Abstract
Despite a massive global preventative effort, heart failure remains the major cause of death globally. The number of patients requiring a heart transplant, the eventual last treatment option, far outnumbers the available donor hearts, leaving many to deteriorate or die on the transplant waiting list. Treating heart failure by transplanting a 3D bioprinted patient-specific cardiac patch to the infarcted region on the myocardium has been investigated as a potential future treatment. To date, several studies have created cardiac patches using 3D bioprinting; however, testing the concept is still at a pre-clinical stage. A handful of clinical studies have been conducted. However, moving from animal studies to human trials will require an increase in research in this area. This review covers key elements to the design of a patient-specific cardiac patch, divided into general areas of biological design and 3D modelling. It will make recommendations on incorporating anatomical considerations and high-definition motion data into the process of 3D-bioprinting a patient-specific cardiac patch.
Highlights
Ischaemic heart disease persists as the main cause of death globally, accounting for16% of all deaths in the world [1]
Less than 6000 heart transplants are performed globally, which is in stark contrast to the estimated 26 million people living with heart failure (HF) [7,8]
As the cardiac computed tomography (CT) procedure is non-invasive, it does not pose the risk of arterial damage associated with coronary angiography and it is usually well tolerated by patients [66]
Summary
Ischaemic heart disease persists as the main cause of death globally, accounting for. A recent review of small and large animal studies using cardiac patches for treating heart injuries demonstrated improved cardiac function, reduced infarct size and increased angiogenesis [4] Promising, all these studies used animal models and results were observed after short follow-up periods, ranging from 1 week to 3 months. It compares findings from current studies to highlight what has been achieved to date and the limitations they present It provides recommendations for future studies on how to combine bioprinting processes with anatomically oriented design to improve cardiac patch personalisation. Cellinand selection drive biomaterial in bioink formulation This isstem a critical thebiomaterial patient-specific designalso if the cardiac patch design incorporates patientbioink stem cells. The shape, the size and the thickness of the patch impact the bioink formulation and the selection of the 3DBP method used
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