Department Of Statistics Research Articles

Business Marketing Planning At Simpel Om Platform Company Construction Materials Sector "PT Simpel Om Unggulan"

The development of Indonesian commercial property (PPKom) released by the Department of Statistics of Bank Indonesia (BI) in the first quarter of 2022 welcomes 2022 as the year of revival of the Indonesian property sector. The annual performance (year on year) of the property industry sector (real estate) grew by 1.19% since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to property growth, technological developments are increasingly facilitating and accelerating the transaction process, especially electronic shopping transactions (eCommerce). The transition of the Analog to Digital era encourages all business sectors to be more creative in mastering market competition, one of which is in the construction material supply demand sector. PT Simpel OM Unggul with the platform name "Simpel OM" is present as a material supply platform for the construction sector and a liaison between consumers and sellers with a commitment to 1x24 hour delivery and free shipping is the best solution in today's instant era. Simpel OM started marketing activities as an initial business idea in getting opportunities and markets in similar sectors. This is a general form of a linkage of the governance process with the aim of developing a business strategy in obtaining maximum achievement. Determination of goals and objectives, is the initial operational step in determining market segmentation, target consumers, and business positioning to be carried out. Taking all of that into consideration, revenue stream is the final picture that will be obtained from the running of the Company's cycle. The results of marketing analysis and planning of PT Simpel OM Unggul (Simpel OM) include segmentation, targets, positions, and marketing mix, and projected profits that will be obtained from running this business.

The Gender factor and New Technologies in the Comprehension of Probabilities: Evidence from the Perceptions of Students

Mathematical education in Greece is constantly evolving in the pursuit of optimal learning outcomes for students despite their cognitive differences. This study seeks to gain insight into the use of new technologies in teaching probability theory and the gender differences in the comprehension of probability theory. To this end, a survey was conducted involving 500 students of the Department of Statistics and Insurance Science at the University of Piraeus. The respective questionnaire involves questions of self-reported results and employs the Likert scale to obtain the students’ perceptions. Our data demonstrate no difference among the genders regarding the use of new technologies or their performance (i.e., the test scores) in the relevant courses.

Behavior of Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases in Colombia and Risaralda for 17 years. Analysis and Recommendations

BACKGROUND: Primary health care is in charge of identifying and managing risks. This identification is made through consultation with the application of screening in order to provide education, risk monitoring and make effective interventions in consultation. The objective was to identify the behavior of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Colombia and Risaralda, from 1998 to 2015. METHODS: National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) death certificates were used from 1998 to 2015, with this a database was created and a data analysis program was carried out in time when they do not follow a time series. The most adjusted model was the LOESS regression or close regression model that was run in R. RESULTS: Mortality from hypertension, acute myocardial infarction and stroke has increased in recent years in Colombia and Risaralda, while mortality from heart failure has decreased. Regarding diabetes mellitus, it increased in Colombia, but decreased in Risaralda. CONCLUSION: Mortality due to cardiovascular diseases is for the same causes, therefore, greater emphasis should be placed on their prevention and screening. Clinical practice guidelines should be extended beyond the goals and focus more on these preventive strategies.

The Relationship between Symptoms of COVID-19 Patients, Their Demographic Characteristics, Underlying Condition, and Comorbidities: A Case Study in Iran

Background: Since the emergence of COVID-19 disease and its spread, many people have been globally infected. Also, evidence has shown that some specific conditions and underlying diseases result in more severe symptoms in the patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics and underlying conditions with symptoms in patients with COVID-19 in one of Iran's major hospitals.
 Methods: The present cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was conducted from February 20th, 2020 to August 20th, 2021. The sampling method was census. The data were collected from the statistics department, medical records, HIS, and they were analysed via SPSS software version 25 using descriptive statistics and statistical tests such as Spearman, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square.
 Results: Among the 7,236 patients with a definite diagnosis of COVID-19, most (53.2%) of the subjects were men and the total death rate was 8%. There was a positive correlation (p-value=0.000) between age and length of stay. About 69% of the patients had symptoms related to the disease in their CT scan and 39.5% had an oxygen level of less than 93%, which roughly 2.6% of them were intubated. There was a significant relationship between patients' age, sex, and length of stay with their discharge status, first symptoms of disease, and patient’s underlying conditions. Also, there was a significant difference in patients' discharge status based on having some early symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, and underlying conditions.
 Conclusion: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of early detection and management strategies, especially for individuals with specific risk factors. These insights are crucial in guiding healthcare practices and policies to effectively combat the ongoing pandemic. Also, the study outcomes provide valuable insights for healthcare professionals and policymakers, aiding in the development of targeted interventions and patient-centered care protocols.

