Design Of Energy Management System Research Articles

A Hybrid Approach in Design of Building Energy Management System with Smart Readiness Indicator and Building as a Service Concept

Improving energy efficiency and increasing the level of intelligence are two main factors determining the current development trends for new and modernized buildings. They are especially important in the perspective of development of prosumer installations and local microgrids. A key tool to achieve these goals is a well-designed and implemented Building Automation and Control System (BACS). This paper presents a new hybrid approach to the design and technical organization of BACS based on the provisions of the EN 15232 standard and the guidelines of the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) defined in the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2018 (EPBD 2018). The main assumptions of this hybrid approach along with examples of functional BACS designs for small prosumer installations organized according to them are provided. Potential impact on building energy performance is discussed as well. Finally, a SWOT analysis of the possibility of merging the EN 15232 standard guidelines and the SRI assessment methodology to develop uniform technical guidelines for the BACS functions design and evaluation of their impact on the buildings’ energy efficiency are discussed.

Application of intelligent energy management and control system in industrial enterprises

Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, the efficient use of energy has become the focus of research in the energy field. The article first analyzes the challenges in the energy management and control system based on the development status and trends of the intelligent energy management and control system of industrial enterprises; then proposes the system architecture and design of the intelligent energy management and control system of industrial enterprises, from energy monitoring, energy management, energy forecasting, energy analysis, energy diagnosis, energy optimization and other aspects provide comprehensive and strong support for the energy management of industrial enterprises, and realize the integration and automation of energy and production data.

IoTivity Cloud-Enabled Platform for Energy Management Applications

In developing countries today, population growth and the penetration of higher standard of living appliances in homes has resulted in a rapidly increasing residential load. In South Africa, the recent rolling blackouts and electricity price increase only highlighted this reality, calling for sustainable measures to reduce overall consumption and peak load. The dawn of the smart grid concept, embedded systems, and ICTs have paved the way for novel Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) design. In this regard, the Internet of Things (IoT), an enabler for intelligent and efficient energy management systems, is the subject of increasing attention for optimizing HEMS design and mitigating its deployment cost constraints. In this work, we propose an IoT platform for residential energy management applications focusing on interoperability, low cost, technology availability, and scalability. We addressed the backend complexities of IoT Home Area Networks (HAN) using the Open Consortium Foundation (OCF) IoTivity-Lite middleware. To augment the quality, servicing, reduce the cost, and the development complexities, this work leverages open-source cloud technologies from Back4App as Backend-as-a-Service (BaaS) to provide consumers and utilities with a data communication platform within an experimental study illustrating time and space agnostic “mind-changing” energy feedback, Demand Response Management (DRM) under a peak shaving algorithm yielded peak load reduction around 15% of the based load, and appliance operation control using a HEM App via an Android smartphone.

Design and Implementation of Energy Management System Based on Spring Boot Framework

This paper designs and implements an energy management system based on the Spring Boot framework. The system mainly includes three layers, which are the data collection layer, the business logic layer, and the display interface layer from bottom to top. The data collection layer is based on the RS-485 electrical standard and the MODBUS communication protocol. The two protocols connect all energy consumption monitoring points into a mixed topology communication network in the enterprise. The programs in the data collection layer poll each energy consumption monitoring point in the network to collect the data and transmit to the business logic layer. The business logic layer is developed on the basis of the Spring Boot framework and mainly includes two parts: the MySQL database and Tomcat server. In the MySQL database, the stored data are horizontally split according to the time column and stored in different data tables. The split of data reduces the load of a single data table and improves the query performance of the database. The Tomcat server is built into the Spring Boot framework to provide a basic environment for system operation. The Spring Boot framework is the core component of the system. It is responsible for collecting, storing, and analyzing data from energy consumption monitoring points, receiving and processing data requests from the display interface layer. It also provides standard data interfaces to the external programs. The display interface layer is developed on the basis of the Vue framework and integrated into the Spring Boot framework. The display layer combines an open-source visualization chart library called ECharts to provide users with a fully functional and friendly human–computer interaction interface. Through the calculation of hardware and software costs, considering the personnel cost in different regions, the total cost of the energy management system can be estimated. The cost of construction was approximately 210,000 USD in this paper. Since the system was actually deployed in a manufacturing company in December 2019, it has been operating stably for more than 600 days.

