Design Of Electronic System Research Articles

SHDL—A Hardware Description Language and Open-Source Web Tool for Online Digital Systems Design Teaching

Hardware description languages and tools require a considerable amount of teaching activities in a digital systems design course, which is difficult to accommodate in a limited time frame, and to use for e-learning. This paper presents our user-friendly and open-source web-based digital design tool, SHDL, which is used to describe and simulate hardware components and translate them into a standard language. SHDL is a teaching language and tool for digital design, which aims to improve the teaching and learning experience in digital systems design courses. The use and evaluation of the proposed online teaching model for the Digital Electronic Systems Design (DESD) course, using the SHDL tool for e-learning during the COVID-19 phase, is presented. Using the SHDL language and web tool, we have created many examples of digital circuits that prepare students to explore their own designs. The example components can also be used as digital system modules, leading to better modularity of the final project. The use of SHDL in the DESD course has shown that the proposed language leads to fewer syntax, simulation and synthesis errors in the designed circuits. The evaluation results show that at the end of the laboratory exercises, there was no longer a difference in knowledge between the students without prior VHDL experience and the other students. The results encourage us to continue using SHDL, and to complement the traditional DESD teaching methods with e-learning.

Distributed information systems in e-commerce

The article discusses the basic requirements for electronic commerce information systems that support business. The features of the modular design of electronic trade information systems are characterized and the advantages and disadvantages of independently developed information-but-computational resources are determined. The expediency of using distributed information systems for electronic trade tasks is justified. The concept of distributed information systems involves the use of various technologies and protocols to ensure the availability, reliability, and scalability of the system. The architecture of a distributed information system involves the creation of a system with distributed components that interact using standard interfaces and use various technologies for communications. The prospects for the use of distributed information systems are determined and the advantages of using a distributed architecture are analyzed. The article studies the stages of building the architecture of a distributed information system and defines its main components. The architecture of distributed systems can consist of such components as database servers, web servers, applications, security tools, and network equipment, and may vary depending on the specific system and its needs. The types of architectures of distributed information systems and the specifics and features of their application are determined. The article discusses microservices-oriented architecture (Microservices-Oriented Architecture, MOSA), the basic idea of which is that software is divided into small, autonomous microservices that interact with each other using APIs. The use of MOSA for electronic trade information systems allows for increasing the speed of development and implementation of additional functions and ensures scalability and resistance to failures.

물질특성 측정장치를 이용한 D-대역 복소유전율 측정

The complex permittivity of a material is a fundamental parameter for the design of electronic communication devices, components, and systems. In this study, we measured the complex permittivity of planar solid samples using a commercial material characterization kit (MCK) in the D-band, which is a potential 6G frequency band. The measurement system, which consists of a vector network analyzer and the MCK, is calibrated using gated-reflect-line (GRL) and thru-reflect-line (TRL) methods. The calibrated system measured the scattering parameters of the material under test (MUT). The complex permittivity of the MUT was calculated using an iterative method proposed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The measured results of the samples obtained using the two different calibration methods showed good agreement.

Electronic Design of Indramayu Surveillance System (e-SIPENYU) Website-Based SMART Method

The Inspectorate is an internal government supervisory element led by the Inspector, responsible for fostering and supervising the implementation of government affairs which fall under regional authority. The evaluation is carried out by reviewing the assessment of the Integrity Zone Evaluation Worksheet and Bureaucratic Reform inputted by the Regional Work Unit or Work Unit in Indramayu Regency, which consists of 28 Regional Apparatus. The Inspectorate of Indramayu Regency has an important role in conducting examinations, supervision and control of the implementation of local government duties and functions, and ensuring that their implementation is in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. So an electronic-based system is needed that can assist the Indramayu Regency Inspectorate in supervising the Regional Work Unit and conducting independent assessments or evaluations effectively and efficiently. Website-Based E-SIPENYU with the SMART Method is a website-based electronic system that makes it easier for the Indramayu Regency Inspectorate to access information and recap the Integrity Zone Evaluation Worksheet and Bureaucratic Reform online. This research produces an electronic system design that assists the Indramayu Inspectorate in carrying out its self-evaluation supervisory function in the implementation of Bureaucratic Reform and the Integrity Zone Towards WBK within the Indramayu Regency Government.