Error analysis regarding participants' final year projects

The goal of the research is to pinpoint the mistakes that students made in several areas of their research work (Projects). Based on data from Yaba College of Technology's ND II and HND II students (N = 240), the analysis was conducted. The results showed that students made 948 mistakes in the 2020 – 2021 and 947 mistakes in the 2021 – 2022 periods respectively. In the two sessions under consideration, errors made by students in the ND 2 Statistics Department are primarily found in the Data Analysis and Methodology sections, respectively, whereas in the 2020 – 2021 session, errors made by students in the HND 2 Statistics Department are primarily found in the Data Analysis and Conclusion sections, respectively. Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis test results showed that, at the 5% significance level, the errors made in both courses throughout the two sessions were identical. Errors were also shown in various portions of the final project works using pie charts and bar charts.

Development of an Evidence-Based Tool to Assess the Relative Vulnerability of Different Communities to Tuberculosis

Identifying specific tuberculosis (TB) vulnerabilities in populations based on their geographical, demographic, and epidemiological characteristics is an essential yet challenging requirement to help reduce and eliminate TB. Assessment tools that can accurately quantify the risks associated with key factors could be used to measure TB vulnerability efficiently and indicate the most appropriate range of interventions. This study aimed to develop TB vulnerability assessment tools based on a TB vulnerability assessment conceptual framework developed with Leximancer. Three steps to produce the tools were facet analysis, interpreting the facet to create a list of questions, and expert judgment to confirm the suitability of the questionnaire. The “everything is data” principle was used to identify the data sources and build the tools. The data came from multiple primary data sources, with a questionnaire survey and observational form, and secondary data from various governmental statistical departments in Indonesia to collect data related to demography, health indicators, climate, temperature, and air quality. These tools will be optimized at scale next year to evaluate their utility for prioritizing and prescribing health system responses to TB in different communities in Central Java Province.

Burden of disease in Colombian Orinoquia Region, 2017.

Population health diagnoses are a fundamental tool to guide health policies and programs, and consequently, public health requirements. In this perspective, the burden of disease in inhabitants of Colombian Orinoquia is quantified for the first time. A descriptive population-based study that was based on secondary sources was carried out, which aimed at measuring the burden of the disease in the Colombian region of Orinoquia, using the simplified synthetic indicator of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of the global health estimation methodology. We used mortality records from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) and service provision records from the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia, both records from the year 2017, available on the Integrated Social Protection Information System. 288,740.2 DALYs occurred (95% UI 210,714.6-382,948.8), with higher reports for men (59%); group of non-communicable diseases accounted for 62.3% of DALYs (179,993.6, 95% UI, 115,030.2-268,405.0), followed by external cause injuries group which contributed 24.6% (71,000.0, 95% UI, 25,638.1-134,013.1), and group of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders which contributed 13.1% (37,746.0, 95% UI, 28,048.0-50,239.7). Interpersonal violence was the primary cause specific of DALYs with 9.8% of the burden, (28,290.0, 95% UI, 7,365.1-64,208.1). Most DALYs in Orinoquia are produced by non-communicablediseases(NCD), largely caused by neoplasms and cardiovascular disease, which increased with age. However, when considered by specific cause of illness or injury, interpersonal violence is indicated as the main cause of DALYs, affecting mainly young men, possibly as an expression of social inequality, substance use, criminality, and insecurity. It is important to highlight that this region has been recognized as an area of armed conflict, drug trafficking, and poverty.