Conceptual design and assessment of a novel energy management system for LNG fueled ships with air separation

Medium and large ships always need to carry many different types of gas cylinders. Limited by the hull, their gas storage is small, restricting the ship's ocean voyage time. It is the most effective solution to use the air separation device and cabin air to prepare various purified gases on site. However, the traditional cryogenic air separation system has large energy consumption and low efficiency, which is not suitable for shipboard use. Therefore, this paper innovatively proposes the air separation systems for the cold energy utilization of onboard LNG-powered ships. According to the characteristics of ship engine power and pressure ratio change of LNG fuel supply system, LNG energy management systems (LNGEMSs) with high and low pressure matching cold energy utilization air separation unit processes are proposed and compared. The exergetic analysis model of the design was established using pinch point analysis, energy balance methods, and energy efficiency indexes. The applicability conclusion was determined through actual onshore process verification, comparison, and exergy analysis. The cryogenic air separation system on LNG fueled ships can adopt a different pressures heat exchange network solution to make full use of LNG cold energy to improve energy efficiency. The LNG cold exergy efficiency of the LNGEMSs can reach 83.2%, and the unit liquid product energy consumption is only 0.225 kWh·Nm−1. Due to the additional means of energy conversion and utilization, the ship design and operating indexes with the new system meet or exceed the current regulations and the current technical level. Additional oxygen obtained by air separation can further improve the combustion efficiency of marine gas turbines, which brings good prospects for marine air separation technology.

A Real-Time Energy Management System Design for a Developed PV-Based Distributed Generator Considering the Grid Code Requirements in Turkey

Each country must determine the Grid Code conditions and apply these criteria to integrate distributed generation (DG) systems into the existing electricity grid and to ensure a stable power system. Thus, experimental studies are required to provide an effective, national, and specific Grid Code. In this study, the Turkish Grid Code’s electrical criteria were examined, and the application of these criteria was carried out on a developed PV-based DG. A real-time energy management system (RTEMS) was proposed in the study. Electrical parameters on the developed DG were monitored in real-time by considering IEEE 1547, IEEE 929–2000, and Turkey’s electrical criteria. A practical grid code study was firstly investigated in detail about the Turkish Grid Code by a developed real-time monitoring-control and protection system. The proposed RTEMS method in the study is implemented as an inverter-resident system; thus, it provides advantages over many energy management systems embedded in the inverter. The degradation in power quality and non-detection zone (NDZ) problems encountered in active and passive island mode detection methods developed embedded in the inverter are eliminated in the proposed method. With the RTEMS method, where under and over-voltage, under and over voltage frequency, and unintentional island mode events can be detected in real-time, both the existing grid-code requirements are met, and the existing power quality and NDZ problem is eliminated with the recommended inverter-independent RTEMS method.

Design and implementation of smart home energy management systems using green energy

Design and implementation of smart home energy management systems using green energy

On the estimation of optimal state-of-charge trajectory for plug-in hybrid electric buses using trip information

Plug-in hybrid electric buses are a viable solution to increase the fuel economy. In this framework, precise estimation of optimal state-of-charge trajectory along the upcoming driving cycle appears to play a pivotal role in the way to approach the globally optimal fuel economy. This paper aims to conduct a parametric study on the key factors affecting the estimation of optimal state-of-charge trajectory, including trip information availability and trip segment distance, and to provide a guideline for the design and implementation of predictive energy management systems. To accomplish this, the dynamic programming algorithm is employed to obtain the solution of optimal control problem for the sampled driving cycles in a particular bus route. A large database comprising of driving features of the cycles and the optimal solution is developed which then is used to construct a neural network based estimator for obtaining the optimal state-of-charge trajectory. The main results show promising performance of the proposed method with about 76% reduction in the root mean square error of the estimated trajectory comparing to the linear state-of-charge trajectory assumption. Moreover, the robustness of the estimator is verified through simulation and it is observed that appropriate choice of trip segment distance is vital to improve the estimation accuracy, especially in case of uncertain prediction of trip information.

