Design Of Charger Research Articles

Design and Fabrication of An Automatic Temperature Control Lithium-Ion Battery Charger

Design and Fabrication of An Automatic Temperature Control Lithium-Ion Battery Charger

Design of Electric Vehicle Battery Charger With Reduced Switching Frequency Variation

This article presents the design of an electric vehicle (EV) battery charger isolation stage for minimizing switching frequency variation with the proposed duplex control. Traditionally, the realization of an EV charger with a resonant power conversion stage involves extreme frequency variation in the constant voltage (CV) mode resulting in switching losses, imposes severe constraints on the optimal design of magnetics, and presents control complexities due to secondary resonance and degraded pulsewidth modulation resolution. In this context, reported hybrid control strategies are complex and entail the simultaneous variation of control variables. In order to simplify control complexity and design constraints, the EV charger isolation stage with the quadruple rectifier and employing the proposed duplex control is presented with notable frequency reduction. Furthermore, the effect of high-frequency transformer nonidealities on the soft-switching range is delineated. The proposed duplex control contributes to the efficiency enhancement of the EV charger over a comprehensive range during CV charging, ensures soft switching, and prevents secondary resonance. It also offers continuous resonant current to overcome the underutilization of the transformer arising from high-frequency distortions. To validate the presented analysis, a 1.25-kW hardware prototype is designed and tested in the laboratory, and experimental results are presented.

Design and Sizing of Electric Bus Flash Charger Based on a Flywheel Energy Storage System: A Case Study

At present, the trend of all sectors and industries, especially the oil and gas industry, is towards reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Along with the modernization of technological processes, special attention has been paid to the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles that run on gasoline and diesel. An effective solution in this field is the transition from vehicles with combustion engines to electric vehicles, similar to the use of the electric bus in public transportation. How to charge these electric buses is a challenge for researchers. By proposing a flash charging method for electric buses, the feasibility of using these buses is obtained. Due to the pulsating nature of the power demand in this charging method, the prevention of negative effects on the network by this type of load should be considered. These negative effects can include power quality problems, voltage drop, frequency instability, and overload of transmission lines and transformers. This paper presents a flywheel energy storage system (FESS)-based flash charging station for electric buses. The specifications of the components of this charging station are designed and sized for a case study for line 1 of Tehran Bus Rapid Transit (BRT). A charging strategy based on the proposed charging cycle is presented to minimize the high-power short-duration demand from the grid. The energy consumption of the electric bus based on the electricity consumption model is calculated. Based on theoretical calculations, for the case study, there is a need for installing 12 flash charging stations based on FESS in line 1 Tehran BRT. In this line, an electric bus with a battery capacity of 80 kWh is proposed. The power and energy capacity of these charging stations are sized to 600 kW and 3.334 kWh, respectively. Additionally, an economic comparison regarding the proposed charging station is conducted. The theoretical results of the design and sizing of the proposed charging station are validated based on simulation and experimental results for a small-scale laboratory setup.

Design and development of three-phase EV charger based on the integration of voltage-oriented pulse width modulation control and water cycle algorithm fractional-order PI controller

ABSTRACT Increasing gasoline prices and pollution levels make EVs an increasingly attractive and environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline. This paper presents an efficient charging solution for EVs based on the integration of voltage-oriented pulse width modulation (VOPWM) control and water cycle algorithm (WCA) fractional-order-PI (FOPI) controller. A novel control method with integrated VOPWM and an additional degree of freedom FOPI controllers with WCA is proposed to ensure effective charging. The WCA approach optimises the parameters of the FOPI controller. The whole design process for a three-phase EV charger is outlined in this article, emphasising control algorithms. The charger is designed for a three-phase power supply with a phase voltage of 230Vrms, 50 Hz, and a range of 6.6 kVA. The conferred topology is modeled in MATLAB–Simulink to demonstrate its performance. In a laboratory prototype, experimental results are presented to validate the aforementioned functionalities and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.

