Abstract
This paper demonstrates the design of an electric trike’s energy management system for a goods delivery service via various possible component configurations. A model of the energy management system was first developed based on general engineering vehicles’ equations using Matlab software. Various component configurations, such as the usage of two battery types (lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA)), implementation of three braking strategies (full mechanical, parallel, and series strategies), the presence of a range extender (RE), and various masses of range extenders were simulated by using the model. The driving cycle of the e-trike as input data in the simulation was obtained by driving the vehicle around Bandung City. Speed, distance, and elevation were obtained by using GPS-based software. The simulation results showed that the most efficient and effective component configuration was to use the serial regenerative braking strategy with no RE equipped. This configuration achieved an efficiency of 18.07 km/kWh. However, for a longer route, the usage of a 20-kg RE was required to prevent the state of charge drop below 30%. The NCA with serial regenerative braking and 20-kg RE had an efficiency of 17.47 km/kWh for the complete route.
Highlights
An internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle is the most common vehicle type that we see today.Despite its relatively low efficiency and high emission numbers, its advantages are too desirable and practical for daily use
This paper aims to develop a model for simulating both electrical and mechanical energy management systems of the electric trike as good delivery services (See Figure 1)
The data from the previous sub-chapter are simulated, and the results can be shown
Summary
An internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle is the most common vehicle type that we see today. Despite its relatively low efficiency and high emission numbers, its advantages are too desirable and practical for daily use. As time goes on, the emissions caused by vehicles cannot be ignored anymore. One of the alternatives for substituting the ICE vehicles is electric vehicles. The advantages of electric vehicles over ICE vehicles are their high efficiency due to minimal power conversion, high electric component efficiency, and zero emissions during their operation [2,3]. The advantages look promising, electric vehicles still have one main problem: the low specific energy of batteries compared to gasoline or diesel [4]. A typical lithium-ion battery’s specific energy is
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