Design For Manufacturing And Assembly Research Articles

A generative design case study for UAV-based assembly and fabrication: parametric analysis and synthesis of Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas

PurposeThis study proposes a DfMA (Design for Manufacture and Assembly) based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and uses Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas as the main case study due to their geometric modularity. In Islamic architecture, different geographic regions are known to have used various design and construction methods of “Muqarnas”, a type of decorated dome.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a study on parametric analysis of the Iranian-Islamic Muqarnas and analyses its components, geometric relations and construction methods that should be considered when constructing one. This study aims to use the Muqarnas analysis as a driver to generate a DfMA basis on the UAVs and parametric fabrication. In Islamic architecture, different geographic regions use various design and construction methods of Muqarnas. There are four main parameters of the Muqarnas that define their classification; first, their three-dimensional shape, that provides volume. Second, the size of their modules is variable. Third, their own specific generative process-algorithm, and finally, the two-dimensional pattern plan that is used as a basis in the design. Thus, the authors present a global analytical study that drives a generative system to construct Muqarnas, through a careful balance of the four parameters.FindingsThis study thus presents a global analytical study that drives a generative system to construct Muqarnas, through a careful balance of four specifications. The paper reports the result of using a parametric tool, Grasshopper and parametric plugins, for creating a generative system of several types of Muqarnas. This synthetic translation aims at expanding our understanding of parametric analysis and synthesis of traditional architecture, advancing our understanding towards using parametric synthesis, with the scope to fabricate and assemble modules towards UAV-based fabrication of Muqarnas. To do so, the authors are taking advantage of their inherent repetition and recursion.Originality/valueIn the first step, this paper reviews studies on traditional Muqarnas (both Iranian and non-Iranian) and relevant parametric approaches. In the second step, the study aims to create a general generative system for Muqarnas. The creation of a generative system for Muqarnas is driven towards the creation of three-dimensional fabrication of their components so that these are assembled automatically using a swarm of UAVs. This particular drive imposes specific constraints in the parametric system, as the assembly of the final components, the authors posit, can only take place in a pick and place fashion.

DfMA-oriented design optimization for steel reinforcement using BIM and hybrid metaheuristic algorithms

Steel reinforcement (also referred to as rebar) design plays an important role in reinforced concrete (RC) structures in terms of strength requirements, cost and buildability. Currently, rebar design is performed at the individual member level with few considerations of the interference between different intersecting members, leading to potential clashes and buildability issues. Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) is a cutting-edge technology concept that improves the design for higher buildability by incorporating knowledge from downstream manufacture and assembly activities into the early design phase. This paper presents an innovative DfMA-oriented approach for rebar design optimization with Building Information Modeling (BIM) and a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm. Firstly, activities related to the manufacture and assembly of rebar are identified to apply DfMA principles, followed by the proposed BIM-based optimization framework. Secondly, multi-objective cost design formulation including both the material cost and the installation cost is proposed, incorporating the design code requirements and DfMA considerations. Following this, key modules for implementation are presented including the rebar layout searching, the hybrid genetic algorithm incorporated with Hooke and Jeeves’s method for optimization and rebar clash avoidance. The illustrative example shows that the proposed approach can generate a series of practical rebar layouts, and a trade-off between the material cost and installation cost is found, which means excessive emphasis on minimizing one of them will lead to the rise of the other.

BIM and DfMA: A Paradigm of New Opportunities

The main goal of this study is to explore the adoption of a design for manufacturing and assembly (DfMA) and building information management (BIM) approach during the whole lifecycle of assets. This approach aims to tackle issues inherent in the design of traditional construction methods, such as low productivity and quality, poor predictability and building performance, and energy use, through the implementation of a BIM library of off-site components. In recent years, a renewed interest has been directed to the attempt to provide solutions to these urgent problems through the adoption of new advancements in technologies. However, while there are studies focussing on a BIM-DfMA approach, there is a lack of research regarding how this approach should be adopted during the whole lifecycle of the assets. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, defining an efficient way of developing a component-based BIM object library has not yet been included in any of the available studies. A mixed methodology approach has been used in this research. A conceptual framework was developed as the result of an extensive literature review to investigate new advancements in the AEC sector. Following the literature review, the framework was tested and validated through a case study based on the production and adoption of a BIM library of off-site components at the design stage of an asset. The architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry has recognised the necessity of a new approach that helps to resolve the well-known issues presented in traditional methods of construction. The conceptual framework and case study proposed presents a valuable new method of construction that support the implementation of a BIM and DfMA approach, highlighting their benefits. This framework has been created using many valuable and reliable sources of information. The result of this research supports the idea of a novel new construction method that focuses on a manufacturing-digital-driven industry, with the use of DfMA in a BIM-integrated approach. This novel method will add significance and be beneficial for a wide range of aspects in the construction sector, contributing to the theoretical and practical domain.

