Box Design Research Articles

Leveraging LoRaWAN Technology for Precision Agriculture in Greenhouses.

The technology development in wireless sensor network (WSN) offers a sustainable solution towards precision agriculture (PA) in greenhouses. It helps to effectively use the agricultural resources and management tools and monitors different parameters to attain better quality yield and production. WSN makes use of Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs), a wireless technology to transmit data over long distances with minimal power consumption. LoRaWAN is one of the most successful LPWAN technologies despite its low data rate and because of its low deployment and management costs. Greenhouses are susceptible to different types of interference and diversification, demanding an improved WSN design scheme. In this paper, we contemplate the viable challenges for PA in greenhouses and propose the successive steps essential for effectual WSN deployment and facilitation. We performed a real-time, end-to-end deployment of a LoRaWAN-based sensor network in a greenhouse of the ’Proefcentrum Hoogstraten’ research center in Belgium. We have designed a dashboard for better visualization and analysis of the data, analyzed the power consumption for the LoRaWAN communication, and tried three different enclosure types (commercial, simple box and airflow box, respectively). We validated the implications of real-word challenges on the end-to-end deployment and air circulation for the correct sensor readings. We found that temperature and humidity have a larger impact on the sensor readings inside the greenhouse than we initially thought, which we successfully solved through the airflow box design.

DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF ARROWROOT (MARANTHA ARUNDINACEA L.) GRINDING MACHINE

An arrowroot grinding machine was developed and evaluated in terms of functional performance and cost effectiveness. The model consists of different component assembly parts such as transmission, rasper, crusher and base frame. It is powered by a 7.5 hp gasoline engine. Its salient features such as: 1) made of locally available food grade materials, 2) portable and 3) can be operated by a single person, give it the edge over other existing machines in attaining effective processing. The model has an overall cost of P65,000.00. The effects of different factors which include the machine speed, tuber size and tuber maturity on the response variables such as power requirement, processing time, machine capacity and efficiency (percent starch recovery) were observed. RSReg and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used to determine the effect of the treatment factors and optimum performance of the machine; respectively. Experimental runs using Box and Behnken design with three levelincomplete factorial designs were conducted. Results revealed that change on the levels of treatment factors significantly affect most of the response variables. Data obtained from the response variables mostly fit the linear and quadratic regression models. Results of evaluation revealed that the model is capable of grinding arrowroot tubers with average power consumption of 0.85 kW, processing time of 7.85 minutes, capacity of 46.6 kilograms per hour and efficiency (starch recovery) of 16.6%. Verification tests indicated that the actual values of responses were relatively close to the predicted values. Further, financial analysis showed that the machine was economically feasible for small scale farm arrowroot production with payback period of 0.343 years or 4 months and 3 days, break-even point of around 350 kg per year and benefit cost ratio of 1.96.

Evaluation of air permeability behaviour of warp knitted spacer fabrics

The porosity and air permeability of 3D polyester warp knitted spacer fabric has been determined by optimizing the structural parameters and using Box and Behnken experimental design. Spacer fabrics are developed by using polyester multifilament of 80 - 120 denier on the face layer and 30 - 70 denier on the bottom layer. Polyester monofilaments of 20 - 40 denier are used in the middle layer, deciding the third dimension of the fabric. Porosity and air permeability are estimated with respect to the linear density of polyester filaments, and response the surface design is used to predict the optimum linear density. Better air permeability and porosity are observed at the face layer denier of 100 and middle layer denier of 20. The statistical analysis proves that the degree of correlation of F values is 12.44 between the filament linear density and air permeability.

Experiences during Design, Fabrication, Assembly and Factory Acceptance Test of the ITER Cryoplant Termination Cold Box

The ITER Cryodistribution (CD) system distributes cryogenic power from the cryoplant to the applications, namely superconducting magnets, cryopumps, etc. The ITER CD system comprises seven cold boxes of which the Cryoplant Termination Cold Box (CTCB) is the largest one. The CTCB plays a pivotal role in distributing the cold helium fluid with the highest mass flow rates of 4 kg/s coming from one of the 80 K plants to the applications. The physical connection between the CTCB and different applications is through nine cryolines (CLs) having diameters ranging from 0.45 m to 1.0 m. The CTCB has been manufactured and assembled with various large size components such as electrical heater system of 600 kW capacity, cryogenic control valves of size DN200, bubble panel thermal shield (TS) made of stainless steel, etc. The CTCB, which withstands interface loads of ∼1.4 times of its own weight, has been analysed for its functional and thermo-structural requirements under various load conditions. Components & subsystems were manufactured and factory tested individually in various locations in Europe and India to be finally assembled in one place. The CTCB has also been integrally tested, of which major activities were the pressure and helium leak tightness tests, followed by functionality checks of all instruments. The present paper describes the challenges involved and how they were resolved as well as lesson learnt during the design, fabrication, assembly, and factory acceptance test (FAT) phase of the CTCB project.

