Box Design Research Articles

Research on the Design of Innovative Play Blind Box Based on AR Digital Technology Empowering Traditional Intangible Cultural Heritage

Research on the Design of Innovative Play Blind Box Based on AR Digital Technology Empowering Traditional Intangible Cultural Heritage

Design of a Lightweight Origami Composite Crash Box: Experimental and Numerical Study on the Absorbed Energy in Frontal Impacts

Design of a Lightweight Origami Composite Crash Box: Experimental and Numerical Study on the Absorbed Energy in Frontal Impacts

Loot boxes as part of a layered platform ecosystem: A multidisciplinary perspective

By considering diverse disciplinary perspectives on the psychological impact, design and regulation of loot boxes, this paper departs from a shared need for a holistic comprehension of the platform ecosystem in which contemporary videogames are played, developed and governed. The rationale of this paper is grounded in the rapid evolution of monetisation in videogames, which has not only generated scientific interest towards digital consumption, but also engendered concerns for player health, particularly in the realm of gambling-like loot boxes. We perform an empirical Walkthrough of FIFA22’s Ultimate Team (FUT) mode to identify four layers in FUT’s platform ecosystem, which constitute different scenarios of use and which, taken together, raise issues of uncertainty and persuasion for players. Although we focus on FIFA22, our study extends to other videogames with microtransactions, revealing implications for media, design and legal frameworks. Our findings underscore the value of a qualitative, interpretative approach to analysing videogame consumption at the intersection of various platforms and business models.

Synthesis of Form-stable Phase Change Materials for Application in Lunch Box to Keep the Food Warm

Introduction: The invention of a lunch box with phase-change materials incorporated to keep food warm throughout work hours is the subject of this paper. Since harmful chemicals render the food unfit for consumption when they come into contact with it, the choice of phase change material is essential. Method: Adopting a healthy lifestyle now includes carrying electronic lunch boxes and ordering takeaways. Nevertheless, utilizing the electric lunch box at work is a bother. Therefore, this study discusses a prototype of a lunch box that has been created and can keep food warm after it has been packed at home for 4-5 hours. The method of preparing the PCM FS65 is discussed and its stability over thermal cycling is analyzed. objective: To synthesize phase change material composite which does not go into liquid state in melting cycle. To understand the thermal stability of the phase change material composite To prove the efficacy of the composite in lunch box for keeping the food warm Result: The thermal resistance of the insulating materials and the quantity of PCM are the two design considerations for the lunch box that have been covered in this study. To explore these, a warm food criterion at a temperature of 45°C has been used. Conclusion: This research article has discussed the ideal PCM weight required for a 5-hour retention time as well as the ideal insulating material to make the least bulky lunch box design.

Design of silicon box cleaning control system

Abstract The performance, efficiency, and stability of semiconductor materials are directly influenced by the quality of wafer cleaning, which is a crucial step in the production of integrated circuits and photovoltaic cells. For this reason, the final product’s quality greatly depends on the cleaning effect’s quality. Approximately half of the issues and malfunctions in large-scale integrated circuits are related to inadequate cleanliness of the silicon material, a result of the shortcomings of current wafer cleaning technology. Wafer cleaning process optimization is therefore crucial. The control system is designed based on the structural features and process flow of the chemical liquid spray wafer cassette cleaning machine. Siemens S7-1200 PLC is used as the control core of the control scheme, which is built by examining the control principles of each cleaning machine module and choosing and designing the hardware component of the control system. The wafer cleaning process is fully automated thanks to the design of the upper computer monitoring interface, which also includes a touch screen for online debugging. This significantly raises the production efficiency of the wafer-cleaning machine.

Honeycomb structure design of automotive crash box

The crash box can protect the safety of passengers when a car collides. Due to its excellent mechanical properties, honeycomb structure can be applied to automotive crash boxes. Two kinds of crash boxes made of regular hexagonal honeycomb structure and re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb are designed. The research results indicate that, compared to the crash box made of hexagonal honeycombs, the crash boxes made of re-entrant hexagonal honeycombs have superior energy absorption ability. Furthermore, the influence of different structural parameters on the energy absorption performance (EAP) of the crash box made of re-entrant hexagonal honeycombs is analyzed. It is found that the total energy absorption and peak force increase with the increase of thickness and concave angle. The research in this article provides certain reference significance for the design of honeycomb structure crash boxes.

