Descriptive Translation Research Articles

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REALIA RENDERING IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATIONS OF THE NOVEL «ROBIN HOOD» BY CH. WILSON AND J. MCSPADDEN

Objective. The objective of the article is to summarize the factors influencing the choice of method of transmitting realia; by comparative analysis of the original and Ukrainian translations to identify and analyze translation techniques of rendering realia of the novel “Robin Hood” by Ch. Wilson and J. McSpadden. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained applying a set of general scientific and special methods of research, namely: analysis and generalization of scientific literature on the problems of realia translation; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis; holistic and integral approaches to the study of realia phenomena; comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Results. In the process of translating works of art, a special difficulty is the translation of realia — elements of language and culture, which often preserve implicit meanings. The well-known translations of the novel «Robin Hood» by Ch. Wilson and J. McSpadden into Ukrainian are the translations of Yu. Yura and I. Bazylianska. Having analyzed the realia in the novel «Robin Hood» by Ch. Wilson and J. McSpadden, the authors of the article make an attempt to single out their main types and means of translation into Ukrainian. In their opinion, the Ukrainian translators of the novel «Robin Hood» have quite successfully reproduced the linguistic realia as carriers of national colour in the original work of the authors. They used various means of translating units of non-equivalent vocabulary. They use transcription and transliteration when reality acquired the status of internationalism, i.e. the name or concept well known to the reader of the translation. However, sometimes in addition to transcription or transliteration, they have to add an explanation in the form of a footnote. They apply only descriptive translation in cases where there is no adequate equivalent in the language that can be provided in the translation. Quite often translators use a functional analogue. They do it when there is a similar realia in our country in terms of content and functions. Calque is applied by translators if the meaning of the realia remains in the literal translation and it is clear to the recepient. Also, the authours of the article have singled out the frequent use of one of the most common methods of compensating information for the reader of the translation such as comments and remarks, which allow to balance the pragmatic impact.

REALITIES TRANSFER IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE ANIMATED SERIES MASHA AND THE BEAR INTO ENGLISH

The ways of translating realities into English and the features of translating realities in translation of children’s audiovisual content are considered in the article. The definitions of the concepts “reality”, “audiovisual translation”, “audiovisual text” are analysed.
 Purpose. Consideration of possible ways of realities translation in audiovisual translation and study of the problem of cultural adaptation of children’s audiovisual products are given in the article.
 Materials and methods. The research material comprises Russian-made children’s animated series Masha and the Bear. A review of scientific literature on the selected topic, a method of analysis and a descriptive method were chosen as methods of scientific research.
 Results. The results of the study proved that the most common ways of translation realities into another language were the selection of analogues and lexical substitutions. Calquing is used less frequently. Transcription and transliteration are used only for onomastic realities. The use of descriptive translation in the translation of realities in the children’s animated series has not been identified.
 Practical implications. The results of the research can be used in further study of the issue of transferring realities in the translation of children’s audiovisual products.