Jlab Chl1 2K Cold Box Replacement

A new sub-atmospheric cold box (SC1R), which hosts five technologically superior, water-cooled compressors and one similar 4K-2K refrigeration recovery heat exchanger, was proposed in July 2017, to replace the existing 2K cold box. The design of the new 2K cold box and the external support system have been completed. The project is in the fabrication and assembly phase, which will be completed at JLab. We present the design features, fabrication, installation and commissioning schedule for the new 2K cold box.

Research on the Design of Recycling Medical Needle Safety Bayonet-Lock Box

In order to avoid contaminations and spread of diseases in the use of needles, hospitals adapted disposable policy after one single used. Needles should be used only once and must be disposed of for recycling to avoid infections and spread of diseases. Also to avoid any poking accidents to the medical staffs and recycling personnel in the process of collection, it was accustom to put the needle head back to the needle case, but because the hole of the needle case is small, medical personnel could be by accident or carelessness poke the needle to his or her own hand. This design proposes an innovative collection box for the needle of syringe recycle under safety and management consideration. It can effectively recycle needles in real time and record the time of using needles. It can avoid people repeated use of drugs at home that is a mentally disabled. It is not only simple in structure and low costs, but also easy to operation. It can avoid puncturing the medical personnel and personnel who recycle medical waste. This collection box is composed of a box body and a box cover. On the box cover, it contains one or more needle recycle holes. The needle can be plugged on the needle recycle hole. And the hole has a large circular portion of the fixed ring. Furthermore, the top end with several Bumps structure called Fixing pin fork can restrict the needle to avoid detachment on the inner side of in the upper diameter hole. Therefore, plugging the needle into the box cover and using Fixing pin fork at in the upper diameter hole can separate the needle and syringe. After that, the used needle and syringe can be stored inside the collection box. In this design, it demonstrates a simple structure with a low production cost. Moreover, it is very convenient for people usage.

Analysis of compliance of box sizes to comfortable housing of highly productive cows

The analysis of some herds of imported cattle under the conditions of Russian farms had been shown that the genetic potential of imported cattle in many farms has being realized only by 57 %, with the output of up to 50 % of the cattle during the first 2 years. The reason for this is the discrepancy between the conditions of the biological needs of animals. In this regard, the study of factors that affect the provision of comfortable conditions for animals plays an important role. This is especially true for Holstein animals, which are more susceptible to various diseases. In accordance with the technological solutions used in modern large complexes, the loose housing method of maintenance is mainly used. This method allows the animal to move freely, providing access to the consumption of water and feed, as well as timely rest. This determines the importance of the requirements for the size of the boxes for the rest of animals, which should ensure dryness and cleanliness in the process of resting cows, prevent damage to animals, as well as the ability of other animals to displace each other. The crossbars should not interfere with the free movement of the cow in the process of lowering to the floor and getting up due to their flexibility. The dimensions of the boxes should be made taking into account the measurements of the animals’ torso, as well as the amplitude of movement in the process of lowering and rising. The purpose of the research was to study the size of boxes and their compliance with the biological needs of highly productive imported cattle. An analysis of the compliance of conditions for housing highly productive cattle of Canadian and Australian origin with their biological needs under the conditions of a mega farm has been presented in the paper. Calculation on the basis of measurements of animals has been shown that animals of the Canadian selection require boxes with a total length of at least 279 cm, Australian – 271 cm. The difference with the required width of the box has been also established. For the group of cows of Canadian selection it should be at least 120 cm, for the Australian – 114 cm. Research results have been shown that the discrepancy in the design of boxes for comfortable rest of animals is a deterrent to the realization of their genetic productive potential.

Design of Digital Secured box using IoT with Raspberry Pi

With expansion of crimes in public, Safety and security have turned into an essential worry for all. It is prudent to have the money, adornments and different assets under safe authority since criminals nowadays are very technically knowledgeable and they have a great deal of current gear's with them. Thieves are currently outfitted with instruments and they can demolish the greater part of the traditional wellbeing storage frameworks. Advanced Secured Box is a verified box where we can put in the requests into the container securely and get to it with the nonattendance of the client. At the point when the request came to the conveyance address, conveyance individual calls the client and requests the secret word to open the Digital Secured Box. This crate comprises of two layers where first layer is utilized to put the item into the container and the second layer is utilized to verify the online items. At the point when the conveyance individual calls the client, there produces an arbitrary OTP without fail. OTP is given to the conveyance kid that is composed through a keypad which is set on the case.