Design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) enablers for offsite interior design and construction

ABSTRACT Interior design and construction (IDC) is a sophisticated and often prolonged process that delivers a building to occupation. Traditional practice is rather unproductive, involving the work of several different trades crowded in situ and delivered sequentially one after another. To enhance productivity in IDC, offsite practice is receiving increasing attention as a process innovation along with Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA), an emerging concept in the industry. This paper aims to investigate offsite IDC practice and develop a set of DfMA enablers for better achieving this building process. It undertakes a literature review, case study, and 18 semi-structured interviews. To support the offsite IDC and its production line, standardized procedure, automated machinery, and supply chain, 10 DfMA enablers are adopted, such as early collaboration, design standardization and simplification, and light material selection. These findings indicate a paradigm shift not only in interior design methodology but also in IDC professional practice process. This research enriches the literature on DfMA and IDC, in particular their synergy, and offers a new model for interior designers and offsite IDC practitioners.

DfMA: Towards an Integrated Strategy for a More Productive and Sustainable Construction Industry in Australia

Design for manufacture and assembly (DfMA) is an important part of the future of the construction industry due to the promise of speed of project delivery, quality control, worker safety, and waste minimization onsite via the purposeful design for manufacture and assembly offsite. However, the adoption of DfMA in Australia has been slow. This paper investigates the barriers prohibiting widespread uptake and how digital construction will be a catalyst for improving use on commercial-scale projects. A total of six leading experts were interviewed to elicit their opinions, and seven recent case studies of high-rise modular apartment and hotel buildings constructed by Hickory were cross-referenced as evidence of DfMA capability. The experts suggested that the reasons for slow adoption in Australia were community mindset, government regulations and incentives, planning and building codes, unionization and business politics, finance, and supply chain management. The case studies suggest that compatible building type and transportation distance are also factors. These barriers can be addressed by the clever integration of building information modelling tools with lean construction processes as part of a proposed strategy leading to smarter (more productive) and better (more sustainable) outcomes predicated on growth in digital construction practices. The paper concludes with a proposed framework for change that conceptualizes the ‘ecosystem’ needed to support widespread DfMA in the Australian context, including the paradigm shift from building to manufacturing/assembly, the displacement of workers from onsite to offsite activity, and the expansion of interdisciplinary design and construct collaboration.

Proton-conducting Ceramic Fuel Cells for Co-Producing Electricity and Fuel – A Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) Analysis