10-year trends in oral anticoagulation therapies and ischemic stroke among 157,583 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation

Abstract Purpose Initiation of oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC) for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is often suboptimal in clinical practice. We aimed to describe trends in OAC uptake and incidence of ischemic stroke over the past decade. Methods We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with non-valvular (NV) AF between January 2012 and July 2022 from 16 public hospitals. Annual incidence of AF was the number of new AF cases as proportion of adult population reported by Census and Statistics Department. Prescription of OAC (vitamin K antagonist (VKA) and direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC)) were recorded. OAC uptake was defined as initiation of OAC within 12 months from AF diagnosis. Incidence of ischemic stroke was calculated for both incident and prevalent AF cohorts over time. Logistic regression was conducted to identify predictors of OAC uptake. Results 157,583 NVAF patients (mean age 76.6±12.5 and female 49.6%) with mean CHA2DS2VASC 2.6±1.3 were identified. Between 2012 and 2022, incidence of new AF was steady across the years with mean of 0.19%±0.03% (range 0.16% to 0.24%) per year. OAC prescription increased from 15.3% to 46.0% and the incidence of ischemic stroke decreased significantly from 4.0% to 0.6% over the last decade (both p for trend <0.01). DOAC use increased steadily from 6.2% to 41.0% whereas VKA decreased from 9.1% to 3.5% (Figure). Mean time from AF diagnosis to OAC prescription was 0.6±1.6 months. Of all patients prescribed OAC, 40.8% initiated OAC within 1 month after AF diagnosis. CHA2DS2VASC scores ≥4 was associated with higher likelihood of OAC uptake (OR=1.74 (95%CI: 1.69-1.78). Conclusion Our real-world data demonstrated steady incidence of new NVAF diagnosis with increasing trend in OAC prescription, predominantly DOAC and decreasing incidence ischemic stroke over the last decade. However, overall utilization of OAC for stroke prevention remains suboptimal.

The association of lipoprotein(a) with patient characteristics and mortality in a primary prevention cohort: data from our clinic database

Abstract Background Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has emerged as a causal risk factor for development of cardiovascular (CVD) and valvular heart disease. However, not much is known about the gender differences and Lp(a). The aim of our study was to investigate gender differences in clinical and laboratory characteristics of primary prevention patients with elevated Lp(a) and to study the associations between Lp(a) and all-cause mortality by gender. Method We analyzed data obtained from the Preventive Cardiology Information System (PreCis), a database of clinical and laboratory information on 8,136 consecutive primary prevention patients seen at our clinic preventive cardiology clinic from 1999-2018. Primary prevention was defined as having no history of coronary artery disease (CAD), coronary and peripheral arterial revascularization, nor atherosclerosis. Data regarding mortality were gathered from a combination of sources including the Social Security Death Index (SSDI), the Ohio State Department of Health Vital Statistics, and electronic medical record. All-cause mortality was assessed using time to event analyses, and adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. All statistical analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.4. Result In the overall cohort (n=8,136), 57% were female at a median age of 54 years and 43% were male at a median age of 52 years. Median Lp(a) was 24 (IQR 8-63) mg/dL in females and 18.6 (IQR 7-51) mg/dL in males. The proportion of females increased with increasing Lp(a) values from 54% with Lp(a) <30 mg/dL to 69% with Lp(a) ≥90mg/dL. Female patients with Lp(a) ≥50 mg/dL were significantly more likely to have dyslipidemia (40.5% vs 34.1%; p>0.001) and hypertension (27.3% vs 23.3%; p>0.001) compared to <50 mg/dL. There was a trend toward increased all-cause mortality in elevated Lp(a) group among female patients (<50 mg/dL vs ≥50 mg/dL; (HR (95%CI): 1.22 (0.98-1.52); p=0.083). Conclusion In this primary prevention population, a higher proportion of females had elevated Lp(a) than males. Females with elevated Lp(a) presented with more comorbidities and a trend towards increased all-cause mortality. These findings suggest a gender difference in the distribution of Lp(a) and all-cause mortality in the primary prevention setting, which warrants further investigation.