Design and Commissioning of Continuous Soil Box Supported on Shake Tables Array for Testing Long Geostructures

The seismic soil response and soil-buried infrastructure interaction are of immense importance for the resilience of urban centres. Shake table testing offers an efficient tool for modeling the seismic soil-structure interaction. This paper presents the design and commissioning of a suspended continuum soil box supported on an array of shake tables to enable simulating homogeneity and inhomogeneity of soil and non-uniform seismic excitation of extended buried structures such as pipelines and tunnels. The large-scale shaking table model involves a steel box 7.3 m × 1.4 m × 1.2 m supported by 3 shake tables. It comprises 3 active rigid boxes (2 end boxes and one middle box) supported on 3 shaking tables and 2 passive (suspended) soft joint boxes to provide continuous soil medium. The continuous box design is modular and allows its expansion to be supported by the available 9 shaking tables for even much longer soil continuum model. The developed test setup was used to investigate the seismic response of free-field soil to verify the performance of the soil continuum box. The sand test model was instrumented with arrays of accelerometers embedded along its height within both rigid and suspended boxes to evaluate the effect of the test setup on the ground motion characteristics in both segments. Dynamic performance of the continuum box is examined by comparing the results of shaking table tests on the box empty and box containing a sand model. The results demonstrat that the soil box did not experience resonance with the sand model, hence it did not affect its response to the shaking. A quantitative analysis is conducted to evaluate the box boundary effects on the soil seismic response in terms of the L2-norm, μ, the acceleration time history waveform and Fourier spectrum characteristics at soil surface and 0.7m below surface. The consistency of surface peak acceleration under different seismic excitations and intensity levels are compared in terms of standard deviation, β. The results demonstrat that the developed suspended continuum model box performed well and can simulate the continuity and boundary conditions of free-field.

Environmental Impact Evaluation Using Green Value Stream Mapping (Green-VSM) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

PT. AI is an industry that moves their business in the agro-industrial sector. One of their products is insecticide that has cypermethrin (hazardous material) and xylene (flammable material) as the main materials in a formulation process. Moreover, PT. AI also use aluminum and corrugated box as the packaging materials. By utilizing Green-VSM (process visualization) and LCA (environmental impact assessment), this study is intended to assess each production process of the insecticide and the environmental impact that is caused by process, material and waste that occurs within each process. Furthermore, the identification of improvement opportunities for reducing environmental impact will be done. Based on this study, the existing condition of the process causes environmental impact towards human health of 0.01 DALY (714 points), ecosystem quality of 361.45 PDF*m2y (20.528 Points) and resources of 5.9 MJ (0.8 points). By analyzing the existing condition there are four improvement opportunities that are identified. The first opportunity is redesigning the current corrugated box design, which reduces the environmental impact for 8.675 points from material use reduction. The second opportunity is having a sorting activity towards the cap of the bottle which reduce environmental impact for 3.548 points. The third opportunity is changing into a new procedure towards the box sealing process which reduces environmental impact for 0.0008 points. The fourth improvement is substituting material towards bottle material (from supplier) packaging into the duplex board which reduces environmental impact for 2.915 points. Those improvements opportunities in total are expected to reduce the environmental impact for 15.138 points.

Design and application of a new funnel sharps collection box

The infection of blood-borne diseases in medical workers mainly caused by ampule bottles, injection needles, infusion needles, surgical blades and all kinds of medical sharp instruments. Standardize the usage of sharp collection box can effectively prevent sharp injury. However, it has been found some shortcomings in practice and the varieties are few and specifications are unitary. Therefore, the medical workers of general surgery department of Subei People's Hospital in Jiangsu Province designed a new type of sharp collection box, which is convenient to collect sharps and prevent stabs. It is safe and reliable. The product is a hard container, which composes of box body, funnel input port and collection box. The box body is used to hold sharps, and its upper part is a funnel-shaped sharps input port. In order to reduce the possibility of stab and recycle the dropped sharps, we designed a flanging around the funnel input port, which can prevent the sharps from falling. In addition, a transparent observation port is arranged at 3/4 of the sharps box volume, which can facilitate the timely disposure of sharps. Compared with the traditional sharps box, the new funnel sharps collection box can safely collect various medical sharps and reduce the stab probability and occupational exposure risk of medical personnel.