A 3-states mode lead-acid battery charger simulation for medical applications

The design and simulation of a battery charger is presented, for medical applications using three-state mode charge, containing a Buck converter and a lead-acid battery. Implementing Proportional Integral (PI) controllers, to modify the duty cycle of the Buck converter, in such a way that the battery is subjected to the 3 states during the charging process, the PI controller reference changes for each of the 3 states. In this way the battery is subjected to the 3 states with a single PI controller. In order to predict the current and voltage values ​​to which it would be subjected in the real system in a charging process with this algorithm, it was possible to obtain the battery charge graphs, which describe all the voltage and current values. that the actual battery will undergo in a 3-state charge. Concluding that the charging current is maintained at adequate values, however there is a possibility that in state 2, the voltage exceeds the tolerated overvoltage value, so it is recommended to reduce the voltage reference in state 2.

Design of Robust Multi-Rating Battery Charger for Charging Station of Electric Vehicles via Solar PV System

This article puts forward a solar-based robust proportional-integral-derivative charge controller for charging batteries of different ratings for electric vehicles. The charging circuit is designed using the proposed zero-oscillation incremental conductance maximum power point tracking scheme. This scheme-driven boost power converter is used for impedance matching to operate solar photovoltaic at maximum power point under different climatic conditions. A robust proportional-integral-derivative controlled buck converter works as a battery charger under stochastic environmental conditions, which finds the input from the boost converter. This work aims to obtain zero oscillations around the peak point, reduced system cost, and maintain the desired voltage and current for proper and efficient charging of the battery, thereby reducing losses and enhancing the lifetime of the batteries. The proposed charge controller is designed using Kharitonov’s theorem, considering ±20% parametric uncertainty in the parameters of the buck converter.

Determining the dynamic model of the charging resonant converter with inductive coupling by an experimental-analytical method

This paper reports the advanced experimental-analytical method for determining the dynamic model of resonant converters of electricity. The object of research is semiconductor resonance converters and methods for analyzing their dynamics. The well-known experimental-analytical method for determining a dynamic model implements the sequence «experiment – analytics – dynamic model» when the structure of the system may be unknown. Then it is necessary to determine the structures and parameters of many dynamic models, among which the optimal ones will be selected. This makes it difficult to establish usable patterns. Therefore, it is advisable to develop this method, according to which it is proposed to determine the parameters of the dynamic model according to the following sequence. First, carry out the analysis of the converter circuit and construct the dynamic models of sub-circuits. Next, an experiment is conducted with a simulation structural model of the converter, which is an input model of identification. After that, procedures are carried out for identifying and selecting optimal dynamic models among a set of initial identification models, as a result of which equivalent dynamics equations, gear ratios, and transfer functions of the selected converter models are obtained. In the proposed modification of the method, the converter model is determined in advance, and at the identification stage it is enough to determine only its parameters. More simply, patterns are identified, and the number of initial identification models is significantly reduced. The results of using the proposed method on the example of determining the dynamic model of the charging resonance converter with inductive coupling between the charger and the battery of an autonomous object are given. The results of the presented analysis can be used in the design of resonant contactless chargers.

Design of Battery Electric Bus System Considering Waiting Time Limitations

Battery electric bus (BEB) is getting increasing consideration from transit agencies as a sustainable public transportation alternative. Although BEBs' limited driving range and longer charging duration cause concern for bus operators, fast-charging technology is a potential remedy for extending the daily driving range of BEBs while simultaneously reducing the charging duration and battery size. However, increased queue length at the terminals for fast charging can also cause a problem in adhering to BEB schedules. In this context, a comprehensive analysis is required to plan and design the BEB system considering waiting time limitations, and finding the right trade-off between battery sizes and charging infrastructure. In this study, we developed a base optimization model, as well as its stochastic version, accounting for varying energy demand scenarios under different operating conditions. Our models determined the effects of waiting time limitations over the BEB battery sizes and charger design variables (location, size, and capacity) while minimizing the total cost of the BEB system. The sample average across all the scenarios is used to estimate the stochastic optimization model objective, which is then solved using the Lagrangian relaxation method. We implemented our model over a public bus subnetwork proposed for electrification in the city of New Delhi, India. The results suggest that considering waiting time limitations at a fast-charging station can affect the system design and will help bus operators abide by the service level agreements covering trip delay, frequency, daily mileage, and so forth, made with the transit agency.

