Description Of Theory Research Articles

Reference without intentions in large language models

ABSTRACT During the 1960s and 1970s, Keith Donnellan ([Donnellan, K. S. 1966. “Reference and Definite Descriptions.” The Philosophical Review 75 (3): 281–304. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183143]; Donnellan, K. S. 1970. “Proper Names and Identifying Descriptions.” Synthese 21 (3–4): 335–358. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00484804]; Donnellan, K. S. 1974. “Speaking of Nothing.” Philosophical Review 83 (1): 3–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/2183871] and Saul Kripke [Kripke, S. 1972. “Naming and Necessity.” In Semantics of Natural Language, edited by Donald Davidson and Gilbert Harman, 253–355. D. Reidel] promoted a ‘historical picture’ of reference as an alternative to previously prevailing description theories. The historical picture has since gained broad acceptance. Its most recent frontier is the apparent reference of names (and other words) produced by large language models (LLM). A number of authors have pointed out that the historical picture might support the view that this reference is not merely apparent, but is constitutively determined in the same way as human reference. A sticking point, however, is the role that linguistic intentions have been thought to play in the historical picture. This paper urges that in applying the historical picture of reference to LLMs we need not and should not focus on the plausibility of ascribing linguistic intentions to LLMs. Instead, the critical issue is whether LLMs can achieve a kind of basic reference that is prior to and independent of propositional attitudes such as intentions.

Entanglement entropy for the black 0-brane

We analyze the entanglement entropy between the black 0-brane solution to supergravity and its Hawking radiation. The black 0-brane admits a dual gauge theory description in terms of the matrix model for M-theory, named Banks Fischler Shenker Susskind (BFSS) theory, which is the theory of open strings on a collection of N D0-branes. Recent studies of the model have highlighted a mechanism of black hole evaporation for this system, based on the chaotic nature of the theory and the existence of flat directions. This paper further explores this idea, through the computation of the von Neumann entropy of Hawking radiation. In particular, we show that the expected Page curve is indeed reproduced, consistently with a complete recovery of information after the black hole has fully evaporated. A pivotal step in the computation is the definition of a Hilbert space that allows for a quantum mechanical description of partially evaporated black holes. We find that the entanglement entropy depends on the choice of a parameter, which can be interpreted as summarizing the geometric features of the black hole, such as the size of the resolved singularity and the size of the horizon. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Strategi Perencanaan dan Rekrutmen SDM di KFC

In a rapidly changing and competitive business era, an effective human resource (HR) management strategy is a vital foundation for the sustainable growth of an organization. Basuki expressed this by stating that in a dynamic and competitive business environment, an effective HR strategy is an important key to sustainable growth. This research method is a literature review research. Literature review is a description of theories, findings, and other research materials obtained from reference materials to be used as a basis for research activities to compile a clear framework of thinking from the formulation of the problem to be studied. The author summarizes, analyzes, and synthesizes critically and in depth from previous literature. The results of this study state that Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) is one of the largest fast food restaurant chains in the world that focuses on fried chicken. KFC's operational success depends not only on quality products, but also on skilled, motivated human resources (HR) who are in accordance with the organizational culture. In a highly competitive business context, strategic planning and HR recruitment at KFC are one of the main keys to maintaining competitive advantage and the best service to customers.

Exploring entrepreneurial skills of DR Congolese refugee women through economic growth in Durban, South Africa

Refugee women entrepreneurship has been played a crucial role in economic development and poverty alleviation in both sending and receiving countries. Although their contribution to socioeconomic development in South Africa, they face various challenges including proper identity documents from the Department of Home Affairs, financial resources, and services to enter the labor market in SA. The purpose of this study is to explore the entrepreneurial skills of DR Congolese refugee women in Durban. This study used qualitative research methodology including both explanatory and descriptive theories during data collection. The study used in-depth interviews and questionnaires where ten Congolese refugee women informal traders between the age of 24 and 41 years were selected through snowball techniques from Congolese community in Durban. The results revealed that entrepreneurial activity has been considered as an approach of empowering refugee women and poverty alleviation in their receiving countries. The findings show that refugees are the most unlikely entrepreneurs as they lacked the resources to launch a new enterprise with no history of credit and lack of assets or security to bank loan. The study revealed the needs of UNHCR, NGOs and government’s support in terms of sponsoring refugees’ projects, especially business training and appropriate identity documents from the department of Home Affairs. The economic contributions of female refugee entrepreneurs from the Congo in South Africa could be substantial if supported by gender-responsive policies and the provision of formal identification documents, along with access to business training opportunities. This would enhance their well-being and contribute to the economic growth of Durban.