Design of Baby Box for Early Detection Based on Microcontroller

In general, baby nurses in the hospital, if the baby cries and bedwetting can not immediately find out because there is no completeness or tool to inform / monitor the baby’s condition by using several indicators. Therefore, this article discusses the design of automatic baby box device. In the planning and making of paper modules, the writer has problem boundaries, namely planning and making baby boxes equipped with bedwetting sensor, crying sensor accompanied by musical rhythm

Improved growth and survival of post-larval Haliotis midae in response to probiotic biofilm diets

The bacterium Vibrio midae SY9, shown to enhance the nutrition and health of juvenile Haliotis midae, was investigated as a probiotic for H. midae during the post-larval phase of development. Using a randomized box design, we conducted three independent laboratory-scale experiments in which post-larval H. midae (mean shell length 2.7 mm) were fed three different artificial biofilm diets. The diets consisted of alginate and either the probiotic V. midae K811 only (diet 1), a mixture of the benthic diatom Cocconeis sp. and Vibrio midae K811 (diet 2) or Cocconeis sp. only (diatom control diet). Abalone survival was monitored over 25 days, and growth was quantified by measuring abalone shell length. Results confirmed that V. midae K811 has a probiotic effect on post-larval H. midae by significantly improving survival and promoting a three-fold increase in the growth rate of these animals. This study also demonstrated that post-larval H. midae can survive and grow on a bacterial biofilm diet lacking diatom cells which might suggest that bacteria could replace diatoms as the principle food source for post-larval H. midae.

Public Domain in Dispute Settlement of Cancellation of Industrial Design Rights

Economic rights in Industrial Design have protection that is limited to a period of 10 years. After the expiration of protection, Industrial Designs that previously owned exclusive rights by the holders of rights to Industrial Design become public property; so that the Industrial Design has no obligation to ask permission to the rights’ holders for Industrial Design to use the Industrial Design. This is generally referred to as Public Domain, as stipulated in Article 2 paragraph (1) and (2) of Law Number 31 Year 2000 concerning Industrial Design, that "Design rights Industry is granted for a new Industrial Design, Industrial Design is considered new if on the date of Acceptance, the Industrial Design is not the same as pre-existing disclosures”. So basically, Industrial Design has a new principle. However, in reality, there are several cases of Industrial Design in resolving disputes over Industrial Design rights that have been registered, because the Industrial Design has become Public Domain, and there has been a cancellation of Industrial Designs including Cases: Industrial Design of Oil Bottles, Industrial Design of Lighters, Industrial Design of Packaging Boxes 4 (Four) Square, Industrial Design CBK 124 Cabinets, Garuda Motorcycles, Industrial Design Disk Places, Industrial Socks Design, Industrial Design Folding Iron Door Chains and Folding Iron Door Leaves, X2 Shoe Strip Industrial Designs, and Industrial Design TMS Roll Forming Machines Machine.

Conceptual design of oil palm fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composite automotive crash box using integrated approach

A hybrid conceptual design approach was introduced in this study to develop a conceptual design of oil palm polymer composite automotive crash box (ACB). A combination of theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ), morphological charts and biomimetics was applied where the foremost requirements in terms of the material characteristics, function specifications, force identification, root cause analysis, geometry profile and design selection criteria were considered. The strategy was to use creations of nature to inspire five innovative conceptual designs of the ACB structure and the AHP method was applied to perform the pairwise analysis of selecting the best ACB conceptual design. A new conceptual design for a composite ACB was conceived bearing in mind the properties of natural fibre, unlike those of conventional materials such as steel alloys and aluminium alloys. The design with the highest ranking (26.6 %) was chosen as the final conceptual design, which was the one with a honeycomb structure for the outermost profile, reinforced with a spider web structure inside the part, supported by fibre foam structure extracted from the woodpecker sponge tissue at the centre to maximize the energy absorption capability. The new design could solve the problem of bending collapse which is a major cause of failure to absorb maximum impact energy for ACB during collision. However, the final conceptual design will still need several modifications for production and assembly purposes, which will be completed in a further study.