Automatic Prediction of Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field‐Effect Transistor Threshold Voltage Using Machine Learning Algorithm

A fast and precise threshold voltage (Vth) extraction method is required for the process design of electronic systems using metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistors (MOSFETs) and its immediate on‐site analysis during fabrication. The selection of a suitableVthextraction method is a complicated task because it involves a trade‐off between accuracy and simplicity according to the device scheme. Herein, an automatic‐prediction method of the MOSFETVthusing machine learning (ML) is proposed. The ML model is trained withVth, extracted using different methods (2nd derivative, constant current, andY‐function) and from various kinds of FETs (finFET, 2D FET, and metal–oxide thin‐film transistors). The concept of threshold ratio (Rth) for universalVthprediction, which considers the normalizedVthwithin certainVGranges, is suggested. The precision and accuracy of ML models are statistically verified by calculating the root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error, and mean coefficients of determination (R2) values. The universal ML model (k‐nearest neighbor (kNN)) achieves 1.35% of RMSE and 0.98 ofR2for the best score. The ML model eliminates the ambiguity inVthextraction and provides objectiveVthprediction for most FET schemes used in the semiconductor industry and research field.

Understanding effect of distortions and vacancies in wurtzite AlScN ferroelectric memory materials: Vacancy-induced multiple defect state types and relaxation dependence in transition energy levels

Energy-efficient compact alternatives to fully digital computing strategies could be achieved by implementations of artificial neural networks (ANNs) that borrow analog techniques. In-memory computing based on crossbar device architectures with memristive materials systems that execute, in an analog way, multiply-and-accumulate operations prevalent in ANN is a notable example. Ferroelectric (FE) materials are promising candidates for achieving ANN thanks to their excellent down-scalability, improved electrical control, and high energy efficiency. However, it remains challenging to develop a crossbar device architecture using FE materials. The difficulty stems from decreasing the leakage current of FE hardware and, simultaneously, reducing the film thickness for achieving compact systems. Here, we have performed density-functional-theory calculations to investigate the electronic, energy-based, and structural signatures of wurtzite FE material Al0.75Sc0.25N with a nitrogen vacancy (VN) in different charge states. We find that VN can introduce two defect states, viz., the singlet state above the valence band maximum (VBM) and a triplet state below the conduction band minimum in wurtzite AlScN models. The calculations reveal that the group of transition levels E3+/2+/E2+/1+ with small formation energies occur at ∼0.78/1.03 eV above the VBM in the wurtzite AlScN with a relaxed configuration, which may shift by a large degree to lower energy levels if atoms surrounding the defect are not fully relaxed. Theoretical studies elucidate the vacancy-enhanced increase in the leakage current utilizing large AlScN supercells. These findings render atomistic insights that can provide a path forward for the design of next-generation portable low-power electronic systems.

Efficient Computation of Electromagnetic Coupling From Various Types of Antennas Based on Reciprocity Theorem

In the design of complex electronic systems, such as electric vehicles, electromagnetic coupling between a specific component and an antenna should be quantitatively estimated according to the radiated emission (RE) and radiated immunity (RI) standards. However, full-wave electromagnetic simulations of complex systems and antennas in a large space take much time and effort. The decomposition method based on reciprocity and Huygens's principle, which enables the separate analysis of source and victim parts, has been previously proposed for efficient analysis of coupling to a lumped port of the victim antenna. In this article, the decomposition method along with the extraction of an <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> -parameter block is extended to handle the dominant transverse electric mode in a waveguide antenna. The proposed method removes the difficulty and uncertainty in the modeling process of a commercial waveguide antenna. Also, while applying the decomposition method, Huygens's principle is additionally applied to further reduce the full-wave simulation time of a large empty space. The proposed methods are validated with full-wave electromagnetic simulations, and also experimentally applied to RI estimation. The proposed time-efficient techniques can realize the full-wave computation of RE and RI for real complicated systems and commercial antennas.