Kafka’nın Ein Landarzt Adlı Öyküsünün Ara Dilden Çeviri Bağlamında Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Ara dilden çeviri daha önce çevirisi yapılmış bir metnin yeniden başka bir hedef dile çeviri için kaynak metin görevi görmesidir; kısaca çevirinin çevirisidir. Ara dilden çeviri hem birbirine uzak diller ve kültürler arasında yazınsal iletişimi sağlamada hem de dünya klasiklerinin kabul görmesinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Ayrıca kaynak metne ulaşılamaması ya da kaynak metnin zarar görmesi durumunda bu çeviri türünden faydalanılmaktadır. Ne var ki çeviride oluşabilecek kayıplar açısından ara dilden çeviri doğrudan çeviriye kıyasla iki kat risk taşıdığı için olumsuz bir çağrışımı da söz konusudur. Bu çalışmada Kafka’nın Ein Landarzt adlı öyküsü ara dilden çeviri bağlamında uygulamalı örnek düzleminde karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. İlgili öykünün Mehmet Harmancı tarafından aracı bir dil kullanılarak gerçekleştirildiği belirlenen Türkçe çevirisi, Willa ve Edwin Muir çifti tarafından yapılan İngilizce çevirisi ve Kamuran Şipal tarafından yapılan doğrudan çeviri betimsel çeviri araştırmaları ışığında analiz edilmiştir. İncelemede çeviri hatalarını bulmaktan ziyade ara dilden çevirinin etkisine odaklanılmıştır. Bu noktada çevirilerdeki farklı yorumlamaların ve söyleyişlerin ele alınan kaynak metinden mi yoksa çevirmen kararlarından mı kaynaklandığı sorgulanmıştır. Eser analizlerinde özellikle Gideon Toury tarafından geliştirilen “Betimleyici Çeviri Araştırmaları” yönteminden ve çeviri normlarından faydalanılmıştır. Bununla birlikte çoğulcu bir yaklaşım izlenmeye çalışılarak Eugene Albert Nida’nın “eşdeğer etki” kavramına dair görüşleri de göz önünde bulundurulmuştur.

Methods and ways of translating the realities of the kazakh national culture into chinese on the material of the novel “Abay’s Way” by Mukhtar Auezov

The novel «Abay’s way» has deep cultural significance and research value, as it is one of the worksthat comprehensively reflects the traditional culture of the Kazakh people through records of the life ofthe Abai family. The purpose of this article is to review the methods and ways of translating the realitiesof Kazakh national culture into Chinese based on the materials of the novel «Abay’s way» by MukhtarAuezov. The analysis of the main methods of translating the realities of Kazakh culture into Chinese is ofpractical importance for further study in the framework of translation theory, as well as sciences such asphilology, cultural studies, and literary studies. To study this topic, methods of systematic and comparative analysis, as well as the method of gen-eralization and abstraction were used. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that when translating these realities into Chinese, the translator used such translation methods as descriptive translation, trans-literation, word substitution, and the method of word omission. The research materials can be used as additional literature on disciplines related to the teaching oftranslation studies, languages, and literature.Key words: descriptive translation, transliteration, native language, Kazakh culture, Kazakh soul.

ОНТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД В СОЗДАНИИ РОБОТОТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ С ПОВЫШЕННОЙ СТЕПЕНЬЮ АВТОНОМНОСТИ

The aspects necessary for the implementation of robotic complexes with an increased degree ofautonomy (RC with IDA) in practical work are considered. The distinctive features of such complexes,the needs of the corresponding intelligent information control systems (IIСS) are indicated. The requirementof situational awareness is highlighted and, as a consequence, the need for a diverse systemof knowledge representation, means of perception of the external environment and comparison of operationalinformation with models and a priori information about this environment. In addition, it is pointedout the need to automate the processes of creating RC with IDA, accessibility, and simplification of theiruse. In order to answer these questions, the paper proposes to use the concept and mechanisms of ontologiesin relation to autonomous robotics. Examples of existing solutions in this area are given. In robotics,ontologies are used to define and conceptualize knowledge accepted by the community, using aformal description that is machine-readable, shared, and contains the flexibility to justify this knowledgein order to derive additional information. Ontologies are of considerable interest for multi-agent systemsfor organizing interaction between agents and with other systems in heterogeneous environments,the possibility of reuse and support for the development of new RCs. The author describes the constructionof an ontology proposed by the author in such an applied field as information support for targetedmovements of autonomous ground vehicles based on technical vision systems. All consideration is conductedin the configuration space of the information and control systems of the RC with IDA. This spaceallows you to aggregate a large number of different technologies used in the construction of RC. Theembodiment of a particular system in this space corresponds to the "assembly point". The coordinationof the forms of knowledge representation in the IICS is ensured by the consistent consideration of planesin this space. As a connecting link – a means for automated translation of descriptions of descriptiveontologies into descriptions of functional, machine-readable ontologies, the use of the language of information-motor actions and interpretive navigation commands is proposed. In conclusion, the shorttermprospects for the development of the described approach are considered, and wishes are expressedto the domestic community of roboticists.