Design and application of a new medical wire storage box

Multifunctional monitors including electrocardiograph monitor, oxygen saturation monitor, blood pressure monitor, temperature monitor, arterial pressure monitor are often used for critically ill patients in hospitals. Each function monitoring part is equipped with multiple data monitoring wires. Due to the disorderly distribution, monitoring wires are often intertwined with each other. The medical staff will spend much time for careful identification and energy in emergency use and the improper operation of the equipment leads to its damage, which could affect data monitoring result, delay the diagnosis and treatment, and cause certain medical risks. In addition, the data line is often exposed to the external environment, which has a certain impact on its service life. Moreover, the distribution of the data line is disorderly, affecting the hospital environment and appearance. Thus, a kind of medical wire storage box was designed, which could realize the monitoring data cables in proper storage and neat distribution, reducing the workload of medical staff. The wire storage box has won the National Utility Model Patent of China (ZL 2017 2 1826195.0). The introduction goes as following. The storage box includes upper box body, lower box body and winding roller. The receptacle on the upper box body and the lower box body cooperate to form a cylindrical receptacle chamber for the winding roller. The side wall of the winding roller is designed with spiral winding groove which could help wrap the excessively long wires in the winding groove for storage. When multiple boxes need to be used simultaneously, the strip and slot on both sides of the lower box are used to splice the cable boxes together which improves the uniformity with less space use. The medical storage box is easy to make and can effectively avoid line friction and damage, prolong the line service life, and save department cost. In addition, it avoids the involvement between the lines, and improves the work efficiency. It also helps to keep the department environment tidy, which complies with "6S" management requirements, with good clinical application value.

Design of an advanced hot box-cold box with full climatic control to test heat, air and moisture transport through real scale building elements

A versatile hot box-cold box test facility called HAMSTER enables to evaluate the energy and hygrothermal performance of up to 3m high, 3m wide and 3.6m deep building test elements including walls, flat or pitched roofs and floors. This equipment allows for the precise measurement of thermal performance according to standards. It also allows for the study of heat, air and moisture phenomena taking place in building elements under realistic climatic conditions including the effects of rain, sun or wind. Interior and exterior climates are simulated in, respectively, the hot and cold chambers by controlling the temperature, relative humidity, pressure difference between both chambers, infra-red or solar simulator heating and water spraying in the cold chamber. Critical issues that have been solved during the design and construction phases in order to reach both the required performances and the versatility of the test facility are discussed.

On-demand storage and release of antimicrobial peptides using Pandora's box-like nanotubes gated with a bacterial infection-responsive polymer.

Background: Localized delivery of antimicrobial agents such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) by a biomaterial should be on-demand. Namely, AMPs should be latent and biocompatible in the absence of bacterial infection, but released in an amount enough to kill bacteria immediately in response to bacterial infection.Methods: To achieve the unmet goal of such on-demand delivery, here we turned a titanium implant with titania nanotubes (Ti-NTs) into a Pandora's box. The box was loaded with AMPs (HHC36 peptides, with a sequence of KRWWKWWRR) inside the nanotubes and “closed” (surface-modified) with a pH-responsive molecular gate, poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA), which swelled under normal physiological conditions (pH 7.4) but collapsed under bacterial infection (pH ≤ 6.0). Thus, the PMAA-gated Ti-NTs behaved just like a Pandora's box. The box retarded the burst release of AMPs under physiological conditions because the gate swelled to block the nanotubes opening. However, it was opened to release AMPs to kill bacteria immediately when bacterial infection occurred to lowering the pH (and thus made the gate collapse).Results: We demonstrated such smart excellent bactericidal activity against a panel of four clinically important bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, this box was biocompatible and could promote the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Both in vitro and in vivo studies confirmed the smart “on-demand” bactericidal activity of the Pandora's box. The molecularly gated Pandora's box design represents a new strategy in smart drug delivery.

System efficiency and power: the bridge between the device and system of a thermoelectric power generator

An object-oriented white box design procedure of thermoelectric power generators is proposed based on a system level analysis.

Analysis of multi-cell hexagonal crash box design with foam filled under frontal load model

This study aim is to determine the effect of Multi-Hexagonal crash box design variations on energy absorption. The research method used ANSYS Academic software version 18.1. The crash box model analysed consists of 3 models, namely the multi-cell hexagonal outer foam filled crash box, inner foam filled and without foam filled. Crash box testing refers to the instrumented drop mass setup test model, impactor with a mass of 103 kg crashing crash box with a speed of 7.67 m/s. Deformation pattern and energy absorption are observed as design criteria to determine the best crash box design specifications. The simulation results show that the highest energy absorption value is the multi-cell hexagonal outer foam filled crash box with that Ea is 30, 606 kJ. There is a significant difference between the multi-cell hexagonal crash box model with foam filled and without foam filled. The addition of foam filled on the multi-cell hexagonal crash box has important effect to improve energy absorption performance. The deformation pattern that occurs in all three models is concertina mode. Based on the force reaction-displacement curve, it can be denoted the crash box that uses foam filled produces upward trend of curves in the end of the deformation. It can be connected to deformation pattern, folding increment is more identified compared to crash box without foam filled.