Design of Optimal Energy Management System in a Residential Microgrid Based on Smart Control

ABSTRACT Optimal use of microgrids for efficient and economic management of energy resources is of special importance. At the residential level, energy costs can be reduced by using the concepts of price-based intelligent control (response to demand). In this paper, an energy management problem that proposed to decrease the cost of operating a residential microgrid with Micro-CHP equipped by a smart meter. The problem objective function formulation in the form of short-term production planning is based on the total cost of Micro-CHP gas consumption and auxiliary burner and the cost of electricity purchased from the network or sell to it in 24 hours. The aim is to present the ideal energy management strategy of the resources available based on smart control, and due to the non-linear problem, GAMS software by Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) was used to solve the problem. Finally, the proposed method is implemented on the sample microgrid and the results are compared with Heat-Led Control, the effect of battery on microgrid participation in load response programs was demonstrated. Also, the effect of different tariffs of the market price on the cost of microgrid operation and how to exchange with the grid in different cases are evaluated that results showed the proper performance of the proposed method.

WITHDRAWN: Fuzzy Logic-Based energy Management system design for residential Grid-Connected micro grids

This article has been retracted at the request of the Publisher. The authors have plagiarized parts of a paper that had already appeared as D. Arcos-Aviles, J. Pascual, L. Marroyo, P. Sanchis and F. Guinjoan, "Fuzzy Logic-Based Energy Management System Design for Residential Grid-Connected Microgrids," in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 530-543, March 2018, doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2555245. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that their work is original and has not appeared in a publication elsewhere. Re-use of any data should be appropriately cited. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal .

Design and implementation of home energy management system using vehicle to home (H2V) approach

In recent years, electrical appliances have played a significant role in the energy consumption of the residential sector. Despite providing positive impacts on the quality of life, some devices suffer from various defects such as substantial environmental concerns and high-energy bills. As a relatively modern residential power tool, a home-connected Green Electric Vehicle (GEV) can discharge energy and supply power to the Home. This paper proposes a combined home Energy management system including Vehicle -To- Home (V2H) technology (or Home Centralized Photovoltaic-HCPV)). The proposed approach seeks to control home energy demand by scheduling optimal automation appliances. Without additional grid power, the proposed HCPV design will cover household electricity demand in sunny and cloudy weather. In contrast, the combination of PV and electricity transmitted by V2H is sufficient to meet household load demand by cloudy weather. In this vein, a scheduling Home Energy Management System is designed and discussed with various constraints to perform correct system operations and satisfy load demand. The proposed algorithm attempts to characterize and perceive source circumstances utilizing energy demand. The obtained results demonstrate that H2V operating technology is can effectively be reducing energy demand under solar-load volatility.

Energy Management and Control System Design of an Integrated Flywheel Energy Storage System for Residential Users

This paper presents the energy management and control system design of an integrated flywheel energy storage system (FESS) for residential users. The proposed FESS is able to draw/deliver 8 kWh at 8 kW, and relies on a large-airgap surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine, the inner rotor of which integrates a carbon-fiber flywheel, leading to a compact and efficient FESS. The proposed energy management system is based on four different operating modes, which are defined and can be selected in accordance with FESS speed and/or user’s preference, while FESS control system is devoted to power/current tracking at both machine- and grid-side converters. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions, as well as the overall energy performance of the proposed FESS, are verified by real-time simulations, which regard different operating conditions and/or realistic scenarios.

