Abstract
This paper presents the energy management and control system design of an integrated flywheel energy storage system (FESS) for residential users. The proposed FESS is able to draw/deliver 8 kWh at 8 kW, and relies on a large-airgap surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous machine, the inner rotor of which integrates a carbon-fiber flywheel, leading to a compact and efficient FESS. The proposed energy management system is based on four different operating modes, which are defined and can be selected in accordance with FESS speed and/or user’s preference, while FESS control system is devoted to power/current tracking at both machine- and grid-side converters. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions, as well as the overall energy performance of the proposed FESS, are verified by real-time simulations, which regard different operating conditions and/or realistic scenarios.
Highlights
Distributed energy resources (DERs) have experienced a massive and generally uncontrolled growth in the last few decades, especially low-size photovoltaic (PV) power plants installed by residential users and directly connected to distribution networks [1,2]
On the one hand, this enables a less dependence on fossil fuels, increasing environmental and energy sustainability of modern power systems, on the other hand it causes several issues to power system management [3,4]; this historically relies on a hierarchical and concentrated structure, namely few and big thermal power plants connected to the transmission networks, while most of the users draw energy at the distribution level
All the results presented in the paper are sampled at 1 Hz, while the sampling time of energy management system (EMS) and Flywheel Energy Storage System (FESS) control system has been set at 100 μs
Summary
Distributed energy resources (DERs) have experienced a massive and generally uncontrolled growth in the last few decades, especially low-size photovoltaic (PV) power plants installed by residential users and directly connected to distribution networks [1,2]. A significant amount of PV energy injected by a multitude of prosumers may have a negative impact on voltage/frequency regulation and power quality due to intermittency and unpredictability of PV production [5,6,7]. In this scenario, energy storage systems (ESSs) play a fundament role in the transition from actual to modern power systems as ESSs can cope with the randomness of renewable energy sources [4,8,9,10]. Increased cycling capability can be assured by supercapacitors [15], which, are characterized by a very weak energy density, making them suitable for uninterruptible power supplies and, generally speaking, for power services mostly [16]
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