parent material is removed than that of the circular shape (decreased by up to 41%) and that the shear stress dispersion in the adhesive was significantly reduced (RSD decreased by up to 18%). The optimization method and the improved shapes are presented and discussed with respect to the influencing parameters.

Design and Bending Analysis of Wearable Compact Patch Antenna for Medical Telemetry Based on Flexible Material

A comprehensive study of compact flexible patch antenna, which is the suitable topology for medical telemetry operated in the industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band, is presented. For establishing efficient wireless links for assisting medical diagnostics, the antenna is required to be of a low profile, safe, and simple geometry. To achieve the compactness of the structure, Taguchi’s optimization method has been applied based on the concept of orthogonal array. The designed antenna uses two distinct flexible substrates, namely polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with dimension 43.5x36.89x0.175 mm3, and Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 with dimension 48.5x49.66x1.58 mm3 categorized under materials, namely plastic and circuit (microfiber reinforced PTFE) material respectively. The approach has been demonstrated for a simple, compact flexible antenna with reduced dimension by 5.37% for PET, and 23.96% for RT 5880 as compared to the conventional rectangular patch design parameters. The resonant frequencies of the designed antennas are 2.435 GHz and 2.45 GHz for PET, and Rogers RT/Duroid 5880, respectively, with a bandwidth of 73.2MHz for RT/Duroid, and 16.8 MHz for PET. The maximum observed directivity of the proposed antenna using PET and Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 are 5.15 dBi, and 6.117 dBi, respectively, at 2.45 GHz. Furthermore, characterization for performance variation is carried out through bending analysis for different curvatures and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis in order to demonstrate its suitability for direct integration with wearable biomedical sensing chips used for medical telemetry.

Modelling the interaction between stem cells derived cardiomyocytes patches and host myocardium to aid non-arrhythmic engineered heart tissue design.

Application of epicardial patches constructed from human-induced pluripotent stem cell- derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) has been proposed as a long-term therapy to treat scarred hearts post myocardial infarction (MI). Understanding electrical interaction between engineered heart tissue patches (EHT) and host myocardium represents a key step toward a successful patch engraftment. EHT retain different electrical properties with respect to the host heart tissue due to the hiPSC-CMs immature phenotype, which may lead to increased arrhythmia risk. We developed a modelling framework to examine the influence of patch design on electrical activation at the engraftment site. We performed an in silico investigation of different patch design approaches to restore pre-MI activation properties and evaluated the associated arrhythmic risk. We developed an in silico cardiac electrophysiology model of a transmural cross section of host myocardium. The model featured an infarct region, an epicardial patch spanning the infarct region and a bath region. The patch is modelled as a layer of hiPSC-CM, combined with a layer of conductive polymer (CP). Tissue and patch geometrical dimensions and conductivities were incorporated through 10 modifiable model parameters. We validated our model against 4 independent experimental studies and showed that it can qualitatively reproduce their findings. We performed a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to isolate the most important parameters, showing that the stimulus propagation is mainly governed by the scar depth, radius and conductivity when the scar is not transmural, and by the EHT patch conductivity when the scar is transmural. We assessed the relevance of small animal studies to humans by comparing simulations of rat, rabbit and human myocardium. We found that stimulus propagation paths and GSA sensitivity indices are consistent across species. We explored which EHT design variables have the potential to restore physiological propagation. Simulations predict that increasing EHT conductivity from 0.28 to 1–1.1 S/m recovered physiological activation in rat, rabbit and human. Finally, we assessed arrhythmia risk related to increasing EHT conductivity and tested increasing the EHT Na+ channel density as an alternative strategy to match healthy activation. Our results revealed a greater arrhythmia risk linked to increased EHT conductivity compared to increased Na+ channel density. We demonstrated that our modeling framework could capture the interaction between host and EHT patches observed in in vitro experiments. We showed that large (patch and tissue dimensions) and small (cardiac myocyte electrophysiology) scale differences between small animals and humans do not alter EHT patch effect on infarcted tissue. Our model revealed that only when the scar is transmural do EHT properties impact activation times and isolated the EHT conductivity as the main parameter influencing propagation. We predicted that restoring physiological activation by tuning EHT conductivity is possible but may promote arrhythmic behavior. Finally, our model suggests that acting on hiPSC-CMs low action potential upstroke velocity and lack of IK1 may restore pre-MI activation while not promoting arrhythmia.