‘Hospitality to this German stranger’

Abstract The article examines religious translations associated with communities of German-speaking refugees in mid-seventeenth-century Britain, namely: a mystical treatise circulating among the non-conformist Family of Love, and the writings of Jacob Böhme, which enjoyed a surprisingly wide reception in English print. The discussion focuses on the textual-material features of these texts, as they represent tangible traces of the activities of seventeenth-century networks connecting German-speaking exiles, English translators, and their many intermediaries. The printed books record the circulation of those texts across dissident communities, but also their passage from clandestine manuscripts to widely-distributed printed texts, and the transformations that accompany their dissemination on the English book market. By examining together the discursive, textual, and material features of these translations, this essay foregrounds the importance of combining descriptive translation studies and book studies as complementary approaches when documenting early modern histories of cultural transfer, displacement and exile.

Synonymy as the semantic framework for disambiguation of meaning in the translation from English into Xitsonga

Translators are expected to master diction, lexicon and syntax, as these vary between languages. Translating from English into Xitsonga is often a daunting task, as choosing the right word can be complex. Most lexical items in Xitsonga carry semantic and connotational nuance, making the selection of one synonym over another problematic. This article explores how L1 Xitsonga speakers can select synonyms with precision during translation into English. The article analyses how a translation product is organised in a manner that deals with synonyms appropriately and meaningfully to its target readers. It employs a qualitative research method underpinned by the theory of lexical semantics, and is more broadly situated in the field of Descriptive Translation Studies. It concludes that mastery of synonymy cannot be attained through vocabulary lists alone, but also requires the translator’s knowledge of the cultures in play.

PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATED ABSTRACT OF STUDENTS’ THESIS AT UNIVERSITAS BUNG HATTA

This study aims at analyzing problems identified in English-translated abstract of students’ theses. The problems are categorized into: grammatical problem and lexical problem. Due to the large number of population, proportionate stratified random sampling technique with 5 % margin of error was applied. The numbers of sample were 172 thesis abstracts. Thses written by students majoring in English were excluded. The problems were investigated by using text analysis. The analysis revealed that students had a lot of grammatical and lexical problems in their English –translated abstract. Based on the appearance of their translated abstracts, it is assumed that mother tounge interference affected them. REFERENCES Baker, Mona (1992) In Other Words. London and New York: Routledge. Catford, John C. (1980) A Linguistic Theory of Translation : An Essay in Applied Linguistics. London : Oxford University Press Cho, Jacee & Slabakova, Roumyana (2015) A feature-based contrastive approach to the L2 acquisition of specificity, Applied Linguistics. (1-23) Ciordia, Leticia Santamaria (2016) A contrastive and sociolinguistic approach to the translation of vulgarity from Spanish into English and Polish in the film Tie me up! Tie me down! (Pedro Aldomovar), Translation and Interpreting Studies. 11(2)(287-305). Hatim, Basil and Munday, Jeremy (2004) Translation. London & New York: Routledge Lubis, Syahron (2013) Collocation as source of translation unacceptability: Indonesian students’ experiences, International Journal of English Linguistics. 3(5)(20-28) doi: 10.5539/ ijel.v3n5p20 Munday, Jeremy (2008) Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications (2nd ed.), London & New York: Routledge Nurasieta, Ajeng Febriani (2015) the Translation of Demonstrative References from English into Indonesian in Thesis Abstracts in Study Program of English Universitas Brawijaya. Repositori, 2(10). Diunduh dari: http://jimbastrafib.studentjournal.ub.ac.id/ Samdi, Mohsen, dkk (2011) Problems in the Translation of Legal Terms from Persian into Englsih. Language Society and Culture, (33)(pp.108-14). Diunduh dari: www.educ.utas. edu.au/users/tle/journal/ Sukirmiyadi, dkk (2014) A Study on the Quality of Abstract Translation of Dissertation from Indonesian into English. International Journal of Linguistics, 6(2)(pp.276-96). Diunduh dari: www.macrothink.org/ijl Ulrych, Margherita & Amanda Murphy (2008) Descriptive translation studies and the use of corpora: Investigating mediation universals. In Carol Taylor Torsello, Katherine Ackerley & Erik Castello (eds.), Corpora for university language teachers, pp. 141 - 66. Bern: Peter Lang. Williams, Jenny and Chesterman, Andrew (2002) The Map. UK: St. Jerome Publishing Wright, S (2002) From Academic Comparative Law to Legal Translation in Practice.