Impact of Residence in an Agricultural Zone on AML Characteristics

Background: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is associated with several well-established risk factors. These include cigarette smoking, exposure to benzene, to ionizing radiation, and previous exposure to chemotherapy. Interestingly, studies have observed higher incidence rates of AML in farming regions, suggesting that farming activities and related exposures, such as pesticides, may increase the risk. However, data regarding the potential variations in clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular profiles between individuals living in rural and urban areas are lacking. Therefore, we aim to specifically examine the characteristics and the outcomes of AML patients living in agricultural areas. Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective analysis including 315 patients newly diagnosed with AML from two French institutions, namely Amiens University Hospital and Lille University Hospital, from 2008 to 2013. We collected patient demographics, along with comprehensive data encompassing clinical and biological information, including cytogenetics and molecular data. The data was obtained from the Observatoire des Hauts-de-France, enabling a comprehensive and exhaustive review of the AML cases in this specific region. We geocoded the patients' residential addresses. This process involved linking the patient's location to the corresponding agricultural areas per municipality, by using geographical information from the French Ministry of Agriculture's statistics department (AGRESTE, https://www.agreste.agriculture.gouv.fr). This enabled us to establish a connection between the patients' locations and the specific agricultural regions they resided in. We categorized the population into terciles based on the proportion of local companies engaged in farming activities. Results: Approximately one-third (n=108) of patients were living in areas with less than 1.3% of farm companies, one-third (n=102) lived in regions with a percentage ranging from 1.3% to 6.9%, while the remaining third (n=105) lived in areas where the proportion of farm companies exceeded 6.9%. Sex ratio (p=0.7) and median age at diagnosis (60 vs 60.5 vs 58 years, p=0.5) were similar between the 3 groups. There was no difference in body mass index (BMI), smoking activity, alcohol consumption and performance status score between the three groups. At baseline, there was no difference in blood counts (hemoglobin, platelets, leukocytes, and circulating blasts levels), bone marrow blasts percentage, AML type (de novo vs. post MDS or MPN), or WHO classification between the 3 groups. Regarding cytogenetic abnormalities, people living on agricultural lands had fewer normal karyotypes (27% vs 33% and 43%, p=0.045) and more MLL rearrangement (20% vs 8% and 5%, p=0.013). However, there was no difference in the SWOG and ELN 2017 classifications. Regarding molecular characteristics, NPM1 mutations were found less frequently in people living in agricultural regions (13% vs 30% and 29%, p=0.021). There was no difference for FLT3-ITD positivity and CEBPA mutation. There was no difference in complete remission rate and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treatment though we could underline an especially low rate of HSCT in the < 1.3% group. OS was also similar between the three groups (Table 1.). Conclusions: Our study showed a correlation between living in agricultural areas and a higher prevalence of unfavorable cytogenetic and molecular features in AML patients, although clinical outcomes remain unchanged. These findings suggest that the proximity to agricultural activities could have an impact on leukemogenesis, by increasing the rate of MLL rearrangements and chromosomic abnormalities.

Cardiovascular disease burden in a country: In the context of Sri Lanka

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide and account for a significant portion of health loss and avoidable health system costs. The burden of CVDs has increased in recent decades almost everywhere in the world, but it has disproportionately affected low and middle-income countries. While more studies on the prevalence of CVDs are available, there is limited evidence presenting a complete picture on the burden of CVDs in Sri Lanka. In this context, this study aims to provide comprehensive picture on the burden of CVDs in the country. This study used of data available on the websites of ministry of health and department of census and statistics in Sri Lanka to present the comprehensive picture of the burden of CVDs in Sri Lanka. Overall, in 2019, there were an estimated 398,027 cases, 17144 deaths, due to CVDs in Sri Lanka. The proportion of deaths attributable to CVDs increased from 24.92% to 28.05% between 2004 and 2019. Aside from implementing preventive measures, the health sector must also prepare for long-term care of patients with CVDs, which could have substantial repercussions for resources and operations.