Monitored fermions with conserved U(1) charge

We study measurement-induced phases of free fermion systems with U(1) symmetry. Following a recent approach developed for Majorana chains, we derive a field theory description for the purity and bipartite entanglement at large space and timescales. We focus on a multiflavor one-dimensional chain with random complex hoppings and continuous monitoring of the local fermion density. By means of the replica trick, and using the number of flavors as a large parameter controlling our approximations, we derive an effective field theory made up of a SU(N) nonlinear sigma model (NLσM) coupled to fluctuating hydrodynamics. Contrary to the case of noninteracting Majorana fermions, displaying no U(1) symmetry, we find that the bipartite entanglement entropy satisfies an area law for all monitoring rates but with a nontrivial scaling of entanglement when the correlation length is large. We provide numerical evidence supporting our claims. We briefly show how imposing a reality condition on the hoppings can change the NLσM and also discuss higher-dimensional generalizations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Strong-Field Theory of Attosecond Tunneling Microscopy.

Attosecond observations of coherent electron dynamics in molecules and nanostructures can be achieved by combining conventional scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with ultrashort femtosecond laser pulses. While experimental studies in the subcycle regime are under way, a robust strong-field theory description has remained elusive. Here we devise a model based on the strong-field approximation. Valid in all regimes, it provides a surprising analogy to the standard model of STM. We show that the intuitive three-step model of attosecond science directly emerges from our model and we also describe the optimal conditions for attosecond STM experiments.

Relativistic two-fluid hydrodynamics with quantized vorticity from the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation

We consider a relativistic two-fluid model of superfluidity, in which the superfluid is described by an order parameter that is a complex scalar field satisfying the nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation (NLKG). The coupling to the normal fluid is introduced via a covariant current–current interaction, which results in the addition of an effective potential, whose imaginary part describes particle transfer between superfluid and normal fluid. Quantized vorticity arises in a class of singular solutions and the related vortex dynamics is incorporated in the modified NLKG, facilitating numerical analysis which is usually very complicated in the phenomenology of vortex filaments. The dual transformation to a string theory description (Kalb–Ramond) of quantum vorticity, the Magnus force, and the mutual friction between quantized vortices and normal fluid are also studied.

Connectomes as holographic states

We use the topological quantum field theory description of states in Chern-Simons theory to discuss the relation between spacetime connectivity and entanglement, exploring the paradigm entanglement=topology. We define a special class of states in Chern-Simons with properties similar to those of holographic states. While the holographic states are dual to classical geometries, these connectome states represent classical topologies, which satisfy a discrete analog of the Ryu-Takayanagi formula and characteristic inequalities for the entanglement entropy. Generic states are linear combinations of connectomes, and the theory also has nonperturbative states which are global spacetime defects formed by a large number of quantum fluctuations. Topological presentation of quantum states and emergence of topology from entanglement may be useful for building a generalization to geometry, that is quantum gravity. Thinking of further quantum gravity comparisons we discuss replica wormholes and conclude that similar objects exist beyond gravitational theories. The topological theory perspective suggests that the sum over all wormholes is always factorizable, even though the individual ones might not be.

Non-minimally coupled teleparallel scalar field reconstruction of matter bounce scenario

Teleparallel description of gravity theories where the gravity is mediated through the tetrad field and consequent torsion provide an alternative route to explain the late time cosmic speed up issue. Generalisation of the teleparallel gravity theory with different functional forms of the torsion scalar T leads to f(T) gravity. The role of scalar field played in addressing issues in cosmology and astrophysics has developed an interest in the inclusion of a scalar field along with an interaction potential in the action. Such a generalised gravity theory is dubbed as f(T,ϕ) theory. We have explored such a gravity theory to reconstruct the interaction potential of the scalar field required for an extended matter bounce scenario. The cosmological implications of the reconstructed scalar field potential are studied considering two viable and well known functional forms of f(T,ϕ). The energy conditions of these model are discussed to assess the viability of the cosmological models.