Comparative Analysis of a Super-Wideband Millimeter Wave Array Antenna for Body-Centric Communications

The future of wireless technology is moving towards millimeter wave bands due to a surge in the use of wearable gadgets in current wireless bands. The 60 GHz band is unlicensed around the world and has gathered high research interest. At this band, the atmospheric absorption is very high, which results in short-range communication. High gain antennas are a core requirement for operating at 60 GHz. In this paper, we are proposing three different arrays consisting of 2, 3, and 4 elements of a novel patch design. The radiating patch consists of a semicircular disc fed by a microstrip feed line. The ground plane has been etched into a novel shape. The radiator and the ground plane are attached to a 1.5 mm thick FR-4 substrate which has a relative permittivity of 4.3. The radiating elements are connected linearly to form arrays. In free space, all three arrays achieved a very wide bandwidth of more than 20 GHz, and the maximum gain varied from 3.44 dBi to 6.2 dBi. The arrays were also simulated under human body conditions by modelling a three-layer phantom. At different distances from the phantom, the maximum gain increased by more than 1 dBi. The antenna shows 4.855 dBi, 5.032 dBi, and 6.66 dBi gain for 2 array, 3 array, and 4 array, respectively, when simulated on the three-layer human model phantom. The antenna has a very good VSWR value for all three array structures. On the human body phantom, the proposed antenna design in this research shows 1.214, 1.120, and 1.023 VSWR values for 2 array, 3 array, and 4 array, respectively. The efficiencies were highly affected, as expected from patch antennas. The simulation results are obtained from CST Microwave Studio.

Taking It Personally: 3D Bioprinting a Patient-Specific Cardiac Patch for the Treatment of Heart Failure.

Despite a massive global preventative effort, heart failure remains the major cause of death globally. The number of patients requiring a heart transplant, the eventual last treatment option, far outnumbers the available donor hearts, leaving many to deteriorate or die on the transplant waiting list. Treating heart failure by transplanting a 3D bioprinted patient-specific cardiac patch to the infarcted region on the myocardium has been investigated as a potential future treatment. To date, several studies have created cardiac patches using 3D bioprinting; however, testing the concept is still at a pre-clinical stage. A handful of clinical studies have been conducted. However, moving from animal studies to human trials will require an increase in research in this area. This review covers key elements to the design of a patient-specific cardiac patch, divided into general areas of biological design and 3D modelling. It will make recommendations on incorporating anatomical considerations and high-definition motion data into the process of 3D-bioprinting a patient-specific cardiac patch.

A Flexible, Wearable, and Wireless Biosensor Patch with Internet of Medical Things Applications.

Monitoring the vital signs and physiological responses of the human body in daily activities is particularly useful for the early diagnosis and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we proposed a wireless and flexible biosensor patch for continuous and longitudinal monitoring of different physiological signals, including body temperature, blood pressure (BP), and electrocardiography. Moreover, these modalities for tracking body movement and GPS locations for emergency rescue have been included in biosensor devices. We optimized the flexible patch design with high mechanical stretchability and compatibility that can provide reliable and long-term attachment to the curved skin surface. Regarding smart healthcare applications, this research presents an Internet of Things-connected healthcare platform consisting of a smartphone application, website service, database server, and mobile gateway. The IoT platform has the potential to reduce the demand for medical resources and enhance the quality of healthcare services. To further address the advances in non-invasive continuous BP monitoring, an optimized deep learning architecture with one-channel electrocardiogram signals is introduced. The performance of the BP estimation model was verified using an independent dataset; this experimental result satisfied the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, and the British Hypertension Society standards for BP monitoring devices. The experimental results demonstrated the practical application of the wireless and flexible biosensor patch for continuous physiological signal monitoring with Internet of Medical Things-connected healthcare applications.

Bandwidth Improvement on Rectangular Monopole Antenna using Dual Bevel Technique for Ultrawideband Technology

This paper presents the analyzed Monopole Antenna for Ultrawideband with a rectangular patch design using bevel technique at a frequency of 3.1 – 10.6 GHz. The fabricated antennas with dual bevel angles have a very compact width and length of 40 mm x 33 mm respectively and a groundplane width of 13 mm. To get bandwidth improvement on monopole antennas can be applied to the bevel angle on the patch. So, to get the best antenna design, 3 optimizations of antenna size changes were carried out during the simulation, that is optimization of patch length, patch width and bevel angle. Variation of patch length and width is used to change the frequency range and variation of bevel angle to increase bandwidth. From each change, the best result is taken. The experiment obtained the best simulation result of antenna and then fabricate it. From the measurement results on the fabricated antenna, the lowest S11 value is -24.6 dB, gain 2.6 dBi at a frequency of 5 GHz and radiation pattern is omnidirectional. The optimization process using the bevel technique has been proven to be successful in shifting the frequency range by around 600 MHz and increasing the bandwidth by about 4% or 30 MHz.