Maize Production Forecasting in Iraq: A Box-Jenkins Approach for the Period of 2022-2026

This study aims to forecast the production of Iraq’s maize crop using Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. Using the semi-annual data for the period 1980-2021, the production of the maize crop was forecasted for 5 years, starting from 2022 to 2026. The data were obtained from the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Planning and Monitoring Department, Agricultural Statistics Department, Iraq. The forecasted production of maize in Iraq during the period 2021-2026 is characterized by fluctuations between highs and lows, similar to the production of maize during the study period. The highest expected production value of maize in Iraq was in the second half of 2023, reaching 585 thousand tons, while the lowest expected production was 500 thousand tons in the first half of 2022. This study is significant in providing valuable insights that can guide the formulation of effective policies regarding maize production, pricing, and consumption in the country.

In Pursuit of Campus-Wide Data Literacy: A Guide to Developing a Statistics Course for Students in Nonquantitative Fields

Data literacy for students in nonquantitative fields is important as statistics become the grammar of research and how the world’s decisions are made. Statistics courses are typically offered by mathematics or statistics departments or by social and natural sciences such as economics, political science, psychology, and biology. Here we discuss how to construct a statistics course for students in nonquantitative fields, with a goal of integrating statistical material with students’ substantive interests, using student-focused teaching methods and technology to increase student involvement. We demonstrate this kind of hybrid course with the example of an introductory applied statistics class, taught at both the University of Toronto’s Anne Tanenbaum Center for Jewish Studies and the United States Naval Academy.

An Effective and Efficient Method to Estimate Average Paddy Yield in Sri Lanka Overcoming the Limitations of the Current Method

The Department of Census and Statistics of Sri Lanka carries out an island-wide scheme of estimating paddy's average yield, called the Crop Cutting Survey. It was debated and argued about the accuracy of the data generated through a cumbersome approach which consumes a lot of labour and resources. The objective of this study was to develop an efficient method that would help overcome the limitations of the current method. This study was accomplished through a questionnaire survey and an experimental survey. The GIS technology has been applied to measure the cultivated area and yield measurements by weighting the harvested yield. The weight measurements were subjected to different scaling factors derived through the study. The sample survey of the new methodology was carried out in the Ampara district for 2 paddy varieties namely BG357 and AT362 for the 2017/2018 Maha season. A stratified Random sampling method was used for the selection of paddy parcels. Average paddy yield, scaling factors, and cost of production of these two paddy varieties were calculated separately. The district's estimated paddy yield through the proposed method is 4568.17 kg/ ha, which is not significantly different from the published average (4562 kg ha-1) in paddy statistics of 2017/2018. This is obvious that the proposed method was more effective and efficient than the current method, which assists the government in planning and making policy decisions at the correct time.

Does the Strength of Labour Regulation Affect Self-Employment? Evidence from the BRICS Countries

This article examines the relationship between labour regulation and self-employment in the BRICS countries by using data from the Labour Regulation Index developed at the Centre for Business Research at Cambridge University (CBR-LRI) and the ILOSTAT collected and developed by the ILO Department of Statistics from 1992 to 2013. The research is conducted in two strands. In the first strand, the study examines the relationship between labour regulation and self-employment at the overall level. The empirical results obtained suggest that a negative relationship exists in Brazil, China, and South Africa, while a positive relationship exists in Russia and South Africa. This implies that, as the relative strength of labour regulation increases in Brazil, China, and South Africa, fewer workers are likely to be engaged in self-employment. In Russia and India, however, the result implies that more workers are likely to be engaged in self-employment with relatively stronger labour regulation. In the second strand, the study provides a breakdown of labour regulation and self-employment into measures of their constituent components, including the regulation on different forms of employment, working time, dismissal of employees, employee representation, and industrial actions and employers’ and vulnerable employment. The findings suggest that not all five aspects of labour regulation have a significant effect on employers’ and vulnerable employment in the BRICS countries except for Russia. The most influential or the only aspect that has a significant effect on employers’ employment is the regulation on different forms of employment in Brazil and South Africa (negative) and Russia (positive), and the regulation on industrial actions in India (positive) and China (negative), while the most influential or the only aspect affecting vulnerable employment is the regulation on dismissal in Brazil (negatively), the regulation on employee representation in Russia (positively), the regulation on different forms of employment in India (positively), the regulation on industrial actions in China (negatively), and the regulation on working time in South Africa (positively).