Bread dough as material metaphor for the maternal experience

This article traces my artistic practice with bread dough. The writing intertwines descriptions of practice and theory, exposing the ambiguities of maternal experience through the dough. Beginning with research on suspended temporalities, the dough reveals multi-layered insights into physical and economic maternal experience. Materialities of bread dough work together with embodied practices which explore them: slow, spreading growth, stickiness, weight and awkwardness, kneading as rhythmic, repetitive labour, invisibility. The writing connects the research to the performance project BRED, a participatory installation depicting a fictional start-up company, in which the dough stars as the object of ‘work,’ here no longer invisible, a vehicle for the voice of the maternal within a performative corporate setting.

Emergent spacetime and the ergodic hierarchy

Various diagnostics of the emergence of an arrow of time in the bulk description of a holographic theory have been proposed, including the decay of some real time correlation functions and the appearance of type III1 von Neumann algebras carrying half-sided modular inclusions. This Letter puts forward a close parallel between these diagnostics and a quantum formulation of the ergodic hierarchy of dynamical systems. Theories with an emergent spacetime appear to sit near the top of this hierarchy. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Nursing theories applied to clinical nursing practice

After a brief description of twointermediate theories, transition theory developed by Afaf Ibrahim Meleis and uncertainty management theory in healthcare by Merle H. Mishel, the article illustrates their concrete use in healthcare practice. To this end, two clinical situations in pediatrics are presented, for each of which the needs of the patient, his or her family and environment are identified, followed by proposals for nursing interventions based on these theories.

Where There's Hope, There's Life 1 : On the Importance of Hope in Health Care.

It is widely supposed that it is important to ensure that patients undergoing medical procedures hope that their treatments will be successful. But why is hope so important, if indeed it is? After examining the answers currently on offer in the literature, we identify a hitherto unrecognized reason for supposing that it is important that patients possess hope for a successful treatment, which draws on prospect theory, Kahneman and Tversky's hugely influential descriptive theory about decision-making in situations of risk and uncertainty. We also consider some concerns about patient consent and the potential manipulation of patients that are raised by our account.

Toward a system of gesture–speech relations in elementary science teaching

AbstractAlthough previous research provides insights into how gestures function as a pedagogical tool, relatively little is known about how gesture is related to language, together creating a key meaning‐making teaching resource. Drawing on the system of logico–semantic relations in Systemic Functional Linguistic theory and McNeill's description of gestures, this study examines how gesture is logically and semantically related to the language teachers use in elementary science classrooms. The study is primarily qualitative in nature and uses video recordings as the primary data. The main purpose is to analyze the kind of gesture–speech relations used by elementary science teachers and to develop a system network that describes gesture–speech relations in elementary science teaching. Distribution of the gesture–speech relations shows that some relations are more likely used to teach scientific knowledge, some are more likely used for classroom management, and some are used for both.

Analisis Pengaruh Lingkungan dalam Pembangunan Ibu Kota Negara (IKN) sebagai Kejahatan Lingkungan

This research aims to find out what influences arise from the development of the Indonesian Capital City. The method used in this research is literature review research which involves reviewing and critically evaluating existing literature sources. Literature reviews contain descriptions of theories, findings and other research materials obtained from reference materials to serve as a basis for research. The results of the research show that with the development of the Archipelago Capital City, there are various influences that will be experienced in the future, starting from the influence of cultural differences, disrupting the ecosystem of living things that previously existed in the Archipelago Capital environment, as well as a reduction in oxygen. due to development around forest areas in the Indonesian Capital City.

Dynamics of finite width Kernel and prediction fluctuations in mean field neural networks*

Abstract We analyze the dynamics of finite width effects in wide but finite feature learning neural networks. Starting from a dynamical mean field theory description of infinite width deep neural network kernel and prediction dynamics, we provide a characterization of the O ( 1 / width ) fluctuations of the dynamical mean field theory order parameters over random initializations of the network weights. Our results, while perturbative in width, unlike prior analyses, are non-perturbative in the strength of feature learning. We find that once the mean field/µP parameterization is adopted, the leading finite size effect on the dynamics is to introduce initialization variance in the predictions and feature kernels of the networks. In the lazy limit of network training, all kernels are random but static in time and the prediction variance has a universal form. However, in the rich, feature learning regime, the fluctuations of the kernels and predictions are dynamically coupled with a variance that can be computed self-consistently. In two layer networks, we show how feature learning can dynamically reduce the variance of the final tangent kernel and final network predictions. We also show how initialization variance can slow down online learning in wide but finite networks. In deeper networks, kernel variance can dramatically accumulate through subsequent layers at large feature learning strengths, but feature learning continues to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the feature kernels. In discrete time, we demonstrate that large learning rate phenomena such as edge of stability effects can be well captured by infinite width dynamics and that initialization variance can decrease dynamically. For convolutional neural networks trained on CIFAR-10, we empirically find significant corrections to both the bias and variance of network dynamics due to finite width.

