Park Design Research Articles

Thermal model in digital twin of vertical PV system helps to explain unexpected yield gains

The business case of novel integrated applications of solar energy is often regarded as a straightforward extrapolation of standard solar parks. But when the design of the solar park is remarkably different from typical solar parks, the operating conditions of the PV panels could also be changed. We have applied the digital twin to an R&D location with nine rows of eight bifacial PV panels in a vertical east/west orientation with varying row-row distances. We simulated the in-plane irradiances, based on measured GHI, which turned out to be in good agreement with observations of in-plane irradiances. But, using default free-standing PV heat transfer coefficients, the modelled module temperatures were too high and the simulated module powers too low. Applying an in-house developed method, we found that the heat transfer coefficient Uc is nearly double, and the vertically placed modules operate at a much lower temperature. The adjusted value for Uc leads to a 2.5% higher annual energy yield and higher performance ratio, partially offsetting the energy loss due to the less than optimal configuration. In conclusion, the digital twin increased the understanding of the vertical PV system and support future decision making, for instance for the application of vertical PV in combination with agriculture, where the low ground coverage ratio of vertical PV matches well with the needs from the agricultural sector.

Robotic Park: Multi-Agent Platform for Teaching Control and Robotics

Multi-agent system research is a hot topic in different application domains. In robotics, multi-agent robot systems (MRS) can realize complex tasks even if the behavior of each individual agent seems simple thanks to the cooperation between them. Although many control algorithms for MRS are proposed, few experimental results are validated on real data, being essential to building new testbeds to conduct MRS research and teaching. Moreover, most existing platforms for experimentation do not offer an overall solution allowing software and hardware design tools. This paper describes the design and operation of Robotic Park, a new indoor experimental platform for research in multi-agent systems. The heterogeneity and flexibility of its configuration are two of its main features. It supports control strategies design and validation of MRS algorithms. Experiences can be carried out in a virtual environment, in a physical environment, or under a hybrid scheme, as digital twins have been developed in Gazebo and Webots. Currently, two types of aerial vehicles, the Crazyflie 2.X and the DJI Tello, are available. It also includes two types of differential mobile robots, the Turtlebot3 and the Khepera IV. Both internal and external positioning systems using different technologies such as Motion Capture or Ultra-WideBand are also available for experiences. All components are connected through ROS2 (Robot Operating System 2) which enables experiences under a centralized, distributed, or hybrid scheme, and different communication strategies can be implemented. A mixed reality experience that addresses the problem of formation control using event-based control illustrates the platform usage.

Sustainable Development Evaluation on the Landscape Design of Industrial Heritage Park: A Case Study of Tao Sichuan, China.

The sustainable development of the urban environmental landscape is a process that integrates resource utilization, ecological benefit, economy, and society and involves elements of culture, society, politics, economy, and individual residents. Citizen participation is increasingly important for the urban landscape design, and therefore, urban environmental landscape studies must be evaluated objectively by the public to ensure both sustainable development and social justice. In this study, the Tao Sichuan Creative Industry Park (the former "Universe Porcelain Factory") in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi province, China, was taken as example, and the implemented landscape reconstruction was evaluated. The analytical hierarchy process was used to collect both expert and public opinions regarding the cultural landscape; then, the weight coefficient of the value index layer of the industrial heritage park was obtained. A comparison of the two groups (experts and the public) showed that the experts do not exactly agree with the perspective of the public: experts prefer the artistic value far more than any other factors, while the public prefers the artistic value, social value, and economic value. Each group prefers different values of the landscape, suggesting that environmental justice should not be biased toward one of these perspectives. Finally, a design optimization principle is proposed according to the results of this study. This principle strengthens the sustainable development concept in the landscape reconstruction of industrial heritage parks, and suggestions are provided for optimizing the allocation of urban public landscape resources.