Assessing the spatial pattern of public primary schools in Moro Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria

Education is one of the most significant investments a nation can make in its citizens that can address poverty and inequality in the nearest future. This study sought to assess the spatial pattern of public primary schools in Moro Local Government Area (LGA) of Kwara State, Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to look at the geographic distribution and the level of inequality of the public primary schools in the study area. The number, names and addresses of public primary schools were obtained from the unit of the planning, research and statistics department of Moro Local Government Education Authority (MGLEA) while the data on the geographic location of the public primary schools were gotten via GPS device (Mreno 120, Garmin). Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages and Lorenz curve were used to assess the distribution of public primary schools in the study area. These data were also analyzed using Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) to derive the spatial pattern of public primary schools in the area. Findings revealed that there are one hundred and fifty six (156) public primary schools in Moro LGA. Findings further revealed that Malete had the highest percentage of public primary schools with 10.3%, followed by Megida with 9.6% while Ajanaku and Pakunma had the least public primary schools, with 1.9% and 2.6%, respectively. The NNA result of the spatial pattern of public primary schools produced a clustered pattern at 0.01% significance level with the Nearest Neighbour Ratio (NNR) of 0.86 and a Z-Score of -3.39. The paper consequently recommends that Moro LGC should liaise with the Kwara state government and other relevant stakeholders in order to ensure that the allocation of primary schools is distributed equitably throughout the LGA for easy accessibility.

Analysis of Students Performance on Admission Placement

In the present-time, getting admission to study a preferred course of choice in the Nigerian tertiary institutions by prospective applicants is highly competitive. As a criteria, applicants are required to meet the UTME (Unified Tertiary Matriculation Examination (UTME) and five (5) relevant ordinary level credits, including English and Mathematics as a prerequisite before securing admission. However, being wrongly placed for a course that is different from ones choice could negatively affect learning and outcomes. Therefore, proper placement would have tendency of enhancing not only learning and outcomes but also self-esteem; thus improved productivity. This paper has examined students’ performance based on the course sought at entry and course placed to study. The CGPA of 300-Level students in the 2020/2021 session of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Yobe State University was used as a particular case for the investigation. Descriptive and Non-parametric techniques were employed. We found that applicants who sought to study computer science or physics at entry but were placed to study mathematics/statistics performed better than those who sought to study chemistry or biology. However, applicants who sought to study chemistry and placed to study mathematics/statistics are fairly better as compared to biology. Conclusively, the results of this study will inform decision makers and tertiary institution managers towards selecting those suitable to study mathematics/statistics if their preferred courses not secured.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FROM THE SURGICAL DEPARTMENT OF A MULTIDISCIPLINARY HOSPITAL IN DYNAMIC OVER 5 YEARS (2017-2021)

Many countries have actively implemented reforms over the last two decades to incrеase the productivity of their healthcare systems and the effectiveness of treatment and prevention activities. And the classical indicators of hospital performance such as the use of hospital beds and the quality of hospital care are the main indicators of good management in a hospital. Material and methods. The object of the study is the medical and statistical performance indicators of the surgical department and the surgical day hospital of the multidisciplinary hospital in Almaty for 5 years (2017–2021). As a source of information, an electronic database of the statistical department of the hospital was used. Medical statistical analysis was applied as a method of study. This type of study is a cross-sectional study based on a retrospective descriptive analysis of official statistics. Results. In terms of dynamics, the structure of those treated in the surgical department does not change. However, there is a significant decrease in the amount of planned surgical pathology compared to the slight drop in hospitalization (a decrease of -40%), possibly due to a decrease in the volume of government orders (a decrease of -43.4%). Within the framework of the state order, the indicator of the average length of stay of a patient in a hospital, in general, tends to decrease from 8,5 in 2017 to 8,2 in 2021. A higher level of surgical activity in the surgical department (76,4% vs. 62,6% in surgical departments in 2021), a lower postoperative complication rate (0,2% vs. 0,3%), and a lower postoperative mortality (0,7% vs. 1,1%) were stated as positive indicators of surgical service. In 2021, the frequency of emergency operations in the surgical department was roughly the same, at 19,1%; the total share of outpatient surgery (for all profiles) in the structure of all surgery was 11,3%. Conclusion. The identified deterioration in the use of hospital beds in the surgical department (decrease in bed turnover, increase in the average duration of one case of hospitalization, decrease in the planned number of bed days) requires improvement of the planning and control system for hospitalization. Perhaps this problem is relevant for many multidisciplinary hospitals