This work develops preliminary design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) models of a novel, proton-conducting, anode-supported ceramic electrochemical cell for co-producing electricity and fuels simultaneously. These DFMA models can then be used to estimated future, expected costs incorporating the novel cell design under various manufacturing production scenarios. The cell electrochemically coverts oxygen (O2) in air and methane (CH4) fuel (the primary constituent of natural gas) into electricity, water, and higher-order hydrocarbons, such as ethane (C2H6). To do this, the cell integrates a methane coupling catalyst into the anode and thereby co-produces ethane (C2H6) and hydrogen (H2) at the anode. The ethane can then be converted into other fuels. The cell is part of a joint R&D effort by Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). The cell’s current technology readiness level (TRL) is about a one (1), i.e. laboratory-scale demonstration of the fundamental concept.Approach:Gaia Energy Research Institute (Gaia) collaborates closely with ANL and IIT to develop the DFMA models for this novel cell design. Gaia works closely with ANL and IIT to identify and analyze key electrochemical cell engineering performance data. Gaia then develops and deploys custom DFMA computer models and data sets. DFMA models center around the electrolyte-electrode assembly (EEA), or the ‘heart’ of the electrochemical cell, where the anode and cathode half-reactions occur. Gaia first develops a specific physical embodiment of the novel cell, then the cell’s bill of materials (BOM), and finally cost estimates for the electrochemical cell, fuel cell stack, and full-scale stationary fuel cell system. Gaia follows this methodology:1. Develop a specific design that physically embodies the EEA concept;2. Develop the EEA’s BOM to specify quantities of components and materials used;3. Identify, for all key materials, price quotes from one or more manufacturers;4. Calculate the minimum costs for the EEA based on materials costs alone;5. Ascertain the EEA’s primary cost drivers;6. Quantify the uninstalled capital costs for a full-size fuel cell stack and stationary fuel cell system incorporating the novel cell design.With the exception of the EEA, other parts of the fuel cell, stack, and system were assumed to be somewhat similar in design to more traditional stationary solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) systems. Capital costs for the novel stack design were scaled linearly with stack power density. This work estimates stack and system costs for a 100 kWe net electric stack mass-produced at a rate of 50,000 systems per year.Results:Model results indicate that the fuel cell stack subsystem will cost about $478/kW and the entire fuel cell system will cost about $597/kW, including all BOP components. These stack costs are roughly 74% higher than a ‘plain vanilla’ SOFC subsystem, analyzed by the author for DOE in a prior analysis. These system costs are roughly 48% higher than the same ‘plain vanilla’ SOFC system previously analyzed. At the same time, these cost estimates are well below the DOE ARPA-E program goal of < $2,000/kW.Gaia observed an order of magnitude difference in price quotes for several of the specialty ceramic materials investigated. Price quotes from Praxair Specialty Ceramics were approximately double those of Trans-Tech Inc. The reasons cited for the extreme price differential were different manufacturing methods, specifically a chemical co-processing approach for Praxair and a solid-state material manufacturing process (SSMP) for Trans-Tech Inc. The pros and cons of each manufacturing approach are discussed in greater detail in this talk. This analysis assumes that SSMP is used with no degradation in cell performance and bases subsequent cost estimates solely on prices from Trans-Tech Inc., and not Praxair, at ANL’s request.The primary cost driver for the EEA appears to be the BZY-NiO anode substrate. The BZY and NiO anode substrate material is estimated to cost either 2.88 cents/cm2 [based on price quotes for BZY from TransTech Inc.] or 16.40 cents/cm2 [based on price quotes from Praxair Specialty Ceramics]. If the lower BZY cost estimate is taken based on price quotes from Trans-Tech Inc., 52% of the cost derives from the BZY. If the higher BZY cost estimate is taken based on price quotes from Praxair Specialty Ceramics Inc., 92% of the cost derives from the BZY. The secondary cost driver for the EEA appears to be the anode catalyst. The catalyst material is estimated to cost 2.45 cents/cm2. 94% of its cost is due to the material cost of the platinum. The EEA is estimated to cost 5.56 cents/cm2 or $278/kW of gross electric power from the cell or stack.

Evaluation of Modular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems for Providing Resiliency to Data Centers and Other Critical Power Users