An Efficient Battery Charger Control Scheme for Electric Vehicles

This work suggests a practical control scheme for a battery charger for an electric car that employs a cascade of buck converters and symmetrical bridge-less power factor-corrected converters. Both converters are increasingly common in the industrial sector thanks to their high efficiency, low price, and small size. The entire battery charging mechanism is made substantially more efficient by integrating the two converters. Furthermore, at any input voltage, this charger's design can deliver the correct battery current and voltage without ripple. In order to achieve a unity input power factor and zero input current harmonic distortion, the proposed control approach employs duty ratio feed-forward control technique in both the current and voltage control loops. In addition, a phase-locked loop (PLL) block establishes the current loop's reference, producing a pure sinusoidal input current despite the input voltage waveform's distortion. The viability and utility of the suggested approach are demonstrated using simulation and experimental data with an 110V/60Hz ac line input and a 1.5kW-72V dc output of the battery charging system.

Analysis, Design and Realization of a Wireless Power Transfer Charger for Electric Vehicles: Theoretical Approach and Experimental Results

Wireless power transfer (WPT) chargers are promising solutions for charging electric vehicles (EVs). Due to their advantages such as ease and safety of use, these chargers are increasingly replacing conductive ones. In this paper, we first provide a detailed analysis to illustrate the effect of varying parameters on the operation of the WPT charger. Secondly, we present the main design steps of the charger elements while respecting the recommendations of the SAEJ2954 standard in terms of operating frequency, efficiency and misalignments. Regarding the design of the ground-side and vehicle-side coils, we propose three different circular geometries whose parameters are determined using an iterative approach. The latter is compared with a finite element analysis performed under Ansys Maxwell software showing the convergence between theoretical calculations and the simulation results. Finally, an experimental prototype with a power of 500 W is realized. In addition, different test scenarios are performed to validate the proposed design approach. In this respect, an efficiency of 90% is obtained for a power of 500 W and a distance between coils of 125 mm. Moreover, the test of the charger in the most unfavorable operating case (misalignments of Δx = 70 mm, Δy = 10 mm and Δz = 150 mm) gives an efficiency of 83.5%, which remains above the limit of the SAEJ2954 standard.

Solar Charger Design for Electric Vehicles

As countries and car makers focus on goals like "going green," combating climate change, and so on, the present worldwide trend toward electric vehicles is expanding. The design of electric vehicles is an important aspect of this. Electric cars are powered by electricity generated by a power source, most often batteries. These batteries require charging. A charging station must be supplied for this reason. The charging stations or points transform the energy they have access to from a variety of sources into DC electrical energy for the automobile. These devices had to be willing to handle human input, namely the amount of power to be used, in order for the user to pay for what they need. In this paper, an electric car is charged using a local bank capacity, a PV Powerwall is available. This simulation sets the foundation for solar-powered electric vehicle (EV) charger designs.

Design and Analysis of Bidirectional Battery Charger with Grid-to-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Grid and Vehicle-to-Home Technologies