The applicability of nonlinear theories of the internal solitary wave and its loads on slender body by experimental methods

It is essential to give the applicable range of nonlinear theories of the internal solitary wave in different classification conditions and water depth. The nonlinear theories used to describe the ISW, including KdV, eKdV and MCC theories were compared with experimental results. The characteristic parameters of ISW (waveform, phase speed, and wave frequency) and its load on slender body were chosen to provide a quantitatively applicable range of three nonlinear theories at different water depths. In general, the optimal theories are KdV, eKdV and MCC in turns for most conditions. However, for the description of phase speed, both the eKdV and MCC theories can describe it well, where the KdV theory has a large error in describing phase speed at large ISW amplitude. For the vertical force, the KdV and eKdV theories can describe it well in turns, while the MCC theory has a large error in calculating the vertical force. A diagram of the applicable range under different classification conditions and at different water depths is proposed for choosing a better theory in different fields.

Effective field theory descriptions of Higgs boson pair production

Higgs boson pair production is traditionally considered to be of particular interest for a measurement of the trilinear Higgs self-coupling. Yet it can offer insights into other couplings as well, since – in an effective field theory (EFT) parameterisation of potential new physics – both the production cross section and kinematical properties of the Higgs boson pair depend on various other Wilson coefficients of EFT operators. This note summarises the ongoing efforts related to the development of EFT tools for Higgs boson pair production in gluon fusion, and provides recommendations for the use of distinct EFT parameterisations in the Higgs boson pair production process. This document also outlines where further efforts are needed and provides a detailed analysis of theoretical uncertainties. Additionally, benchmark scenarios are updated. We also re-derive a parameterisation of the next-to-leading order (NLO) QCD corrections in terms of the EFT Wilson coefficients both for the total cross section and the distribution in the invariant mass of the Higgs boson pair, providing for the first time also the covariance matrix. A reweighting procedure making use of the newly derived coefficients is validated, which can be used to significantly speed up experimental analyses.

Comments on Global Symmetries and Anomalies of 5d SCFTs

We study various aspects of global symmetries in five-dimensional superconformal field theories. Whenever a supersymmetry-preserving relevant deformation is available, the infrared gauge theory description might exhibit a finite order mixed ’t Hooft anomaly between a 1-form symmetry and the instantonic symmetry. This anomaly constrains the flavor symmetry group acting faithfully on the SCFT and the consistency of certain RG flows. As an additional example, we consider the instructive case of three-dimensional N=4\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal {N}=4$$\\end{document} SQED. Finally, we discuss the compatibility between conformal invariance and the presence of 1-form and 2-group global symmetries.

What if string theory has a de Sitter excited state?

We propose precise effective field theory criteria to obtain a four-dimensional de Sitter space within M-theory. To this effect, starting with the state space described by the action of metric perturbations, fluxes etc over the supersymmetric Minkowski vacuum in eleven-dimensions, we discuss the most general low energy effective action in terms of the eleven-dimensional fields including non-perturbative and non-local terms. Given this, our criteria to obtain a valid four-dimensional de Sitter solution at far IR involve satisfying the Schwinger-Dyson equations of the associated path integral, as well as obeying positivity constraints on the dual IIA string coupling and its time derivative. For excited states, the Schwinger-Dyson equations imply an effective emergent potential different from the original potential. We show that while vacuum solutions and arbitrary coherent states fail to satisfy these criteria, a specific class of excited states called the Glauber-Sudarshan states obey them. Using the resurgent structure of observables computed using the path integral over the Glauber-Sudarshan states, four-dimensional de Sitter in the flat slicing can be constructed using a Glauber-Sudarshan state in M-theory.Among other novel results, we discuss the smallness of the positive cosmological constant, including the curious case where the cosmological constant is very slowly varying with time. We also discuss the resolution of identity with the Glauber-Sudarshan states, generation and the convergence properties of the non-perturbative and the non-local effects, the problems with the static patch and other related topics. We analyze briefly the issues related to the compatibility of the Wilsonian effective action with Borel resummations and discuss how they influence the effective field theory description in a four-dimensional de Sitter space.