Aris Energy Solutions, LLC and its project partners, Gaia Energy Research Institute (Gaia), the National Energy Technology Laboratory, the University of West Virginia, Velocity Data Centers, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration are installing and testing next-generation, modular SOFC systems at data centers, and Gaia is spearheading the effort to independently analyze the engineering and economic performance of these systems, benchmarked against DOE’s performance and price compression goals. This work develops thermodynamic and techno-economic analyses (TEA) for these modular SOFC systems and initially focuses on identifying cost drivers critical to their R&D and commercialization path.Approach:Gaia completes a TEA based on experimentally-measured test data from the installed SOFC systems. Gaia collaborates with the project Team to identify and analyze cell, stack, and system engineering performance data. Gaia then develops and deploys custom computer models and data sets that include, but are not limited to, design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) models of the modular SOFC systems. This TEA includes detailed cell and stack costs, costs of balance of plant (BOP) components, capital costs, operating and maintenance costs (fixed and variable), and sensitivity analyses. Modelling results initially focus on identifying primary cost drivers.Results:Modelling results indicate that the primary cost drivers for the lifecycle costs of these modular SOFC systems include, but are not limited to,(1) the system’s ramp rate (i.e. the system’s ability to change its electric power output up and down per unit time);(2) the in-use, experimentally-measured electrical efficiencies of the stack, BOP subsystem components, and overall system;(3) the system’s availability (i.e. the percentage of time that the system is up and running)(4) the power density of the stack;(5) the capital costs of the stack;(6) the capital costs of the surrounding BOP subsystems;(7) the quantity of effective, in-use heat recovery when operated in combined heat and power (CHP) mode.Regarding (1), when connected to data centers and to the electricity grid, these SOFC systems need to have the ability to rapidly increase or decrease their electrical power output. The modular SOFC systems tested here have been specifically designed with a high degree of electrical ramping capability over a high turn-down ratio. In a data center, this fast-ramping capability enables the modular SOFC systems to more closely follow the data center’s load, which is the most valuable end-use of the electricity, while limiting electricity exported to the grid, which is typically less lucrative and highly dependent on regional legislation that impacts a distributed generator’s access to sell back electricity to the grid and the ‘sell back price.’Regarding (2), historically, the actual, measured in-use electrical efficiencies of stationary fuel cell systems installed in the field have strayed substantially from manufacturer specifications. The extent of this discrepancy has varied substantially, depending on the specific manufacturer, the cell technology, operating conditions, the usage profile, the age of the system, and other factors. Yet, the lifecycle costs are heavily influenced by this actual, measured in-use electrical efficiency; this variable encapsulates the quantity of natural gas/ energy consumed vs. the quantity of electricity produced. The value proposition of these systems is heavily determined by this efficiency, combined with the spark spread, or the difference between the natural gas purchase price and the price / value of the otherwise displaced electricity.Regarding (3), electricity at data centers and other critical power users demands a financial premium, in part due to an expectation of increased uptime (or reduced downtime) of the electricity supplied. To warrant this financial premium, the SOFC systems must demonstrate a high availability, defined as the percentage of time that the system is able to remain up and running at or above its baseline engineering performance standards (including, for example, its electrical efficiency, its electrical power output, etc.)Regarding (4), (5), and (6), primary cost drivers for the modular SOFC systems also include stack capital costs, stack power density, and system BOP costs. Over time, stack capital costs are estimated to decline more rapidly with more high-volume manufacture, compared with BOP capital costs, because the BOP already incorporates many mass-produced components.Regarding (7), these modular SOFC systems are also unique in that they can supply their waste heat at high enough temperatures to be useful for space and hot water heating in most U.S. and European buildings. Unlike other modular fuel cell predecessors, these SOFC systems can integrate well with the existing heating systems of most buildings, based on their heat supply temperatures and the heat demand temperatures prevalent in most building types. Figure 1

Product innovation management model based on manufacturing readiness level (MRL), design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) and technology readiness level (TRL)

Product innovation management model based on manufacturing readiness level (MRL), design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) and technology readiness level (TRL)

Design for manufacture and assembly: A case study for a prefabricated bathroom wet wall panel

The Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is increasingly called upon to adopt more efficient methods. While modular volumetric components and conventional construction techniques have been compared, the evaluation of alternative modular but non-volumetric strategies to improve construction efficiency has attracted less research attention. We report on developing a semi-modular flexible solution for a residential bathroom “wet” wall in high-rise buildings, using Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DfMA) principles on a selected case study in Melbourne, Australia. A prototype of the wall was first designed and assembled at the local factory located in Melbourne, Australia. All the wall components were manufactured off-site in a factory, and their assembly times were recorded. The comparison of conventional wall built on local high rise building with that of the prefabricated wall is also conducted by Design for Assembly (DfA) procedures. The research findings, validated through the case study, offer savings and efficiencies over conventional construction in terms of time, labour, and materials. The significance of the research is that it presents a practical demonstration of the benefits of DfMA based prefabrication in high-rise repetitive apartment buildings for the plumbing industry.

A review on offsite construction plant design in Auckland

The main objective of this paper was to review the design considerations and challenges for offsite construction plant in Auckland. The goal is to provide the reasons for selecting the design criteria. For this the production plants Willmot Dixon in UK, CRC in Australia and Fletcher in New Zealand were considered. This plant can be used for products in residential buildings, hospitals, educational buildings and commercial buildings using Lightweight steel and timber framing, Factory assembled bathrooms (FABs) or pods, Cross-laminated timber and Prefabricated and precast concrete. The four design communication alternatives for an offsite production plant based on the requirements for adaptability, efficiency in assembly and production economy are explained according to the needs. The main urban challenges which were faced by Auckland for offsite production plant like speed of construction, cost, waste materials, machines and workers are reviewed using the method of engineering called Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) by which the production costs and the time for products to reach the market are reviewed.&#x0D; Keywords: Offsite, Design, Materials, DFMA