Avocado seed as a natural coagulant for removing dyes and turbidity from wastewater: Behnken Box design, sustainable reuse, and economic evaluation

In wastewater treatment, conventional coagulants are becoming very complex with environmental concerns. For this purpose, using an alternative natural coagulant such as fruit waste becomes essential. This study explores the potential of avocado seed powder as a novel biocoagulant for treating wastewater contaminated with dyes and turbidity. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupling with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence. The coagulation-flocculation process was optimized using a Box-Behnken design, evaluating the effects of coagulant dose (300–1000 mg. L−1), initial solution pH (3–9), and granulation (63–112 μm), on the removal of methylene blue, crystal violet, and turbidity. The response surface methodology revealed statistically significant quadratic models (R2 > 0.94) for maximizing pollutant removal. Under optimal conditions (1000 mg. L−1 dose, pH 9, 63 μm granulation for methylene blue; 950 mg. L−1, pH 7, 108 μm for crystal violet; 300 mg. L−1, pH 8, 63 μm for turbidity), avocado seed powder achieved maximum removal efficiencies of 94.34 % for methylene blue, 95.28 % for crystal violet, and 99.64 % for turbidity. Characterization techniques confirmed the involvement of avocado seed powder in the coagulation-flocculation mechanism. The biocoagulant has demonstrated significant reuse potential over five cycles. It also has a low estimated cost, of the order of 0.008–0.025 USD. m−3 as agricultural waste, compared with 1.5 USD. m−3 for aluminum sulfate. Overall, avocado seed is a sustainable and promising natural coagulant for wastewater treatment.

Novel rapid screening assay to incorporate complexity and increase throughput in early-stage plant biological testing

The search for new biological products with a positive impact on crop performance is typically initiated by laboratory based in vitro assays. However, live plants and their associated microbes are often removed from in vitro testing assays as a way to reduce biological complexity (variation) and facilitate molecular techniques in the pursuit of uncovering mode-of-action (MoA) mechanisms. Nevertheless, when studying biological candidates intended for use in agriculture, it is essential to incorporate this complexity and validate mechanisms under conditions as close to in situ as possible in order to understand the capacities and MoA of the biologicals in the intended application environments. To address this paradox, we have developed a high-capacity early-stage plant assay that incorporates a live non-sterile plant while also enabling molecular MoA investigations, and that can be conducted in laboratories without greenhouse facilities. The high-capacity design features plants grown in 8-chamber transparent boxes to allow for multiplex imaging and increased biological replicates for greater statistical power. The transparent box design allows the visualization of shoots, roots, tagged-microbes, or visible substrates, and further non-destructive access to shoots or roots for sampling. The boxes are held in racks that hold eight plant boxes during growth in a 19 by 17 cm space, further increasing the throughput to >670 plants per m2 and easing the logistical challenges of plant assays. Furthermore, the box can support various levels of microbial complexity with the option to select the plant growth medium that meets experimental objectives, as well as using sterile or non-sterile seeds. A script-based post-imaging quantification was developed to automate image processing and allow for individual plant readings, further enabling increased statistical confidence. As proof of concept, we use the high-capacity plant system to evaluate the biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas protegens and the biostimulation potential of Pseudomonas koreensis, and are in both cases able to show statistically significant differing plant biomass between treatments under these closer-to-nature conditions. We further demonstrate that the high-capacity plant system is suitable for paired molecular investigations by performing metabolomics and qPCR DNA quantification directly from the plant box to explore in situ chemical MoA, as well as confirm the survival of the P. protegens strains to validate their role in the improved plant phenotype. In conclusion, the study presents a modular high-capacity plant assay system that enables increased throughput functional testing of microbial biocontrol and biostimulant candidates in planta. This novel assaying system saves time, reduces human error, provides quantitative and non-destructive in planta data, and can be used in laboratories without greenhouse facilities. We therefore believe it provides a potent early-stage testing option that bridges in vitro and greenhouse testing, and will expedite the discovery of superior next-generation biological products in agriculture.

Design and Validation of a Stratified Shear Model Box for Seismic Response of a Sand-Blowing Reclamation Site

The global increase in building collapses and damage on soft-soil sites due to distant significant earthquakes poses similar challenges for sand-blowing reclamation (SBR) sites on soft-soil layers. This study was initiated to capture the vibration characteristics of the SBR sites and to provide fresh insights into their seismic responses. Initially, considering the heterogeneity and layered structure of soil at SBR sites, we developed a novel stratified shearing model box. This model box enables the simulation of the complex characteristics of soil layers at SBR sites under laboratory conditions, representing a significant innovation in this field. Subsequently, an innovative jack loading system was developed to apply active vertical pressure on the soil layer model, accelerating soil consolidation. Furthermore, a new data collection and analysis system was devised to monitor and record acceleration, pore water pressure, and displacement in real time during the experiments. To verify the model box’s accuracy and innovation, and to examine the seismic response of SBR sites under varying consolidation pressures, four vibration tests were conducted across different pressure gradients to analyze the model’s predominant period evolution due to consolidation pressures. The experimental results demonstrate that the model box accurately simulates the propagation of one-dimensional shear waves in soil layers under various consolidation pressures, with notable repeatability and reliability. Our experiments demonstrated that increasing consolidation pressure results in higher shear wave speeds in both sand and soft-soil layers, and shifts the site’s predominant period towards shorter durations. Concurrently, we established the relationship between the site’s predominant period and the input waves. This study opens new paths for further research into the dynamic response properties of SBR sites under diverse conditions through shaking-table tests.