Arisk‐basedenergy management system design for grid‐connectedsmart homes

A<scp>risk‐based</scp>energy management system design for g<scp>rid‐connected</scp>smart homes

Design of a Charge-Sustaining Energy Management System for a Free-Floating Electric Shared Bicycle

This article proposes an energy management system (EMS) for shared electric bicycles. The objective is to guarantee electric assistance to the cyclist while avoiding discharging the battery. The basic working principle exploits the cycling efficiency gaps. The proposed multilayered EMS is specifically tailored to a free-floating bike-sharing setting. The innermost layer manages the assistance and energy harvesting with the objective of yielding an intuitive human–machine interface. The middle level modulates the level of assistance so to track a desired average battery power. This is an adaptive model-based controller designed on a control-oriented model of the cyclist and bicycle energy dynamics. A cyclist profiling mechanism enables the model adaptation. The outermost loop guarantees the long-term robustness by tracking a desired battery state-of-charge profile. Extensive simulations and experimental tests validate this approach in terms of usability and charge sustenance, proving that the cyclist profiling is of paramount importance.

Energy management system design oriented for energy cost optimization in electric water heaters

Energy consumption in homes with Electric Water Heaters accounts currently means up to 30% of the total energy consumption. Their low cost and easy installation are priority factors for users, despite the high cost of electricity consumption in these equipments.The aim of this paper is to develop a modular and low cost Energy Management System which minimizes the electricity bill without compromising the level of comfort. An algorithm is developed that estimates the appropriate hours of operation of the Electric Water Heater that guarantees comfort based on the consumption habits, the monitorization of temperatures and dynamic electricity prices.Another of the functionalities implemented in the Energy Management System is to manage the instantaneous power demanded at homes by disconnecting certain non-priority loads when the maximum contracted power is going to be exceded and to reduce the fixed cost of the bill.The Energy Management System has been installed in a home and results of cost optimization are provided. The device uses free distribution software with Raspberry/NodeMCU platforms and allows monitoring and control of the system through a web page.

Energy Management System for Integration of Different Renewable Energy System into Microgrids

Renewable energy (RE) is currently being used on a wide scale to meet the rising demand for energy, minimise pollution in environmental, and achieve sustainable social and economic benefits. This paper focuses on the design and development of EMS that can ensure the safe operation of island microgrids (MGs) in the event of possible imbalances between load demand and power generation. Energy management system (EMS) performs optimized calculations for the low priority loads that need to be shut down and the charging and discharging cycle of the batteries in the microgrid (MG). The non-linear model predictive control (NMPC) algorithm was selected to implement energy management system, which processes a data set consisting of power generation, load measurement, battery state of charge (SOC), and set of operating constraints. Energy management system was designed under assumption of installing Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) in MG. Energy management system (EMS) was tested on a simulation platform that integrates a model of the microgrid (MG) component and its distributed controller (DC). The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, because even when there is a fault in one of the distributed controllers, key variables such as the voltage and frequency amplitude of the microgrid (MG) will operate within a secured interval.

Two-level hierarchical model predictive control with an optimised cost function for energy management in building microgrids

Hybrid energy storage systems have been increasingly envisaged for building microgrids to soften the drawbacks arising from the unpredictability of renewable energy resources and dwelling occupancy. The combination of long- and short-term energy storage systems can enhance the building microgrid capacity of shifting the demand peak toward periods of power generation, increasing the marks of self-consumption rate. However, the design of energy management systems for hybrid energy storage microgrids is more complex than single ones due to a greater number possible solutions. Faced with this issue, this paper proposes a two-level Hierarchical Model Predictive Controller (HMPC) enhanced by two data-driven modules to improve the performance of building microgrids equipped with hybrid energy storage continuously and automatically. With minimum pre-design steps, the two data-driven algorithms improve the accuracy of Li-ion batteries and hydrogen storage models and determine adequate parameters for the HMPC cost function. Relying predominantly on data measurements, the proposed hierarchical controller determines which energy storage device must be run on a daily basis based on the estimation of the annual self-consumption rate and the annual microgrid operation costs. This real-time analysis decreases microgrid expenditure because it avoids grid penalisation regarding the energy autonomy index and reduces the degradation and maintenance of energy storage devices. Compared to a standard rule-based strategy, the proposed controller reduces annual costs up to 5% in residential buildings and 9% in non-residential ones. In contrast, compared to a conventional HMPC the annual expenditure is reduced from 1% to 7% in both types of buildings.