Development of an Electrospun Patch Platform Technology for the Delivery of Carvedilol in the Oral Mucosa.

The work herein presented aims to develop and characterize carvedilol (CVD) releasable non-water-soluble monolayers and a multilayer patch made of ultrathin micron and submicron fibers for drug delivery into the sublingual mucosa. Firstly, the developed formulations containing CVD within different biopolymers (PDLA, PCL, and PHB) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), and for their in vitro drug release. SEM micrographs assessed the fiber morphology attained by adding carvedilol. ATR-FTIR spectra revealed good chemical compatibility between CVD and the tested biopolymers, whereas DSC and WAXS confirmed that CVD was in an amorphous state within the biopolymeric fibers. In vitro release studies showed enhanced CVD release kinetics from the electrospun biopolymer monolayers compared to the dissolution rate of the commercial form of the pure drug, except for the slow-releasing PDLA fibers. Finally, the selected CVD-loaded layer, i.e., electrospun PHB, was built into a three-layer patch to tackle mucosa adhesion and unidirectional release, while retaining the enhanced release kinetics. The patch design proposed here further demonstrates the potential of the electro-hydrodynamic processing technology to render unique mucoadhesive controlled delivery platforms for poorly water-soluble drugs.

Design and Implementation of an Ultralow-Power ECG Patch and Smart Cloud-Based Platform

This article reports the development of a new smart electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system, consisting of the related hardware, firmware, and Internet of Things (IoT)-based web service for artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted arrhythmia detection and a complementary Android application for data streaming. The hardware aspect of this article proposes an ultralow power patch sampling ECG data at 256 samples/s with 16-bit resolution. The battery life of the device is two weeks per charging, which alongside the flexible and slim (193.7 mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times62.4$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times8.6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm) and lightweight (43 g) allows the user to continue real-life activities while the real-time monitoring is being done without interruption. The power management is achieved through the usage of switching converters, ultralow power component choice, as well as intermittent usage of them through firmware optimization. A novel data encoding method is also proposed to allow the compression of data and lower the runtime. The software aspect, in addition to the web ECG analysis platform and the Android streaming and monitoring application, provides an arrhythmia detection service. The key innovations in this regard are the usage of a set of new factors in determining arrhythmia that grants higher accuracy while retaining the detection near-real-time. The arrhythmia detection algorithm shows 98.7% accuracy using artificial neural network and K-nearest neighbors methods and 98.1% using decision tree method on test dataset.

Asymmetric microstrip fed meander line slot antenna for 5.6 GHz applications

This paper presents the design of a meander line slot antenna. The designed antenna operates at the frequency range of 5.45 GHz to 5.7 GHz covering wireless local area network applications. The proposed antenna comprises a circular patch design with a meander slot embedded within the patch. Besides to meander line slot structure, asymmetric microstrip feed is provided to the antenna. To achieve better antenna performance, parametric studies are carried out. The antenna's total size is 15 × 14 × 1.57 mm3. For the designed antenna, the −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 4.48 %, the gain is 1.3 dBi with a radiation efficiency of 84.43 %. The current distribution and radiation pattern of the proposed meander slot antenna have been observed and simulated.

Meshed Stacked LTCC Antenna for Space Application

Meshed conductors have been used to realize antenna systems. Previous studies have concentrated on single layer patch designs. In this paper, different mesh configurations of stacked meshed patch antennas are studied; when both patches are meshed, when only the top patch is meshed, when only the bottom patch is meshed and when both patches are continuous solid metal. In addition, the effect of conventional slot loading on stacked meshed patches is also investigated through parametric studies. The designs are fed by coaxial feed probe in the lower patch. The results showed that the stacked mesh performance in terms of the resonant frequency, return loss, gain and radiation efficiency can be comparable to that of a typical, continuous metal stacked design. Both patches are 20.86 mm <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times21.46$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm. The maximum absolute gain and radiation efficiency of the solid stacked patch were 5.05 dBi and 91.6&#x0025; while those of the meshed stacked patch were 5.22 dBi and 91.8&#x0025; respectively. The measurements of stacked meshed design showed that the antenna was resonant at 2.52 GHz with a reflection coefficient in dB of &#x2212;23.69 dB. It has a 40 MHz &#x2212;10 dB impedance bandwidth (1.5&#x0025;) from 2.50 GHz to 2.54 GHz. The antenna exhibited a maximum measured gain of &#x2212;0.12 dBi and cross polarization of 10 dB at boresight. An equivalent circuit model for the design was also proposed. The antenna was intended for space application, and therefore it was implemented using Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC) technology as the LTCC properties can withstand the harsh environment of space. Although the meshed lines increase the line impedance and therefore can result in increased losses, this can be mitigated by careful mesh selection. Lastly, the meshed design allows for better bonding between the LTCC tape layers.