Design and qualification of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter electronic system

The Mu2e experiment (Bernstein et al., 0000) [1] at Fermilab will search for the neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of a nucleus. Mu2e detectors comprise a straw tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and a veto for cosmic rays. The calorimeter employs 1348 Cesium Iodide crystals readout by silicon photomultipliers and fast front-end and digitization electronics. The front-end electronics consists of two discrete readout circuits (AMP-HV) for each crystal. These provide the amplification and shaping stage,linear regulation of the SiPM bias voltage and monitoring. The SiPM and front-end control electronics is implemented in a battery of mezzanine boards each equipped with an ARM processor that controls a group of 20 Amp-HV circuits, distributes the low voltage and the high-voltage reference values, sets and reads back the locally regulated voltages. The electronic is hosted in crates located on the external surface of calorimeter disks. The crates also host the waveform digitizer board (DIRAC) that performs digitization of the front end signals and transmit the digitized data to the Mu2e DAQ. Calorimeter electronic is hosted inside the cryostat and it must substain very high radiation and magnetic field so it was necessary to fully qualify it. The constraints on the calorimeter front-end and readout electronics, the design technological choices and the qualification tests will be reviewed.

Formal Modeling and Verification of the Functionality of Electronic Urban Railway Control Systems Through a Case Study

This paper presents a formal model-based methodology to support railway engineers in the design of safe electronic urban railway control systems. The purpose of our research is to overcome the deficiencies of existing traditional design methodologies, namely the incompleteness and the potential presence of contradictions in the system specification resulting from non-formal development techniques. We illustrate the application of the methodology via a case study of a tram-road level crossing protection system. It was chosen partly because it has a simple architecture and a small number of elements, thus it fits the scope limitations of this article. At the same time, it is suitable for presenting all essential features of our methodology. The proposed solution provides a specification/verification environment that facilitates the construction of correct, complete, consistent, and verifiable functional specifications during the development, while hiding all the formal method-related details from the railway engineers writing the specifications. Using this formal model-based methodology, a high-quality functional specification can be achieved, which is guaranteed to be more exhaustive and will contain fewer errors than traditional development.

Guest Editorial

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning have experienced phenomenal success in the past decade in signal processing, image and speech recognition, robotics, autonomous systems, and more. This success is also coupled with the expanding applications of AI and machine learning in broad areas of science and engineering. The microwave community is among the earliest in exploring machine learning and artificial neural networks (ANN) for wireless and wireline electronic device, and circuit and system designs. Early works that appeared in the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS) are, for example, ANN for microstrip design (1993), ANN for microwave circuit analysis and optimization (1994), ANN for via interconnect (1996), and ANN for microwave computer-aided design (1996). The first time that IMS hosted a workshop on this topic (Applications of ANN for Microwave Design) was in IMS 1997, where the workshop was organized by Profs. K. C. Gupta and Michel Nakhla, and the invited speakers included R. L. Mahajan, K. C. Gupta, M. S. Nakhla, G. L. Creech, and Q. J. Zhang. Over the subsequent years, many researchers from around the world have contributed to the continuing development of ANN/machine learning techniques for microwave design. Several factors drove the development, one being the learning and generalization ability of ANN to learn computationally expensive microwave modeling/design problems offline, and to provide fast solutions to the problems during online design tasks. Another driving factor is the ability of ANN to learn microwave relationships directly from data even if analytical formulas for the targeted relationship are not available. From this angle, various ANN-based inverse modeling methods are developed, providing direct solutions to microwave design problems which otherwise would require expensive iterative process to solve. Further integrations between the microwave and machine learning disciplines led to knowledge-based approaches for modeling and design incorporating existing microwave-specific knowledges with the learning capabilities of ANNs, and technologies addressing cost of microwave data generation to perform effective machine learning for microwave applications.

Drone Untuk Deteksi Hama dan Penyemprotan Pestisida pada Tanaman Padi

As the population increases, rice consumption will also increase. Therefore, the productivity of rice must be increased. However, the productivity of rice usually declines due to the brown planthopper. This study aims to create an image processing algorithm on a drone so that it can detect the color of rice leaves that are attacked by brown planthoppers and to create a mechanism for spraying insecticides. The methodology in this research begins with the design of mechanical and electronic systems on drones and spraying mechanisms, to the design of color detection programs and spraying mechanism programs. The testing of the spraying mechanism is carried out at various drone flight heights, ranging from ±1 meter to ±1.5 meters. The results of this study showed that the spraying mechanism was able to spray liquid and the image processing algorithm that had been made was able to detect brown rice leaf color and was able to spray liquid automatically when the color of the specified object was detected.