An Energy Management System Design Using Fuzzy Logic Control: Smoothing the Grid Power Profile of a Residential Electro-Thermal Microgrid

This work deals with the design of a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) based Energy Management System (EMS) for smoothing the grid power profile of a grid-connected electro-thermal microgrid. The case study aims to design an Energy Management System (EMS) to reduce the impact on the grid power when renewable energy sources are incorporated to pre-existing grid-connected household appliances. The scenario considers a residential microgrid comprising photovoltaic and wind generators, flat-plate collectors, electric and thermal loads and electrical and thermal energy storage systems and assumes that neither renewable generation nor the electrical and thermal load demands are controllable. The EMS is built through two low-complexity FLC blocks of only 25 rules each. The first one is in charge of smoothing the power profile exchanged with the grid, whereas the second FLC block drives the power of the Electrical Water Heater (EWH). The EMS uses the forecast of the electrical and thermal power balance between generation and consumption to predict the microgrid behavior, for each 15-minute interval, over the next 12 hours. Simulations results, using real one-year measured data show that the proposed EMS design achieves 11.4% reduction of the maximum power absorbed from the grid and an outstanding reduction of the grid power profile ramp-rates when compared with other state-of-the-art studies.

Energy Management System Design for Good Delivery Electric Trike Equipped with Different Powertrain Configurations

This paper demonstrates the design of an electric trike’s energy management system for a goods delivery service via various possible component configurations. A model of the energy management system was first developed based on general engineering vehicles’ equations using Matlab software. Various component configurations, such as the usage of two battery types (lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA)), implementation of three braking strategies (full mechanical, parallel, and series strategies), the presence of a range extender (RE), and various masses of range extenders were simulated by using the model. The driving cycle of the e-trike as input data in the simulation was obtained by driving the vehicle around Bandung City. Speed, distance, and elevation were obtained by using GPS-based software. The simulation results showed that the most efficient and effective component configuration was to use the serial regenerative braking strategy with no RE equipped. This configuration achieved an efficiency of 18.07 km/kWh. However, for a longer route, the usage of a 20-kg RE was required to prevent the state of charge drop below 30%. The NCA with serial regenerative braking and 20-kg RE had an efficiency of 17.47 km/kWh for the complete route.

Context-Aware Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Building Energy Management System

Energy Management Systems (EMS) are indispensable for Smart Energy-Efficient Buildings (SEEB). This paper proposes a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based EMS deployed and tested in a real-world smart building on a university campus. The at-scale implementation enabled the deployment of a WSN mesh topology to evaluate performance in terms of routing capabilities, data collection, and throughput. The proposed EMS uses the Context-Based Reasoning (CBR) Model to represent different types of buildings and offices. We implemented a new energy-efficient policy for electrical heaters control based on a Finite State Machine (FSM) leveraging on context-related events. This demonstrated significant effectiveness in minimizing the processing load, especially when adopting multithreading in data acquisition and control. To optimize sensors’ battery lifetime, we deployed a new Energy Aware Context Recognition Algorithm (EACRA) that dynamically configures sensors to send data under specific conditions and at particular times to avoid redundant data transmissions. EACRA increases the sensors’ battery lifetime by optimizing the number of samples, used modules, and transmissions. Our proposed EMS design can be used as a model to retrofit other kinds of buildings, such as residential and industrial, and thus converting them to SEEBs.