ВПЛИВ ІСТОРИЧНОГО АСПЕКТУ НА РОЗВИТОК ТА ПОПУЛЯРНІСТЬ ТЕМАТИЧНИХ ПАРКІВ У СВІТІ (CASE WALT DISNEY COMPANY)

The article's purpose is a temporal analysis of the origin of the theme park as a transformational destination, and its progressive development from "pleasure gardens" to a modern high-tech theme park with entertainment, recreational and educational functions that meets all the needs of the contemporary recreationist. Methods and methodology in the study of this topic, which were used for the practical analysis of this topic (historical aspect and influence of external and internal factors) have a systematic approach and a set of methods in particular: - methods of collecting and analyzing information, namely the collection of theoretical and analytical information on the history of the emergence and transformation of recreation parks, the formation, and improvement to their current state; - methods of analysis and synthesis of information, processing of collected materials, data optimization, and formation of own conclusions on the spread and popularity of international parks. The results. The article analyzes the stages of the formation of theme parks as destinations for recreation, which over time gained popularity and transformed under the influence of the needs of recreationists, and economic and technological changes. The problems that companies have during the design and creation of theme parks, as well as the way of their popularization in Europe in the example of Disneyland in Paris, are considered and illustrated. Practical significance. Consumers were constantly looking for a holiday that would combine interactive adventures, comfortable conditions, technological curiosities, films and TV shows, and sci-fi topics. Theme parks today demonstrate the highest rates of attendance and interest of tourists in their product, but analyzing the historical stages on the way to the development of theme parks, we trace the negative attitude towards new projects in Europe. Therefore, the analysis of historical stages is important when creating new projects, to take into account similar experiences, the development of image marketing, and the choice of a common topic when creating a park. In general, the future of theme parks depends on the economic conditions and quality of services provided, the level of epidemic diseases, but as a tourist product it has very attractive prospects, which is confirmed by the financial reports of companies. The concept of theme park development consists of intensive improvement, and the introduction of the latest technologies and refers to the most promising areas in the development of the tourism sector, which is of interest to research in order to further implement knowledge for new projects.

新自然主义种植智慧探究——以纽约高线公园种植设计为例

新自然主义种植智慧探究——以纽约高线公园种植设计为例

Problems of Guiyang Quanhu Park and Suggestions for Modification

With the rapid development of the city, the city park is a quiet "escape" in the midst of the chaos, a place of leisure and recreation for the residents living around here, and a place to increase their feelings. As the opening work of "poetic Baiyun, seven volumes in the clouds" in Baiyun District, Guiyang City, Quanhu Park assumes the function of a city park. From the perspective of design and planning, there are amazing aspects and inadequate aspects of the landscape nodes in the park, and the problems in the park are proposed and modified. This thesis makes a series of discussions on the later maintenance of the landscape, the full utilization of the park's publicity resources, the safety protection facilities for different age groups and different environments, and makes certain suggestions for the planning and design of urban parks in Guiyang.

ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ЕКОСИСТЕМНИХ АКТИВІВ МІСЬКИХ ПАРКІВ НА ОСНОВІ АНАЛІЗУ КАРТУВАННЯ ПРИМОРСЬКОГО МІСТА ОДЕСИ

The article examines the level of provision of recreational green areas in the Black Sea city of Odessa and analyzes their level of accessibility for citizens within walking distance. During the war, Odesa, among other Black Sea regions, preserved its recreational potential the most in the context of infrastructural support. Therefore, it becomes urgent to support and develop the natural recreational potential of the seaside towns of Odesa. During the research, the economic value of the ecosystem assets of city parks as an investment resource was substantiated. A certain correlation was determined between the provision of green spaces in the city's districts and the average cost of housing in the districts of the city of Odesa. At the same time, the key factor in price formation is the location relative to marine recreational resources and the historical center of the city. That is, the presence of green spaces in the immediate vicinity has its influence, but is not decisive. Increasing the economic value of green zones in shaping the attractiveness of territories and forming housing prices is of strategic importance for increasing the economic potential of city districts. With the help of intelligent design of parks, it is possible to increase the investment attractiveness of the district, and therefore influence the development of its infrastructure, recreational and cultural potential. Recommendations are provided regarding increasing the economic efficiency of green zones in the context of their recreational value for the Black Sea region, which will also satisfy the increased demand for recreation in the coming years. The analysis of mapping results shows the need to create additional green zones, which requires improvement of city target programs and additional funding. It is also determined that the city's target programs for the improvement of territories should contain strategies for each of the districts of the city, as well as specific planned measures for the development of green areas. To date, the reports of Odesa district administrations indicate different levels of implementation of the target program.