Wave And Wave Overtopping Measurements In A Complex Area And At A Real Dike

Wave overtopping is not easy to measure in real field situations. A 12-years long program started in 2018 to measure wind, wave and water level conditions in a complex estuary, together with wave overtopping measurements at dikes. The first winter storm was measured on 8 January 2019 and first results were described in Van der Meer et al. (2019). Wave and water level conditions are measured directly in front of the dike. Overtopping is measured with two identical overtopping boxes that were placed in the dike, but at different levels, see Figure 1. A measuring pole in front of the dike has measured wave and water level conditions for 10 years already and the design of the overtopping boxes was based on those data. In recent years, a system was invented that measures wave run-up and wave overtopping with two parallel lasers, see Figure 2. The laser scanner system was placed next to the overtopping boxes to enable a proper validation. First results were presented in Oosterlo et al. (2021a; 2021b). This paper describes the further storms that have been measured up to now, including new measurement devices, improvements to measurement devices and new analysis methods. This all brings new insights, but more storms and improvements of measurements are needed to come to a full understanding of this complex estuary.

Collapse Behavior and Energy Absorption Characteristics of Design Multi-Cell Thin Wall Structure 3D-Printed Under Quasi Statistic Loads

Crashworthiness is a passive device that has an important function as an absorbing component of the impact energy resulting from an accidental event. The main problem in the crashworthy design is the dimensional limitation on the front end of the vehicle with the driver so that most of the energy absorption is limited. Besides, the complexity of crashworthiness design is difficult to make conventionally. This research aims to find out the effectiveness of crashworthiness design in energy absorption and the resulting deformation patterns. Crashwortines are made in a multi-cell shape using PLA material and printed using a 3D printing raise machine. Crashworthiness is produced with four variation shapes of a Multi-cell circle (MCC), Multi-Cell square (MCS), Multicell pentagonal (MCP), and Multi-Cell pentagonal circles (MCPC) with a side thickness of 2 mm and a length of 150 mm. Experimental quasi-static testing is carried out in the frontal direction using a UTM machine at an operating speed of 2mm/s. The results of the study show that the design of the crash box of the pentagon circle has a significant increase in the energy absorption value of 62.49%, which can be recommended in future impact resistance tube designs. The characteristics of the deformation pattern and the failure resulting from the crashworthiness tend to form the pattern of the bending lamina failure. Failures can occur due to plastic fold, elastic bend, and pressure deformation mechanisms followed by new folding formations (lobes).

Development of a plastic scintillating optical fibers array dosimeter for radiobiology

In this work a detector prototype built as an array of Scintillating Plastic Optical fibers (SPOFs) is presented. The primary aim of this detector is to improve spatial resolution, provide real-time dose mapping and a tissue equivalent detector in radiobiology experiments. Details on the design and construction are provided along with the initial tests carried out using low-energy X-ray and electrons from a 90Sr source. Regarding the design and construction of the detector, the mechanical design of the irradiation box is presented and the Quality Assurance (QA) the optical fiber arrays were subjected to is discussed. The QA measurements show that the alignment of the optical fibers is within acceptable tolerances for dose readout. After the detector assembly, correction factors for each fiber were extracted from tests using a collimated X-ray beam. Special care was taken to ensure that each fiber is submitted to the same dose. Broad field tests show that the measurements are reproducible to within 3 %. Potential innovative features of this system for radiobiological experiments are discussed as well as the future follow-up of the prototype.