Translating taboo words in health care texts from English into Swahili in Kenya

This article explores the translation of taboo words in health care texts from English source texts into Swahili. The article seeks to describe the translation of taboo words and identify the translation strategies used to overcome the constraints. It is expected that translators act as cultural mediators who ensure that translations correspond to the target culture’s expectations without traumatising them. The study is theoretically anchored in Descriptive Translation Studies. The taboo words that emerged in the texts broadly fall under body parts, sex, bodily functions and defaecation. The findings indicate that Swahili translators resort to the strategies of translation with a more general word, use of a neutral or less expressive word, cultural substitution, translation by paraphrase, substitution and a blend of translation with a more general word and substitution to overcome taboo-imposed constraints. Equally, it was established that the strategies used lean towards euphemism and that leads to the conclusion that euphemism norms are very important in the translation of Swahili health care texts.

A Corpus-Based Sentence Classifier for Entity–Relationship Modelling

Automated creation of a conceptual data model based on user requirements expressed in the textual form of a natural language is a challenging research area. The complexity of natural language requires deep insight into the semantics buried in words, expressions, and string patterns. For the purpose of natural language processing, we created a corpus of business descriptions and an adherent lexicon containing all the words in the corpus. Thus, it was possible to define rules for the automatic translation of business descriptions into the entity–relationship (ER) data model. However, since the translation rules could not always lead to accurate translations, we created an additional classification process layer—a classifier which assigns to each input sentence some of the defined ER method classes. The classifier represents a formalized knowledge of the four data modelling experts. This rule-based classification process is based on the extraction of ER information from a given sentence. After the detailed description, the classification process itself was evaluated and tested using the standard multiclass performance measures: recall, precision and accuracy. The accuracy in the learning phase was 96.77% and in the testing phase 95.79%.

Прагматическая адаптация интернет-сайтов отелей при переводе с английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский

The article focuses on pragmatic adaptation in translation of hotel internet websites from English into Russian and from Russian into English. Tourist content translation itself including hotels web sites translation is not a simple mechanical decoding of information from one language into another but its adequate pragmatic adaptation to linguistic and cultural peculiarities of the target audience. The study material comprises such hotel websites as Radisson Hotels, Сorinthia London, Holiday Inn and the others. The comparative text analysis of the hotel websites shows that the target text should be completely or partially adapted in order to create effective content and preserve attractiveness. In the process of adaptation, such translation transformations as descriptive translation, meaning extension, addition and omission of information, paraphrasing, etc., are used. Transformations are shown to be carried out on the basis of tourist website content assessment regarding cross-cultural peculiarities, including type of cultures, and concepts relevant to culture. In the process of translation, the linguistic means explicating the concept of "privacy", which is significant to British culture, are rendered using such techniques as paraphrasing and explication followed by syntactic deployment of the structure in the secondary text. This study may present interest for tourist discourse experts, creators of multilingual versions of hotels websites, as well as market experts who assess the attractiveness of tourist products.