Becoming a park: The assemblage of Olomouc parks in the 19th and first half of the 20th century

We conceptualize an urban park as an assemblage, and we use the urban parks in Olomouc as examples. We do not understand a park as a complete product, but we approach it as a never-finished process, which results from the mutual relationships between material and discursive practices. Using local newspapers, we have studied the process of becoming a park. During this process, concrete space acquires characteristics that are related to a park in a given place and given time. Inquiring into this process, we focused on three closely connected problems: 1) How was the material and discursive limitation of parks distinguished from the wider urban structure? 2) What role did the material design of parks play in the analysed process? 3) What were the means of regulating park visitors and what were its objectives? The use of the concept of assemblage in the research into the history of urban parks results in a more differentiated view of urban greenspace, and thus it can contribute to a better understanding of the current state of the urban greenspace.

Functional zoning of park territories in large cities of Belarus: development of methods and quality assessment

Introduction. In Belarus, some urban parks are less attractive for visitors and need reconstruction due to the new requirements for specific types and conditions of recreation, which have changed over the last decades due to the influence of factors triggered by a change in the economic model of societal development. The task of functional zoning is solved when a park reconstruction project is developed. Decisions concerning the recreational and other areas have an important impact on park design stages and play an important role in developing comfortable park environments. The purpose of the study is to build and validate a methodology for assessing the quality of functional zoning of urban parks using quantifiable factors.
 
 Materials and methods. Quantifiable factors, that have a considerable impact on the comfort of park environments, were identified using an integrated approach. A planogram-based graphic-analytical method was used to assess the intensity of this impact. To identify the criteria for assessing the quality of park zoning, publicly available design guidelines and master plans of parks were analyzed. Information about current functional zoning of parks was obtained at the preliminary stage of the study by examining satellite images downloaded from the Google Earth Engine Explorer resource; this information was subsequently clarified using surveying methods.
 
 Results. A need to take into account a number of quantifiable factors, influencing the comfort of environments, accompanies the process of developing a functional zoning pattern for multifunctional urban parks. Hence, we had an idea to develop a methodology for the functional zoning quality assessment. For this purpose, a system of criteria for assessing the quality of functional zones and an assessment methodology were developed. The methodology stems from the fact that a planogram of influence of various factors on park territories represents a nonzero two-dimensional matrix, which helps perform mathe­matical summation operations in furtherance of a given set of criteria. The new methodology was used to assess the quality of current functional zoning of urban parks in eight large Belarusian cities.
 
 Conclusions. The methodology developed for the quality assessment of current functional zoning of urban parks confirms the validity of design solutions, and it can be used at the pre-project stage to improve the validity of solutions in the process of developing architectural and planning concepts of parks aimed at their reconstruction. It can also serve as a component of comprehensive assessments of comfort in the park environments when management decisions are made in terms of recreational areas.

Influencing Factors, Challenges and Future Development of Pocket Park Design

In the development of modern cities, a new type of urban space called pocket park is increasingly used. Although the concept of pocket park has been put forward for a long time, its concept and design factors are constantly changing with the development of the times. This article hopes to discuss the design concept of pocket park and the factors to be considered in the design to provide some reference for designers. Pocket parks should be designed without changing the local structure as much as possible and incorporate the specific needs of local residents. It is also important to grasp nature. Pocket park will form an independent ecosystem in the city to absorb greenhouse gasses and reduce pollution, providing sustainability for the city. Pocket Park will provide urban residents with an opportunity to contact nature. Let cities and nature coexist. The specific influencing factors of pocket park are the specific needs of the local people, the objective geographical conditions of the region and the local culture. The specific challenges of pocket park design are how to make rational use of the existing space and how to combine nature with the city. In the future, designers should consider how to build a pocket park that meets the needs of people and conforms to the local characteristics and culture to add more features and functions to it. This article expects that the development and design of modern cities will make more use of pocket parks, an effective and environmentally friendly space, to make urban space more interesting and beautiful.

국립공원의 특성이 지불의사액에 미치는 영향 분석 : 메타분석을 활용하여

National parks are scenic spots representing the country and can be viewed as ecological and cultural tourist destinations that contain various resources. For efficient management of national parks, it is necessary to identify the economic value provided by national parks and establish policy directions based on the economic value. From this point, various studies have been attempted to analyze the value of natural assets such as national parks. In particular, most of the research has been conducted through the contingent valuation method. Therefore, this study tried to review the value of national parks more comprehensively by performing meta-analysis on the case studies of conditional valuation method applied for each national park. However, among their characteristics, the number of visitors may have endogeneity due to the simultaneous relationship with the amount of willingness to pay. In order to consider this endogeneity, the analysis was conducted using each national park designation year and survey year as instrument variables. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the number of visitors, mountain-type national parks, artifacts and national treasures, which are characteristics of national parks, increase the willingness to pay, and the number of natural monuments does not affect it. The results of this study can be used as basic data for future value measurement research and policy establishment.