In this fast-changing world, Electric Vehicle (EV) is a giant leap in the world of transportation. In comparison with fossil fuel powered vehicles, EVs are more efficient, silent, emit less pollution while in use and they act as mobile power banks, these makes them a better alternative. This in turn can be used for Vehicle to Home (V2H) and Grid to Vehicle (G2V) operations using IOT as a platform to achieve control and monitoring, prototype IOT based car is considered as the EV in this research. In this research, IOT is used as the platform to implement V2H and G2V concepts. This paper presents the development of an on-board bidirectional battery charger for Electric Vehicles (EVs) targeting Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V), Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G), and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) technologies. During the G2V operation mode the batteries are charged from the power grid with sinusoidal current and unitary power factor. During the V2G operation mode the energy stored in the batteries can be delivered back to the power grid contributing to the power system stability. In the V2H operation mode the energy stored in the batteries can be used to supply home loads during power outages, or to supply loads in places without connection to the power grid. The adopted topology and control algorithms are accessed through computer simulations and validated by experimental results achieved with a developed laboratory prototype operating in the different scenarios. KEYWORDS: bidirectional Battery-charger, Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V); Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G); Vehicle-to-Home (V2H)

Battery Charger Design with PI Control Based on Arduino Uno R3

In line with the increase in the electrification ratio target to 100% in 2025, the electricity demand is projected to increase more than 7 times to 1,611 TWh in 2050. the share reached 58% or about 50 GW. On the other hand, the current energy diversification carried out by the government is directed at the utilization of renewable energy that exists in nature. One of the important components in this power plant is the battery. This is because the battery functions as a store of energy generated from the vertical wind turbine. After use, the battery needs to be recharged. The process of recharging the battery that is not suitable can cause a decrease in battery performance. Therefore, in the process of charging this battery, a safe battery charging system is needed for the battery to maintain battery performance and extend battery lifetime. This battery charging system uses a PI control system. From the research that has been done, it was found that. From the research that has been done, it is found that the output voltage value of the battery charger that is made has an average error percentage of 1.373% and the power output efficiency of the battery charger is 83-95%.

A resonant current-mode wireless power transfer for implantable medical devices: an overview.

Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs) have been developing in ways to be lighter and lower-power systems. In the view of such developments, the battery recharging capacity to ensure the stable operation of the system is essential. Wireless power transfer (WPT) was proposed as a solution to recharge the battery without complex metallic contacts. However, due to limitations such as threshold voltage of power switches and minimal input power of the multi-stage structure (Rectifier + Regulator/DC-DC converter) of conventional voltage-mode (VM) WPT, there are drawbacks of an input power range above a certain threshold level and limitations due to strict regulations on the human body. These issues make the design of the IMD battery charger much harder and prevent IMDs from being a more viable option for people-in-need. This paper introduces distinguishing characteristics of resonant current-mode (RCM) WPT technology to overcome the aforementioned issues. It also describes the basic theory, conventional circuits of VM/RCM, comparisons, and major challenges of RCM. Finally, advanced and efficiency-enhancing techniques of the-state-of-art works among the RCM topologies will be discussed to follow up the trend of RCM WPT.

Design and Control of an Off Board Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles

The rise in the penetration of electric vehicles has led to the increased interest in the charging technologies. Controlled charging and vehicle to grid power transfer is being given much importance. This paper proposes an off board charger (three phase) for charging the batteries used in electric vehicles. The proposed charger has a bidirectional power transfer capability so as to transfer power back to the utility grid. The topology proposed is simple and less costly as it has fewer elements. The charger has two converters, a three phase ac-dc converter for conversion of ac into dc and bidirectional dc-dc converter. The technique called Vector control is used to control ac-dc converter which allows controlling of active and reactive power independently. The control strategy proposed here provides a better control and leads to a better performance while maintaining unity power factor at input. The charging algorithm designed is such that it is able to maintain voltage at dc link at desired value. The charging algorithm is designed for lithium ion batteries and the combined Constant Current Constant Voltage (CC-CV) method of charging is used because it is simple and easy to implement. The proposed electric vehicle charger changes the mode of charging with change in State of Charge (SOC). The different modes are switched and the suitable reference is generated based on the different charging characteristics of a battery. The proposed charger is modeled in MATLAB-Simulink. The working operation of both forward and reverse power transfer mode has been analyzed. The proposed charger is able to maintain the unity power factor operation. The simulation results of all modes validate the design and control of the proposed charging topology.