Resolving Constraints in Translating Modifiers in Mungaka Oral Folktales into English

A major challenge encountered when translating Mungaka oral folktales into English centres on the use of modifiers, precisely adjectives and adverbs. The manner in which these grammatical categories are employed in Mungaka oral folktales engenders numerous constraints that render their translation into English difficult. This paper sets out to identify the specific translation constraints that originate from the use of modifiers in Mungaka oral folktales and establish methods to resolve them when translating from Mungaka into English. With the help of unstructured interviews, five Mungaka oral folktales are recorded, transcribed and analyzed qualitatively to identify excerpts that pose translation problems. The use of modifiers in Mungaka gives rise to 16 translation problems (problematic excerpts). The study uses mainly Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS), buttressed by the linguistic, interpretative and aesthetic communication theories of translation, employed to resolve the translation problems in the excerpts. Findings reveal that the translation of Mungaka modifiers is stymied by lexical, semantic and syntactic constraints, and strategies such as transposition, amplification, modulation, omission, substitution, adaptation and reformulation can help in resolving these translation constraints. These strategies are thus recommended for the translation works from Mungaka into English.

Translation Problems of English Film Titles into German and their Translation into Indonesian

This article deals with the translation problems of English film titles into German and their translations into Indonesian. This research aims to address the translation problems of English film titles into German and their translation into Indonesian, in particular the problem of equivalence in the translation from English into German. What are the problems that have arisen and how the titles are translated, whether the transfer of cultural elements also plays an important role? The study uses a descriptive qualitative method with comparative models. The theories used to support this research are the theory of equivalence of Nida and Taber (1974), and the theory of translation methods and procedures of Newmark (1988) and Nord (1993). The data comes from Hollywood films, All Films kino.de, shown in cinemas in Germany in 2020 and 2021 (until September). A total of 159 film titles were translated into German: 111 from 2020, 48 from 2021 (until September), from 12 different film categories. The results of the study showed that there are problems with the translation of film titles that are almost inappropriate for the source language or translated quite differently. In addition, based on the analysis of the data the translation methods were found in the translation of the titles of these films, such as the literal translation, free or descriptive translation, communicative, semantic, idiomatic or faithful methods, as well as various translation methods: additions, transpotition, modulation.This research is intended to provide further insights into the field of translation of different language pairs, in particular into the translation of film titles into Indonesian

Лакунарность в художественном тексте в аспекте перевода с русского языка на китайский (на примере повести А. П. Чехова «Человек в футляре»)

The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of lacunarity in a literary text in the aspect of translation from Russian into Chinese (using A. P. Chekhov’s novella “The Man in the Case” as an example). The paper considers the phenomenon of lacunarity in a literary text and its main criteria; examines the peculiarities of bridging lacunarity in the translation of A. P. Chekhov’s novella “The Man in the Case”. The paper is novel in that it is the first to analyse the main ways to bridge lacunarity when translating a literary text within the framework of a functional approach. As a result, it has been found that there are many ways to bridge lacunarity when translating a literary text, including transcription, loan translation, descriptive translation, concretisation, neutralisation, etc.

Ways of translating non-equivalent units in the “Russian-English Dictionary of Phraseological Euphemisms”

The problem of adequate presentation of English counterparts of Russian phraseological euphemisms in the “Russian-English Dictionary of Phraseological Euphemisms”, which is the first bilingual dictionary of euphemistic units in both languages is presented. Saving significational-denotational component of meaning of Russian phraseological euphemisms while translating them into English is crucial. The subject is possible ways of adequate transmitting of non-equivalent Russian transferred euphemistic units' semantics. The aim is to determine and present possible ways of translating non-equivalent Russian phraseological euphemisms into English: the right part of the dictionary entry is under study. The research methods are: the method of continuous sampling, the comparative method, the method of phraseological description, developed by A.V. Kunin, the method of analyzing dictionary definitions, component (seme) analysis. The novelty of the research: for the first time possible ways of translation of non-equivalent phraseological euphemisms which combine the characteristic features of both phraseological and euphemistic nomination are discussed. The results prove that there are four ways of translating non-equivalent phraseological euphemisms: with the help of translation loans, lexical, descriptive and combined translation, the last one being most important in providing the necessary information on the euphemistic orientation of Russian phraseological euphemisms. Conclusions are made about the necessity to include additional information about the features of the euphemistic nomination of Russian phraseological euphemisms in the form of descriptive translation into English, in contrast to the way of presenting the translation of non-equivalent phraseological units in existing bilingual phraseological dictionaries.