Assimilating Cycle Park as a Part of Urban Living

Cycling has a century-old history. Originated as the cheapest and most practical mode of transportation, the evolution and modernity of cycles have led to cycling becoming a popular adventure sport. While the first cycling race was held in 1868, this sport has evolved to various dimensions as a result of innovation and growing interest in sports. This study documents the evolution of cycling from being a mode of transport to recreation to adventure sport, as practised in recent times, as a part of urban living. With the help of a relevant literature review, this study proposes an architectural design of a cycle park in Bengaluru, with the aim to encourage its citizens to make it a part of their urban living. Bengaluru has observed a growing craze of cycling as a sport, over the past decade. Statistical data from cycle dealers and manufacturers reveals these growing trends. In support of the decision from the Forest Department of Bengaluru to allow cycling in Turrahalli forest, this paper proposes a cycle park adjacent to the Peripheral Ring Road amidst Turrahalli forest. The design aims to serve amateurs, professionals, and cyclists of all ages, giving them a safe and natural environment. With the implementation of such a proposal, the authors hope to encourage cyclists and city dwellers to take up cycling on regular basis, in response to the deteriorating global health.

SOUNDSCAPE MAPPING OF AGODI PARK AND GARDENS, IBADAN SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

This study provides contextual evidence on recreational noise exposure in a typical Nigerian urban park. It investigated perceived sonic characteristics as well as the spatial noise variations across Agodi Park and Gardens in the city of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Integration of noise mapping and soundscape methods was used to understand the nature of noise being generated in this outdoor setting. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) was used to obtain data from nine major locations within the park. Using a non-probabilistic method of sampling, fifty respondents were selected incidentally to participate in this study. With the aid of an instrument consisting structured questionnaires and observation checklist, information on respondents’ demographic characteristics, their perceptions of the recreational noise, and desirability levels of soundscape in the park was obtained. Recreational noise data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Test of Difference (T-test) to investigate time-based variations in the level of noise (morning and evening periods). Although most respondents were oblivious of the noise exposure, findings show that the average sound level in the park was 77 dBA which exceeded the recommended noise limit of 60 dBA expected in recreational parks. The study recommends that soundscape characters should be considered in the design of future urban parks as they would go a long way in improving and enhancing the quality of perceived user’s comfort.

Planning and Design of Mine Pit Park Based on the Theory of Urban Double Repair: An Example of 986 Pit Renovation in Xiao Qinling National Nature Reserve, Henan Province

Planning and Design of Mine Pit Park Based on the Theory of Urban Double Repair: An Example of 986 Pit Renovation in Xiao Qinling National Nature Reserve, Henan Province

Testing Olmsted’s Lasting Legacy—Comparing Design Theory and the Post-Occupancy Conditions of New York Central Park

Social media is a rapidly developing field in architecture and landscape research, which is used to understand public opinions and landscape use. The year 2022 sees the 200th birthday of Olmsted, the founding father of landscape architecture in America. While we commemorate Olmsted’s ground-breaking contribution to the landscape architecture discipline, in-depth analyses are always required to examine historic legacies for their current relevancy. Taking his first practical work, New York Central Park, as an example, this paper systematically revisits Olmsted’s park design theory and vision, and investigates its post-occupancy conditions from 11,501 posts on TripAdvisor. The results show that the current park use pattern confirms the validity of his scenic image theory. At the same time, his design works have become increasingly popular as public projects to foster social interaction.

COMPARISON OF MALAYSIAN URBAN GREEN SPACES USE PRIOR AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND PREFERENCES FOR POST-PANDEMIC DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS

A survey on the comparison between Malaysians’ usage of green spaces prior and during COVID-19 pandemic was conducted using an online self-administered questionnaire. Frequency and descriptive analysis were applied and a total of 415 responses from the whole Malaysia was recorded. Results showed that there was a huge increase in the number of respondents who did not visit the urban green spaces during COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, there was an increase in the use of home garden and neighbourhood park during the pandemic as compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of the respondents involved in the survey mentioned that they diverted their visitation to the nearest green spaces available during the pandemic. The findings managed to highlight the changes in usage pattern of green spaces among Malaysians and provide proposals to relevant authorities on the future design of parks and green spaces in post-COVID-19 settings.