Switching in Nanoscale Molecular Junctions due to Contact Reconfiguration

Switching effects are key elements in the design and characterization of nanoscale molecular electronics systems. They are used to achieve functionality through the transition between different conducting states. In this study, we analyze the presence of switching events in reference molecular systems, which are not designed to have switching behavior, such as oligo(phenylene ethynylene)s and alkanes, using the mechanically controllable break junction technique. These events can be classified in two groups, depending on whether the breaking trace shows exponential decay or plateau-like features before the switch happens. We argue that the former correspond to junctions forming after rupture of the gold atomic point contact, while the latter can be related to a change in the contact geometry of the junction. These results highlight how a proper choice of anchoring group and careful comparison with reference compounds are essential to understanding the origin of switching in molecular break junctions.

Conversational Bots as Electronic Performance Support System for the Professional Development of Teacher Educators

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; With the increased demand and interest in designing technology-enhanced lessons for 21st Century learners, ways to empower and enable teacher educators to use educational technologies effectively underpinning sound instructional strategies had to be reinvented. Teacher educators may require on-demand support in order to have the necessary knowledge and skills to meet the needs of the rapidly changing learning landscape. A learning intervention or a job aid had to be developed to provide just-in-time bite-sized knowledge in time of need. This conceptual paper elaborates the design and development of a next generation electronic performance support system for teacher educators and outlines a possible approach of using a rules-based chatbot as a means of empowering teacher educators to become active designers of meaningful technology-enhanced lessons.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Dynamic Avalanche Limit and Current Filamentation Onset Limit in 4H-Silicon Carbide High-Voltage Diodes

Dynamic avalanche (DA) phenomena and current filament (CF) formation are two extreme conditions observed in high-power devices, setting the maximum limit on turn-on/off current capability and di/dt in silicon (Si)-based bipolar devices. The properties of the silicon carbide (SiC) material enable devices with increased resilience for DA and CF compared with Si counterparts, and thus the safe-operating-area (SOA) limits may be extended. In this study, the limit of DA and CF in SiC-based semiconductor structures are investigated by numerical technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations, for different current levels, di/dt, and temperatures for high-voltage devices (e.g., 20-kV class). DA is first indicated for di/dt beyond 105 kA/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for current densities in the range of 50–1000 A/cm2, at 448 K. Similarly, stray-inductance-induced avalanche conditions are initiated above 33 kA/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , while CF is initiated for di/dt starting from 83 kA/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for current densities in the range of 8.3 kA/cm2. Moreover, the effects of the stray inductance in the main circuit loop are studied which may cause critical voltage transients during certain operating conditions. The outcome of the study may be useful to determine SOA limits and to be used as input for power electronic converter design and gate driver design for high-power electronic systems.

Interactive Knowledge Visualization Based on IoT and Augmented Reality

In order to solve the integration value of information technology and education, it is mainly reflected in the container for storing and disseminating information, the problem is that learners lack the proper self-learning ability, and the author proposes an interactive knowledge visualization system based on the Internet of Things and augmented reality technology. According to the applicable characteristics of augmented reality technology applied to IoT data presentation and interaction, the method can analyze and describe its application possibility. In the design of interactive electronic technology computer-aided teaching system based on NET platform, the system hardware structure consists of user interface layer, business selection layer, and data management layer. Users such as teachers and students enter their identity information at the user interface layer to log in to the system and enter the business selection layer and click the corresponding program according to their application requirements, the service selection layer transmits the user’s selection instruction to the data management layer, and the data management layer selects the corresponding resources according to the user’s needs and feeds it back to the user. The interaction of the system is mainly reflected in interactive teaching and information interaction, and interactive teaching is reflected in the online teaching of teachers and students. Information interaction is embodied in the information transmission of the system information interaction model. Experimental results show that after applying the system, the number of students with high self-efficacy increased from 11 to 21 and the proportion increased from 21.4% to 34.8%. The system designed by the author has strong antipressure ability, can respond to the application instructions of a large number of users in real time, and has a good interactive teaching effect, which improves the self-efficacy of students.

Development of Solar Energy Lamp Using Arduino Uno

This study aims to design an electronic system from solar energy lamps using Arduino Uno and then implement it into a prototype circuit. This solar energy lighting system supports the green energy ecosystem in the implementation of solar cells in the design of cost-effective electronic systems. This automatic solar energy lamp system consists of solar panels and batteries as inputs, LDR and voltage sensors as references and sensors, Arduino Uno and relays as controllers, and LCD and LED lights as output circuits. The implementation results show that solar energy lamps using Arduino Uno can function properly. The solar energy stored in the battery can be used automatically as lighting at night without using electricity from PLN. It can automate the light in the room, eliminating the need to turn them off and on manually.