Design and thermal protection performance analysis of insulated wing storage box for hypersonic variable-sweep aircraft

Utilizing variable-sweep wing technology can further enhance the flight performance of hypersonic aircraft in a wide range of high-altitude, high-speed environments. Existing research on hypersonic variable-sweep flying wings has mainly focused on aerodynamic shape design, with limited research on the internal thermal protection of the aircraft. This study firstly investigates the performance improvement of a hypersonic flying wing using variable-sweep technology through CFD simulations. Secondly, to address the high-temperature issues induced by variable-sweep wings, an insulated wing storage box with a corrugated structure is designed, incorporating a thermal insulation layer made of corrugated webs and insulating materials. Heat transfer simulations are conducted by applying thermal loads to the wing storage box to study the temperature distribution during the variable-sweep process. Finally, a comparison between the corrugated structure design and the non-corrugated structure design of the wing storage box is performed to analyze the thermal insulation performance of the insulation layer. The results show that the heated area of the wing storage box is primarily influenced by the wing’s sweep angle, and the corrugated thermal insulation layer can effectively reduce heat transfer efficiency, resulting in a 30% reduction in the external temperature of the wing storage box.

Computing solution spaces for gear box design

AbstractThe design of gear boxes is a complex challenge characterized by conflicting requirements and seemingly circular dependencies. Existing tools support engineers but focus on a single predefined design, often leading to costly iterative processes and non-optimal solutions. Solution Space Engineering (SSE) alleviates this by generating multiple designs represented by solution spaces. For this, a particular model structure is needed, and thus restructuring existing models, e.g., from industry standards. The application of solution spaces to a two-stage gear box is presented.

Thermal insulation box design for maintaining cool temperature and the postharvest quality of okra

Postharvest loss of okra is caused by its high respiration rate and temperature fluctuations in the supply chain. To address this, five thermal insulation boxes were designed, combining different materials, and evaluated for okra quality during simulated transportation and storage. The treatments included the standard foam box, metalized foam sheet (two layers consisting of aluminum foil and expanded polyethylene), prototype-A (three layers consisting of dual layer of aluminum foil and expanded polyethylene), prototype-B (four layers consisting of aluminum foil, nonwoven, expanded polyethylene, and aluminum foil), and standard regular slotted container. Material tests revealed that aluminum foil and expanded polyethylene had the lowest thermal heat energy. The composite sandwich box design, prototype-A, demonstrated the highest maximum insulation time of 28 h and thermal resistance of 0.332 m2°C/W. Prototype-A and prototype-B effectively maintained low temperature fluctuation, minimized air and okra temperature changes, and maintained 6.19 to 8.25 % CO2, which was within an acceptable range of 4–10 % for okra. Both prototypes exhibited reduced percentage mass loss in okra below 5 %. Importantly, both prototypes demonstrated the lowest incidence of okra pod surface browning and maintained the quality for 6 d, surpassing metalized foam sheet and standard regular slotted container. These findings offer sandwich design with 3 or 4 layers as promising alternatives for thermal insulation boxes in cold chain management, enhancing the transport packaging of okra under ambient environments compared to the standard foam box.

Accessing quasi-static impact process by 3D-NPR corrugated metamaterials

The conventional impact process is a quintessential impulse process that causes substantial damage due to the high initial impact force. However, the impact effect can be significantly diminished by making the impulse process quasi-statically by using a three-dimensional negative Poisson's ratio corrugated metamaterial (3D-NPRCM) structure. This paper proposes a novel 3D-NPRCM obtained by folding the 2D-NPRCM. This study examines the crashworthiness properties and impact force of 3D-NPRCM subjected to impact using the finite element method (FEM). The results reveal that the sequential matrix structure has the ability to make impact impulse processes quasi-statically. The effects of various folding angles, arrangements, and geometrical parameters on the properties are also explored. Finally, the 3D-NPRCM is employed in an automobile crash box design. Through axial quasi-static compression simulation, the peak crushing force of the 3D-NPRCM crash box is reduced by 25.374 % from 211.652 kN to 157.946 kN, and the energy absorbed is increased by 23.830 % from 11.259 kJ to 13.942 kJ, compared to the conventional crash box. Through cart lateral impact simulation, the peak crushing force of the 3D-NPRCM crash box is reduced by 18.076 % from 206.9 kN to 169.5 kN, and the compressive displacement is decreased by 9.457 % from 235.8 mm to 213.5 mm. This work presents a novel design proposition for a crash box in vehicle engineering and demonstrates a fresh approach to expand the design of three-dimensional mechanical metamaterials.

Crashworthiness Performance of Circular Hybrid Crash Box Due to Axial Load

In the previous study, hybrid crash box combines low-density and high strength of composite materials with aluminum materials had been developed. In this study, circular hybrid crash box with friction model is investigated. Crash box design is modelled by using computer simulation with ANSYS workbench. Composite carbon toray T300 – epoxy resin (CCE) and metal aluminum alloy 6063 (AA6063) is used as hybrid crash box material. Axial loading with a speed of 10 m/s is applied to circular hybrid crash box model by using impactor with mass of 100 kg. The orientation angle of composite lay-up and hybrid material configuration with two models of friction was running as 16 models. Energy absorption and deformation pattern were observed to determine crashworthiness performance. Based on the results, it can be denoted that the Al-Ko45 with friction model of 0.68 shows largest energy absorption of 7.53 kJ with specific energy absorption of 32.552 kJ/kg. The deformation pattern produces mixed mode with progressive crushing folding that can enhance energy absorption.