Application of Cosmology Concepts to Nias Cultural Park Planning

Nias tribe has a variety of cultures that are the heritage of their ancestors. One of them is the belief in cosmologists, namely that the world is divided into the underworld and the upper world. This cosmological conception was applied to the design of cultural parks in Nias. The goal is to create a cultural park architecture that can reflect the art and culture of Nias itself. Cosmological concepts in this design are applied from selecting building sites that are a more macro thing to the organization of space, forming the mass of buildings, to building materials that are more micro things. The data collection method used is a qualitative descriptive method. This cultural park will be one of the cultural preservation containers that can characterize the richness of Nias culture from the image of its architecture.

Analysis of the Cooling and Humidification Effect of Multi-Layered Vegetation Communities in Urban Parks and Its Impact

As urbanization continues to accelerate, the urban heat island effects have become one of the most important issues affecting the urban environment and people’s living experience. Numerous studies have shown that urban parks and green spaces can effectively alleviate the problem of the urban heat island effect and provide cooling and humidifying effects. Vegetation communities are a fundamental part of urban parklands, and multi-layered vegetation communities are considered to have better cooling and humidifying effects. Previous studies have focused on comparative analyses between different cover types of vegetation communities but have not explored the differences in the cooling and humidifying effects of multi-layered vegetation communities of the same cover type. Therefore, the Olympic Forest Park in Beijing was selected as the subject of this study, and multi-layered vegetation-covered (tree-shrub-grass) with different degrees of densities and uncovered squares were selected for the control and comparison. The cooling and humidifying effects of multi-layered vegetation communities with different canopy densities at different times of the day through field measurements were studied, and the influencing factors for this were analyzed. The results show that the tree cover is the core factor affecting temperature; the degree of the canopy density of multi-layered vegetation communities is significantly and positively correlated with the intensity of cooling and humidification, and the cooling and humidifying effect of multi-layered vegetation communities increases as the degree of canopy density increases. The results of this study can provide some references for the planning and design of urban parks and green spaces.

Green Spaces of Omsk in Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries: Projects and Initiatives for Greening City

The issue of creating green spaces in the cities of the Russian Empire, relevant for the turn of the 19th—10th centuries, is considered. Particular attention is paid to the city of Omsk, for which this problem was the most acute, since the landscaping of the space was supposed to improve the city in sanitary terms, improve the climate by reducing dust storms and creating recreational areas for citizens. It is noted that the creation of green spaces in Omsk was part of the policy for the improvement of the city and was on a par with the creation of water supply, sewerage, etc. It is shown that during this period many projects for the gardening of Omsk were considered, but only some of them were fully or partially implemented, the reason for which was a rather modest budget. It was revealed that the main direction was the renovation of existing green spaces and the design of parks and squares in the city center near administrative buildings. It is emphasized that projects to change the urban space were put forward by different groups of citizens, including merchants and representatives of the Orthodox Church. In conclusion, it is noted that the gardening of Omsk in the late XIX — early XX centuries was continued after the revolution and turned into a large project to create a garden city.

Be Our Guest or Welcome Foolish Mortals? Disney’s Invitation to Play and the Delusion/Illusion of Hyperreal, Immersive Documents

This paper playfully appropriates the metaphor of delusional states to frame a discussion of hyperreal documents present in Disney theme parks and resorts. A brief overview of the literature on delusion in individuals transitions into the collective formation of positive illusions to introduce the concept of play. The conceptual framework of play culture, or ludics, is presented to understand cultural production and meaning, which is further described in relation to theme park design and the negotiation of theme park experiences. This discussion is situated in document theory to explicate the intentionality of theme park designers and the indexicality of park guests. Aspects of theme park experiences as document transactions are elucidated in alignment with document phenomenology, touching on the implications for interpreting meaning and authenticity in environments characterized by hyperreal simulacra. The paper ends with an outline for a research agenda involving Disney theme parks, document phenomenology, and immersive documents.