ÜBERSETZUNGSMETHODEN DEUTSCHER KOMPOSITA DER PUBLIZISTIK INS RUSSISCHE

Compound words play an important role in German and are one of the most discussed topics in linguistics. A huge number of linguists have studied the problems of word composition: M.D. Stepanova, W. Fleischer, G. Haken, V.P. Furmanova, L.K. Latyshev, M.I. Nosacheva and others. Compounding is one of the most productive ways of word formation in German. There are many areas in which compound words are often used, and the publicistic texts are not an exception. The formation of compound words is a complex process and the translation of these words into other languages is a difficult task for translators. The aim of this study is to analyze the ways of translation of the German compounds in the publicistic texts into Russian. The analysis was carried out on 200 lexical units selected by continuous sampling from “Economics” and “Politics” sections in the newspaper “Die Zeit” and in the online news site “Deutsche Welle”. Most compound words under analysis are two-part lexical units. Composites consisting of three or more stems are rarely used, as they are difficult to perceive. The study showed that more than 50% of the German compounds are translated into Russian using calque translation. In 27.5% of cases analogous Russian words were used. 12% of the analyzed compounds were rendered into Russian using descriptive translation and in 8% of cases the method of generalization was used.

Translation transformations used to render transport business terms from English into Ukrainian

Introduction. In translation studies, the study of the English-Ukrainian translation peculiarities of terms in the field of transport business occupies a prominent place. Methods. To establish lexical and grammatical transformations, to determine the peculiarities of the translation of transport business terms from English into Ukrainian. Results. The analysis of the peculiarities of translation transformations usа ge in the reproduction of English terminology in the Ukrainian language, formed a corpus of terms in the field of transport business in English and their counterparts in the Ukrainian language. The material for the study was the texts of treaties, conventions, documentation of transport companies and their translation into Ukrainian. A separate stage of the study devoted to the analysis of the application of translation transformations in the translation of transport business terms from English into Ukrainian. Among the means of translating the terms of the transport business are: equivalent translation; lexical transformations; grammatical transformations; lexical and grammatical transformations. Lexical transformations include: transcription transformation; lexical substitution transformation; addition. Grammatical transformations include: permutation transformation; grammatical replacement. Lexico-grammatical transformations include: modulation transformation; descriptive translation; antonymous translation. Among the means of translating terms, the most common is the transformation of permutation, 24% of examples. Equivalent translation is often used, 21% of examples. Less frequent are lexical substitution transformation, 13% of examples, transcription transformation, 11% of examples, modulation transformation, 11% of examples. The least used are grammatical substitution transformation, 7% of examples, descriptive translation transformation, 7% of examples, addition transformation, 4% of examples, antonymous translation transformation, 2% of examples.

INTERDISCIPLINARY DIMENSION OF THE MODERN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE PENITENTIARY DISCOURSE RESEARCH

The article is devoted to the study of linguistic and translational aspects of English-language penitentiary discourse. The article defines the main concepts of research, such as “penitentiary discourse”, “prison jargon”. The features of the penitentiary discourse in English, the history of its emergence and research are clarified. The article examines the linguistic features of penitentiary discourse in English. The analysis of examples of language interaction within the framework of penitentiary discourse showed that they belong to simple (primary) language genres, which represent the result of direct language communication, in contrast to complex (secondary) language genres that arise in conditions of more complex and relatively highly developed and organized cultural communication (mainly written) – artistic, scientific, socio-political, etc. It is presented in such forms as an order, everyday dialogue, interrogation, story, etc. The study of the peculiarities of the translation of texts of penitentiary discourse and prison jargon in particular showed that the most used methods of translation are literal translation, descriptive translation, in some cases equivalent translation is used. The translation of prison jargon is especially complicated by the fact that such vocabulary is often based on a play on words, a figurative, metaphorical meaning. The article analyzes the translation of language markers of penitentiary discourse into Ukrainian based on the material of the English-language film “The Shawshank Redemption”.