Disaggregated Components of Public Debt and Economic Growth of Pakistan

Purpose
 This study analyze the impact of the disaggregated components of Public debt and its servicing on the economic growth of Pakistan. More specifically, the domestic debt components are Floating Debt, Unfunded Debt and Permanent Debt, and external debt components are Multilateral Debt, Paris Club Debt, and Bilateral Debt.
 Approach and Methodology
 The data has been collected from 1976 to 2021 from World Bank Indicators and Statistics department of SBP and Pakistan Economic Survey Reports. ARDL model is employed on the Karagol Model (2002). 
 Findings 
 The finding as; the floating, unfunded multilateral, bilateral debt’s component and debt servicing impact negatively on the economic growth of Pakistan except Paris Club debt and Permanent debt.
 Policy Recommendations 
 The recommendation of using Permanent Debt among domestic debt components and Paris Club Debt as of external debt components despite using other components of public debt

Prevalence of chronic venous insufficiency and deep vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients.

People with cirrhosis of the liver are at risk for complications that can worsen their quality of life and increase morbidity and mortality. Contrary to previous beliefs, cirrhosis does not protect against the development of thromboembolic events, and cirrhotic patients may have higher rates of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The study of chronic venous disease and its impact on patients with cirrhosis is unknown in the literature and may be an important fact since this condition also had impact on quality of life and morbidity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of DVT (Deep Venous thrombosis) in outpatients with cirrhosis and the degree of chronic venous insufficiency, evaluating possible correlations between clinical and laboratory aspects of cirrhotic patients with these pathologies. Patients with cirrhosis were evaluated in the outpatient clinic of the Liver Transplantation and Hepatology Service of HC-FMUSP from November 2018 to November 2022, with clinical evaluation, venous disease questionnaires, data collection of imaging and laboratory tests, and venous color Doppler ultrasound. The information was analyzed by the University of São Paulo (USP) Statistics Department. There was a prevalence of 7.6% of DVT in studied patients, VCSS score 6.73 and severe CEAP classification (C4-6) 32.1%. There was no association of DVT with qualitative variables by the Fisher test such as Child Turcotte Pugh Scale (CTP) (p = 0.890), dichotomized INR values (p = 0.804), etiology of cirrhosis (p = 0.650) and chronic kidney disease (p > 0.999), nor with quantitative variables by t-student's such as age (p = 0.974), Body Mass Index (BMI) (p = 0.997), MELD score (p = 0.555), Albumin (p = 0.150) and Platelets (p = 0.403). We found that as the severity of ascites increases, there is an increase in the proportion of patients classified in the category indicating more severe clinical manifestations of chronic venous disease (C4 to C6). The mean age (54 years) was higher in patients with DVT than in those without. The mean BMI of patients without DVT (25.7 kg/m2) is lower than that of patients with DVT (27.0 kg/m2). The prevalence of DVT is higher in patients with thrombophilia (20.0%) than in those without (7.0%). This suggests an association between the two variables. The descriptive measures of the MELD score, the cirrhosis scale used for liver transplant waiting lists, did not indicate an association of this scale with the occurrence of DVT. The incidence of VTE (Venous Thromboembolic Events) and CVD (Chronic Venous Disease) within the sample surpassed that of the general population; nevertheless, more studies are required to validate these results. Concerning venous thromboembolism, no correlation was observed between the variables within the sample and the augmented risk of VTE. Regarding chronic venous disease, studies have shown that edema and orthostatism are correlated with increased severity of CVD on the VCSS scales. Statistical dispersion methods suggest that patients with higher BMI and more severe liver disease (according to the Child-Pugh score) are more likely to experience worsening of CVD. About chronic venous disease, studies have shown that edema and orthostatism are correlated with increased severity of CVD on the VCSS scales.