A design for manufacturing methodology using defects knowledge for aerospace product manufacturing

Defects generated by the UK supply chain is much higher than its global competitors. Defects impact costs and production throughput due to unpredictable disruptions resulting in many non-value adding activities. However, defects data associated knowledge have rarely been considered and implemented as the manufacturing capability in existing design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) data/knowledge bases. On the other hand, current ICT systems used in the aerospace industry are not flexible enough to keep up with the new requirements of collaborating to manage knowledge properly, and the use of real-time manufacturing data generated in manufacturing activities. This research was carried out in collaboration with one of the UK’s largest aerospace companies in order to analyse the complexity of design and manufacturing activities of high-value safety-critical aerospace products. The results of the work are presented, and a novel approach and system was developed, that can be used to support DFMA using defects knowledge. The approach was implemented as a knowledge management system using collaborative design principles. Key findings from the main contribution in the context of extended enterprises of high value low volume safety critical product manufacturing are discussed.

An Over-View Of The Applications Of Dfa (Design For Assembly) Techniques On Automobile Components For Reducing Assembly Time And Cost

Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) techniques are useful for minimizing the cost of products through design and process improvements. DFMA is a combination of Design for Manufacturing (DFM) and Design for Assembly (DFA). This paper focuses case studies on the successful application of DFA techniques on Automobile components and reports the reduction in assembly time and cost of the product successfully achieved by different R&D works carried out by researchers around the World, collected through literature survey. Information available related to the following topics are collected and analyzed: minimize part count, design parts with self-locating features, design parts with self-fastening features, minimize reorientation of parts during assembly, standardization of parts, minimum use of fasteners, modular design, design for a base part to locate other components and design for component symmetry for insertion. The findings reported in this over-view are useful to practicing design engineers.

Application of Selective Assembly as an Aerospace Design for Manufacturing and Assembly Principle for Effective Variation Management in Aerospace Assemblies

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Aerospace engine parts are complex precision-engineered products with tighter assembly tolerances produced by conventional and non-conventional manufacturing processes. Variations in these manufacturing processes have to be controlled, process risks mitigated, and managed effectively, to facilitate the ease of aero-engine assembly to reduce overall variation and improve the assembly quality. One such technique is the application of the Selective Assembly as a Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA) tool. The paper details the methodology of Selective Assembly, its applications, benefits, and limitations in the aerospace industry along with a framework case study with a focus on ease of assembly and meeting the design intent of the assembly fit with the detailed study on the current traditional assembly process. The focus is to analyze the current challenges faced on the application of the Selective assembly of Aero-engine components through a case study on the development and application of an Assembly Installation Operation Selective (AIOS) assembly tool, that be applied both as a built-in tool for Selective Assembly data acquisition and optimal selection. The study also investigates whether the concept of decimal roundoff in the measurement reporting process has any significant impact on the selective process capability and the pin-hole assembly fit quality. The objectives are to optimize and enhance the current assembly process to meet the customer design intent and First Time Right (FTR) quality of the assembly fit and to promote the application of the Selective Assembly concept as a potential quality and cost optimization technique in assembly processes highly subjected to variations by emphasizing its application as an Aerospace Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (ADFMA) guideline for effectively controlling and mitigating assembly variations of shafts and holes in aerospace engine parts and reducing reworks and rejections in the aerospace industry due to high process variability and need for better process control in fabrication tolerances.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Parallel disassembly approach with recycling rate calculation of industrial products

Design activity is the initial step in manufacturing. In smart factory, these activities should be interconnected. The final cost of a product is affected by decisions which are made in these activities. Since 1980, Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) approaches has been developed to guide planners to produce products which are easy to fabricate and assemble. Designing products for recyclability is constrained by environmental and economic targets. Numerous Design for Assembly (DFA) laws and parameters can be employed to measure the recyclability index of product designs. Parallel assembly and disassembly techniques using human and robot collaboration can also improve the design quality by choosing the shorter way to completely dismantle the product or to dismantle wear parts. The implementation of these approaches has created a revolution in today’s industry, by many improvements as reduce product cost, shorter time to market, better quality, and few suppliers of standard parts. In this paper, a novel method to parallel dismantle a product is presented. To improve the design quality of the product, a set of assessment metrics were considered as recyclability for reusing aspect, total disassembly time of the product, parallelism aspect, and design efficiency. A comparative example is used to demonstrate the added value of the proposed approach.