Influence of Sulfurization Time on Sb2S3 Synthesis Using a New Graphite Box Design.

In recent years, antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) has been investigated as a photovoltaic absorber material due to its suitable absorber coefficient, direct band gap, extinction coefficient, earth-abundant, and environmentally friendly constituents. Therefore, this work proposes Sb2S3 film preparation by an effective two-step process using a new graphite box design and sulfur distribution, which has a high repeatability level and can be scalable. First, an Sb thin film was deposited using the RF-Sputtering technique, and after that, the samples were annealed with elemental sulfur into a graphite box, varying the sulfurization time from 20 to 50 min. The structural, optical, morphological, and chemical characteristics of the resulting thin films were analyzed. Results reveal the method's effectivity and the best properties were obtained for the sample sulfurized during 40 min. This Sb2S3 thin film presents an orthorhombic crystalline structure, elongated grains, a band gap of 1.69 eV, a crystallite size of 15.25 Å, and a nearly stoichiometric composition. In addition, the formation of a p-n junction was achieved by depositing silver back contact on the Glass/FTO/CdS/Sb2S3 structure. Therefore, the graphite box design has been demonstrated to be functional to obtain Sb2S3 by a two-step process.

Static and Modal Analysis of a Box Structured Satellite Deployment Mechanism with self-actuated Torsion Joint

A brand-new satellite deployment mechanism with boxed structure and self-actuated torsion joints is proposed and an effective method to verify the feasibility of this mechanism is established in this paper. This mechanism has the characteristics of high base frequency, high ratio of deployed and folded space occupation ratio. In order to meet the design requirements, the related analysis and optimization need to be conducted, and several conclusions are obtained. Firstly, the modal analysis of deployment mechanism at folded and fully deployed state is analyzed, and the result showed that the proper wall thickness is the key parameter to satisfy the design requirement and an optimized value could be obtained; Secondly, the heat deformation analysis result showed that the material plays an more important roll on affecting the thermal deformation than structure parameter; Thirdly, Under the torsional moment of the joints, the stress distribution of the deployment mechanism under different folding angle is investigated, it could be clearly found that the maximum stress is always located on the bonded area of the rod and joint, and the maximum stress is increased with the opening angle generally. By combined analysis including thermal, static, and modal, the related characteristics are obtained which could be used for structure optimization and provide an effective solution for the design of box structured satellite unfolding mechanism with self-actuated torsional joints.

Design and Evaluation of Wireless DYU Air Box for Environment-Monitoring IoT System on Da-Yeh University Campus

This paper presents an original wireless DYU Air Box of an environment-monitoring IoT (EMIoT) system on a campus to offer information on environmental conditions through the public ThingSpeak IoT platform for stakeholders including all the students and employees on the Da-Yeh University (DYU) campus in Taiwan. Firstly, the proposed wireless heterogeneous multi-sensor module aggregates BME680, SCD30, PMS7003, and BH1750 sensors with a TTGO ESP32 Wi-Fi device based on the I2C and UART interface standards of series communication. Through the DYU-802.1X Wi-Fi network with the WPA2 Enterprise security directly, the wireless multi-sensor monitoring module further forwards the observation data of environmental conditions on campus via the DYU-802.1X Wi-Fi network to the public ThingSpeak IoT platform, which is a cloud service platform to aggregate, visualize, and analyze live sensing data of air quality index (AQI), concentrations of PM1.0/2.5 and CO2, brightness, ambient temperature, and relative humidity (RH). The results illustrate the proposed DYU Air Box for monitoring the indoor environmental conditions on campus and validate them with sufficient accuracy and confidence with commercialized measurement instruments. In this work, the wireless smart environment-monitoring IoT system features monitoring and automatic alarm functions for monitoring AQI, CO2, and PM concentrations, as well as ambient illumination, temperature, and RH parameters and collaboration and interoperability through the Enterprise Intranet. All the organizational stakeholders interested in the environmental conditions of the DYU campus can openly access the information according to their interests. In the upcoming future, the information of the environmental conditions in the DYU campus will be developed to be simultaneously accessed by all the stakeholders through both the public ThingSpeak IoT platform and the private EMIoT system.