Cytology and LGBT+ health: establishing inclusive cancer screening programs.

There are substantial disparities in cancer screening for sexual minorities and gender non-conforming patients. In additional to patients having trauma due to negative experiences with the healthcare system, disparities may be heightened due to heteronormative and cisnormative design of screening programs and electronic medical record systems. Furthermore, there are morphologic challenges specific to certain specimen types from the LGBT + population, such as anal cytology samples, cervical cytology from transgender men taking testosterone, and neovaginal cytology samples. Men who have sex with men are at increased risk for anal cancer compared with the general population. While early detection of anal dysplasia decreases the risk of invasive carcinoma, screening programs are not widespread. Cervical cancer screening may be psychologically and physically challenging for transgender men and non-binary patients. The use of exogenous testosterone therapy causes atrophic changes in cervical cytology samples which mimic high-grade dysplasia. The rate of unsatisfactory samples are also increased in this population. Although HPV driven cancers have been reported in patients with neovaginas, there are currently no guidelines about appropriate screening for transgender women and intersex patients who have neovaginas. Cytopathologists can optimize the health of LGBT + patients in many ways including advocating for inclusive screening guidelines, validating self-collection for HPV and cytology samples, updating requisition forms to better capture the spectrum of gender expression, and recognizing the morphologic changes in cytology samples due to exogenous hormone use.

Improved GA and Its Application in Performance Optimization of Electronic Components

In order to improve the performance optimization effect of electronic components, this paper uses the improved GA to construct the performance optimization system of electronic components. Moreover, this paper proposes an optimized reliability allocation process method based on cost function, which further optimizes the reliability design of electronic circuit systems. In addition, this paper conducts a sensitivity analysis of the electronic circuit system and compares and analyzes the evaluation results of component sensitivity and comprehensive importance based on simulation. Finally, this paper compares and demonstrates the different influences of various components in the electronic circuit system on the whole system. The experimental research shows that the performance optimization system of electronic components based on the improved GA proposed in this paper has a certain effect on improving the performance of electronic components.

A climate classification for corrosion control in electronic system design

Climate factors such as humidity and temperature have a significant impact on the corrosion reliability of electronic products. Given the huge geographical variability in climate conditions globally, a climate classification is a useful tool that simplifies the problem of considering climate when designing electronics packaging. Most current guidelines for electronic product design rely on the Köppen–Geiger classification first developed by Köppen over a century ago. Köppen devised a set of heuristics to separate climates to match different vegetation types. These climate classes are unlikely to be the optimal for electronic product design. This paper presents a new climate classification using parameters important for corrosion reliability of electronics. The classification is based on real climate data measured every 3 h during a 5-year period at over 9000 locations globally. A key step is defining relevant features of climate affecting corrosion in electronics. Features related to temperature are defined, but also the amount of time that the difference between Temperature and Dew Point is less than 1, 2 or 3 ℃. These features relate to the risk of condensation in electronic products. The features are defined such that diurnal, seasonal and yearly variation is taken into account. The locations are then clustered using K-means clustering to obtain the relevant climate classes. This data-driven classification, based on key features for corrosion reliability of electronics, will be a useful aid for product design, reliability testing and lifetime estimation.

The CMS Inner Tracker electronics system development

A new Silicon Tracker will be built for the phase-2 upgrade of the CMS experiment. The innermost part, called the Inner Tracker, will be featuring high-granularity pixelated silicon sensors of 2500 µm2 and will need to cope with the unprecedented radiation levels of 1.9 Grad and 3.5 × 1016 neq/cm2 fluence and particle hit rates of 3.2 GHz/cm2. The pixel electronics system is based on innovative solutions such as a radiation hard pixel ASIC, the novel serial powering scheme used to power up to 12 detector modules in series and advanced technologies for the high bandwidth readout system based on electrical light-weight readout links of 1.28 Gbps, electrical to optical conversion as close as possible to the detector modules and back-end boards each one capable of receiving an aggregated data bandwidth of 190 Gbps. The recently optimised design of the CMS Inner Tracker electronics system will be presented in this contribution.