Design and Fabrication of Robotic Arm for the assembly of Phase Selector Switch

This paper explores the robot arm where the ability of human to do a project is restrained however now not with the aid of his mental electricity however through his bodily energy. A humanoid mechanical technology is another difficult field. To co-work with people, humanoid robots not just need to include human like structure and structure, yet more significantly, they should arrange human like conduct with respect to the movement, correspondence and intelligence. In environmental factors where human exchange can't be conceivable to do a specific errand, the robots can do. Robots are used for lean industrial processes and have diversified their contributions to meeting lines inside the production international. The main focus of this project is to design and develop the mechanism for robotic arm for lifting. It is a type of mechanical arm, usually programmable, with similar functions to a human arm. The arm might be a unit system or might be an aspect of a more unpredictable mechanical cycle. The end effectors or mechanical hand can be intended to play out any ideal undertaking, for example, welding, holding, turning etc., depending on the application. The mechanical arm is planned and designed with four degrees of freedom and modified to achieve precisely basic light material lifting undertaking to aid the creation line in any industry. 3D printing strategy is utilized in this undertaking to create the parts of the automated arm. Hence, it gave more exact measurements and gigantic time and cost expensive in creation. The automated arm is furnished with 4 servo engines to interface the parts and bring arm development. A sequential construction mechanical system can improve its efficiency through developing the assembling pace and its consistency. They additionally spare individuals from dreary and tedious mechanical production system employments. Many industries are yet to implement such automation in their meeting traces, as they do no longer have the technical recognize how of the changeover, or the concern of failure of investment. It is proposed to layout and increase a low price assembly robotic which could overcome the above drawbacks. We have also included Design Thinking process before starting to do this experiment. The stages of Design Thinking such as Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype & test, Evolve are performed in the complete fabrication of the robotic arm. Many industries are yet to implement such automation in their assembly lines, as they do not have the technical knowhow of the changeover, or the fear of failure of investment. To proceed in this direction, a case study was conducted at a phase selector switch making company. Presently the company does manual assembly of the switches, which is a hindrance to the growth of the company. This process required a pilot study to explore the possibility as well as the implementations issues of robots in the assembly. The present system uses a belt conveyor system which has no feedback signals and the speed of the conveyor is not synchronized with the rate of assembly. It is generally not advised to transfer small size components in a conveyor since picking, orienting and inserting the components will be cumbersome. When the size of the component is considerably small, manual assembly is not recommended as per the guidelines of DFMA (Design for manufacture and assembly). Manual error is more prone to assembly of the part in a wrong orientation, especially for those components that are symmetrical.The parts to be assembled are both axi-symmetric as well as prismatic in shape. Constraints in loading and unloading of casing were also reported. In this work, the design and development of a low cost assembly robot is done which can overcome the above drawbacks.

Perancangan Proses Manufaktur Mesin Kompos Cair dari Sampah Buah

Many people use rotten / unfit fruit to make liquid compost with fruit aroma to fertilize their plants, processing fruit that is not suitable for use which will be reprocessed to reduce fruit waste in anticipation of health problems, especially when rotten fruit is thrown away Careless places will cause problems for public health however, their tools are not efficient for processing the fruit because the cutting process is still using a kitchen knife so that the production of fruit which is made into liquid compost is slow in production, so a liquid compost machine from fruit waste is needed to speed up production making compost and making more production and processing faster. The purpose of this study was to design a manufacturing process based on the design drawings of a liquid compost machine from fruit waste. The method used is Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA). The output of this method is a Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) document and an Operation Process Chart (OCP). Based on the calculation results of the liquid compost machine manufacturing process design, the net estimate of manufacturing process time is 392 minutes with a total of 66 activities consisting of operation, assembly and inspection activities.