Fabrication of Tizanidine Loaded Patches Using Flaxseed Oil and Coriander Oil as a Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery.

Transdermal drug delivery is important to maintain plasma drug concentrations for therapeutic efficacy. The current study reports the design, formulation, and evaluation of tizanidine transdermal patches formulated using chitosan and thiolated chitosan, ethyl cellulose (EC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and Eudragit RL100 in different ratios. The tizanidine patches were formulated using flaxseed oil and coriander oil in the concentrations of 1% v/w, 2% v/w, 3% v/w, 4% v/w, 5% v/w, and 10% v/w. The patches were subjected to characterization of physicochemical property (thickness, weight uniformity, drug content, efficiency, percentage moisture uptake/loss), in vitro drug release and drug permeation, skin irritation, in vivo application, pharmacokinetics analysis, and stability studies. The results indicate that the interaction of thiolated chitosan with the negative charges of the skin opens the tight junctions of the skin, whereas flaxseed and coriander oils change the conformational domain of the skin. The novelty of this study is in the use of flaxseed and coriander oils as skin permeation enhancers for the formulation of tizanidine transdermal patches. The formulations follow non-Fickian drug release kinetics. The FTZNE23, FTZNE36 and FTZNE54, with 5% v/w flaxseed oil loaded formulations, exhibited higher flux through rabbit skin compared with FTZNE30, FTZNE35, FTZNE42, and FTZNE47, formulations loaded with 10% v/w coriander oil. The study concludes that flaxseed oil is a better choice for formulating tizanidine patches, offering optimal plasma concentration and therapeutic efficacy, and recommends the use of flaxseed and coriander oil based patches as a novel transdermal delivery system for tizanidine and related classes of drugs.

Inset-fed Multiband Square Patch Antenna on Flexible substrate for Fifth-Generation Wireless Communication

Purpose: Over a decade, the antenna has sparked considerable interest in the 5G frequency band in the wireless domain (covering industrial applications, home automation and mobile communication) because of its numerous advantages like compact, conformal to surfaces, easily integrated with the devices, etc. In general, an Antenna can be defined as a conductor which is exposed to space operable for a specific application. The purpose of the study is to design the Slotted patch antenna for 5G applications on a flexible dielectric substrate material which makes the antenna compact in its design aspect. Design/Methodology/Approach: Initially, the antenna design is carried out using the theoretical framework based on the available equations. The microwave studio software - Computer Simulation Technology (CST) is used to create and model the different antennas. Findings/Result: Based on the simulated models, the slotted patch antenna design 5 has 2 bands namely: 3.25 GHz, the return loss is -17.47 dB, and 5.89GHz, the return loss is -21.37dB. Whereas design 6 has 4 resonant bands measured at 2.04 GHz, the return loss (RL) is -11.68 dB, at 5.80GHz, the RL is -22.36 dB, at 7.14 GHz, the RL is -28.71 dB and at 8.83 GHz, the RL is -13.36 dB. The maximum bandwidth achieved for slotted patch antenna design 5 is 5% and the maximum bandwidth achieved for slotted patch antenna design 6 is 8%. Whereas the design of Multi slotted patch antenna flexible substrate design 7 and design 8 has the maximum achieved bandwidth of 10 %. Originality/Value: The design of slotted patch and multi slotted patch antenna using inset feed method on a flexible substrate for 5G frequency band. Paper Type: Design based Research Analysis.

Multi-material 3D printing of programmable and stretchable oromucosal patches for delivery of saquinavir

Oromucosal patches for drug delivery allow fast onset of action and ability to circumvent hepatic first pass metabolism of drugs. While conventional fabrication methods such as solvent casting or hot melt extrusion are ideal for scalable production of low-cost delivery patches, these methods chiefly allow for simple, homogenous patch designs. As alternative, a multi-material direct-ink-write 3D printing for rapid fabrication of complex oromucosal patches with unique design features was demonstrated in the present study. Specifically, three print-materials: an acidic saquinavir-loaded hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ink, an alkaline effervescent sodium carbonate-loaded ink, and a methyl cellulose backing material were combined in various designs. The CO2 content and pH of the microenvironment were controlled by adjusting the number of alkaline layers in the patch. Additionally, the rigid and brittle patches were converted to compliant and stretchable patches by implementing mesh-like designs. Our results illustrate how 3D printing can be used for rapid design and fabrication of multifunctional or customized oromucosal patches with tailored dosages and changed drug permeation.