Miniaturization and Thermal Design of a 170 W AC/DC Battery Charger Utilizing GaN Power Devices

This paper presents the design and analysis of a high-density two-stage battery charger for mid-power applications like small electric vehicles and high-performance laptops utilizing gallium nitride (GaN) power devices. In addition to adherence of maximum junction temperatures, a thermal analysis is carried out for in-housing operation, which is particularly critical for fanless wall chargers. Design measures include calorimetric semiconductor selection, half-bridge miniaturization, thermally conductive epoxy resin and reference-based convection modeling for thermally optimized component placement using 3D-stacking. Furthermore, the remaining optimization potential of the charger is estimated by virtual prototyping. A 170 W hardware prototype is developed and tested, achieving a two-stage power section efficiency of 95.4% with a maximum switching frequency of 550 kHz. This results in a power density in open-housing operation of 1.6 kW/dm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> . Using epoxy resin, copper and graphite heat spreaders, an in-housing operation power density of 1.1 kW/dm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is achieved with minor reduction of output power due to surface temperature constraints.

Implementation of modified Z-source inverter integrated for electric vehicle fast charging

A drastic increase in the evolution of Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) has been noticed over the past, from its invention to the modes of charging. Evolution of EV technology which has minimal effect of pollution brought out various operations such as fast charging, V2G, G2V, hybrid charging topologies etc. A Z-source inverter is known for its ability to operate either as Buck or Boost converter, it helps to eliminate multiple stages and achieves conversion of DC-AC in a single stage. Now we are focusing on fast charging of electric vehicles by renewable energy sources like solar energy gives good efficiency and reduces charging time through advanced modified Z-source inverter (MZSI). Integrating renewable energy source like solar into the charging architecture will reduce the reliability of charging system on the Grid. Also, this particular converter allows us to integrate the power converter with charger and battery. This topology uses DC-DC conversion for the charging system. This proposed topology of charger has discrete modes of operation like Photovoltaic system - Grid, Grid - Battery, Photovoltaic - Battery and Battery to Grid. This paper introduces the Design, modelling and Operation of Electric Vehicle fast charger using modified Z-source inverter integrated to PV-Grid connected system.

Wireless Charger Design of Robot Vacuum Cleaners with Power Repeaters for High Compatibility

Wireless Charger Design of Robot Vacuum Cleaners with Power Repeaters for High Compatibility

Implementation of Time Division Multiplexing With Commercial Flyback Controller for Multi-Outputs USB Power Delivery Charger

Universal serial bus power delivery (USB-PD) chargers are more attractive to consumers with multiple output ports where more devices can be charged simultaneously. Existing multiple-port charger designs take multi-stage approaches, which increases power loss, charger size, and cost. This paper addresses this issue by presenting a time-division multiplexing (TDM) quasi-resonant (QR) flyback converter that eliminates the buck converter stages with simple and commercial analog implementations without the need of microprocessors. The circuit operation and practical design considerations are discussed in detail. An universal AC input, dual-USB-C GaN prototype validates the concept, while demonstrating USB-PD compliant operation, passed conducted EMI, and superior efficiency which passes the most stringent efficiency standards with margin where the benchmark GaN charger fails. Thanks to the elimination of buck stages, the proposed dual-USB-C charger achieves 1.9 W/cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula> uncased power density, close to that of single-USB-C charger.

Built-in Isolated Level 1 Unidirectional Battery Charger Design Aspects for a Small-Scale Electric Vehicle

Electric vehicles are increasing their place in the market with each passing day. The widespread use of this technology accelerates the development of sub-equipment in electric vehicles. Intensive studies are carried out for the develop-ment of many sub-equipment. One of the most important of these is the charging systems of electric vehicles. While electric vehicles are developing, charging systems are also developing rapidly in parallel. In this article, an integrated and isolated unidirectional lithium-ion battery charger design aspects has been im-plemented for a small-scale electric vehicle in three steps such as simulation, prototype and final product. As a result of the study, the prototype and final products are succeed on a 500 W DC load and the design aspects are demonstrat-ed.