ПЕРЕВОД ТЕРМИНОЛОГИИ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО ДИСКУРСА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ИНСТРУКЦИЙ ПО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ)

This article is devoted to the analysis of techniques and methods of terminological units translation on the material of scientific and technical discourse texts. The rapid development of scientific and technological progress determines the practical need for the translation of scientific and technical documentation. Translation of texts and documents in scientific and technical discourse is an integral part of international economic relations and processes and is one of the factors of successful intercultural communication. In this case an important condition is compliance of the translated texts with the requirements of equivalence and adequacy. Scientific and technical texts, such as instruction manuals for agricultural machinery, are characterized by their rigor, logic, precision, conciseness, brevity, unambiguity and completeness, which all have an in-fluence on the translation of these texts. The increased density of information, as the most important feature of the texts of scientific and technical discourse, is achieved at the expense of a considerable number of terminological lexical units. The research shows that the lexical specificities of German and Russian and in particular the specificity of the terminological units are not identical and require special translation methods to be employed by the translator. This article examines the two main situations that arise when terminology is translated into a target language when an equivalent or equivalents are found in the respective dictionaries, and when no such equivalent is found. The analysis of translation techniques in the situation when there is no appropriate equivalent in the language to translate the term operating instructions has shown that the terminological units formed by hybrid type or using descriptive translation have been used most often.

Смислотворча функцiя архаïзмiв вiршiв Данила Братковського у перекладi Валерiя Шевчука

The semantic loading of archaisms in Ukrainian translations of Danylo Bratkowskyi’s poems by Valerii Shewchuk is analyzed in the article. They are separated from another layer of outdated vocabulary – historicisms in modern language. Their belonging to different groups is indicated in terms of structure and content. Taking into account the structure of archaisms, we distinguish stylistic, morphological, word-formation, phonetic and lexical groups. Semantically we should consider that there are complete and superficial archaisms, so they perform different functions in the translated text and in the original text. In the publication attention is paid to the level of adequacy and equivalence of translated baroque poetry. The prospects of translation of the ancient text with the use of archaisms are determined. Among the words-realities in the Ukrainian versions of Bratkowskyi’s poems we identify historicisms and a small group of archaisms consonant with them, which either have synonymous equivalents in modern Ukrainian or had them not so long ago, in the 20th century. Very often this type of vocabulary refers to public positions, professions, household items, etc. In this case the technique of archaizing the text is fully justified, as it conveys the spirit of antiquity and reproduces the linguistic richness of the ancient kingdom of Poland, which consisted of several nations and which is no longer on the world map. The most common group are archaisms of the classical type, which are divided into subgroups by the nature of creation. In Ukrainian translations of Bratkowskyi we find their phonetic, morphological, word-forming and semantic variations. Regardless of the type of creation, all these obsolete words are used for a single purpose – imitation of the Baroque epoch, from which we are separated by three centuries. Word-forming and lexical archaisms predominate among them. Most of them perform the superficial function of archaizing the text without significantly changing its content. To the individual translation style we assign so-called pseudo-realities and pseudo-archaisms, which, thanks to the preserved transcription of words from the original transfer of Polish words to the Ukrainian lexical ground, gain an old-fashioned flavour. The number of such authorial interpretations is very significant, so they must be allocated to a separate group. Descriptive translation in this case would be most appropriate and equivalent to the original texts. It can be concluded, on the basis of the conducted research, that archaisms are one of the most numerous groups of vocabulary in Ukrainian translations of Danylo Bratkowskyi’s Polish language poetry. Phonetic and lexical (semantic) archaic groups predominate among them and are significantly widespread due to the translator’s creation of his own words that correspond to the Polish original definitions through transcription. We can define this individuality as a tendency for polonization of speech that is often characteristic of dialectal vocabulary.