CAD/CAM/CNC in Manufacturing - Current Trends in Manufacturing (System) Engineering

The Success with the application of CAD/ CAM/ CNC machine tools are at a faster rate. CAD/ CAM in manufacturing system can be obtained to make sure that the machines and people are utilized to the greatest possible extent. This paper not only gives an approach for CAD/ CAM but also show how CNC is incorporated with the manufacturing system. That is CAD/ CAM with the integration of the Computer with the CNC machine tools. Today, manufacturing Sector like Automobile, Railway, Aircraft Component requires accuracy with the application of CAD/CAM must be interfaced to achieve technology-based improvement in manufacturing and to get successive improvements in productivity and quality. CAD/ CAM interface has also been developed for the development of computer Aided process planning (CAPP) and Design for manufacturing and assembly (DFMA) techniques. These techniques allow the manufacturing function to influence the design process and to ensure that designers are aware of the effects of various design features on the ease of manufacture of a part. In this paper, we concentrate on the issues and challenges incurred in the conversion from manual process to CAD/ CAM for quick response to customers by shortening the product cycle. The success of CAD/ CAM/ CNC systems depends upon the total integration of hardware and software functions in the overall information flow. The industrial productivity must be improved and maintained to meet the challenges of global market.

The integration of DFMA (Design for Manufacturing and Assembly) and Reverse Engineering (ER) Applied to a Landing Gear Redesign

The article addresses the redesign of a landing gear for a light aircraft that suffered from manufacturing and assembly problems. Numerical parameters of design features are related to design guidelines for identifying fabrication and assembly issues within 3D model analysis. For this work, the Lucas method of the DFMA integrated with reverse engineering was used as a methodology for the redesign, and its evaluation parameters for resizing the assembly item. Subsequently, the geometry of the redesigned component was defined, where significant reductions were obtained for the evaluation rates of the method used. Reduction from 20 pieces to just 6, which corresponds to a gain of 42% for functional analysis, reductions of 72% for power analysis and 84% for assembly analysis.

Case Study: The Use of Concrete Prefabricated Prefinished Volumetric Construction for Two Blocks of 40-Storey Residential Flats (The Clement Canopy) in Singapore

The Singapore Building Construction Authority (BCA) is transforming its built environment sector into one that is advanced in technology to raise the productivity. The Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA) approach has been identified as a key strategy to raise the productivity in the construction industry. This paper outlines the pioneering approach of using reinforced concrete sandwiched composite shear wall system as the Prefinished-Prefabricated-Volumetric-Construction (PPVC) technology in construction of two residential towers of 40-storey high in <i>The Clement Canopy</i> project in Singapore. The technology involves a LEGO-like construction method by joining the PPVC modules of the same floor side-by-side; followed by modules of the upper level stacking on top of the completed modules below and the cycle repeated until completion. The gaps in between the adjoining modules’ walls were then filled with high-strength grout to connect them together such that the combined walls behave in a composite manner under loadings. Prototype tests had been carried out on the sandwiched wall panels with strain gauges installed to evaluate their behaviour under the actions of compression and bending. The test results showed that the sandwiched wall panels were able to withstand the loadings without delamination at the wall/grout interface, demonstrating that the designed sandwiched wall panel are able to behave in a composite manner under loadings. Installation of PPVC modules for the two towers was completed in approximately one year. The project achieved a manpower productivity data of 0.613 m²/man-day, a marked improvement of 72% in productivity as compared to the Singapore Year 2017 Industry Average Project Productivity Data for Residential (non-landed) figure of 0.357 m²/man-day. The project was successfully completed in Q1 of 2019 and is the tallest residential tower in the world at the time of project completion using the reinforced concrete PPVC technology. Advantages realised from the adoption of PPVC technology in this project includes improved productivity, early project completion; improved site safety, improved quality of end product and vast reduction in noise & dust pollution at the project site.

On-site factories to support lean principles and industrialized construction

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of on-site factories that combine the strengths of both prefabrication techniques and a traditional work environment to support lean principles and promote industrialized construction for on-site operations. Design/methodology/approach Based on the principles of lean construction and design for manufacturing and assembly (DfMA), discrete-event simulation is used to evaluate different arrangements and configurations of an on-site factory for the prefabrication of structural insulated panels (SIPs). Findings The proposed on-site factory provided a feasible way to promote lean and industrialized construction principles. Also, these types of factories are particularly relevant for projects in remote areas that do not have sufficient infrastructure. Further, it is also a good solution for strengthening the local economy by using local labor and suppliers, hence assisting in the creation of a socially responsible framework. Originality/value This study presents the design of an on-site factory for the prefabrication of SIPs. This type of on-site assembly supports not only lean principles but also promotes social responsibility by capitalizing on local labor. This approach could be particularly interesting for construction companies in developing countries or working in a project with limited infrastructure.