Department Of Plant Protection Research Articles

KAJIAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT 10 AKSESI TEMPUYUNG PADA BUDIDAYA ORGANIK

Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.) is known in Indonesia as traditional medicine. This study was conducted to observe diseases that attack tempuyung in organic cultivation. Ten accessions of sowthistle were collected from Dramaga, Cibadak, Cicurug, Lembang, Matesih, Sekipan, Tawangmangu, Batu, Banjararum, and Sumbersekar, with altitudes between 186-1280 m above sea level and rainfall of 988-2573 mm. The research was carried out in the organic experimental field of Cikarawang, IPB, Bogor, with a geographical location of 6o30' - 6o45' SL and 106o30'-106o45´ EL and an altitude of 190 m above sea level. The research location is a lowland with 1618 mm of rainfall during the study. Pest identification was carried out in the Plant Clinic laboratory of the Plant Protection Department of IPB. Disease identification was carried out by taking symptomatic plants, then isolated and grown in PDA media and then identified. The results showed that the disease that attacked the sowthistle in this experiment was caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas sp and fungi Fusarium sp. The disease attack rate ranges from 32 to 60%. Disease attacks were controlled by removing the affected plants and then spraying with turmeric solution in a ratio of 1: 10. Pests that attacked sowthistle were snails, grasshoppers, fruit borer caterpillars, and panicle-sucking insects.

Morfometri parasitoid nyamuk ganjur alang-alang asal Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat

Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) merupakan spesies rumput yang menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi. Salah satu serangga yang dilaporkan memiliki potensi sebagai agens pengendali hayati alang-alang adalah nyamuk ganjur alang-alang Orseolia javanica Kieffer & van Leeuwen-Reinjnvaan (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Perkembangan nyamuk ganjur alang-alang dipengaruhi oleh musuh alami, namun informasi terkait musuh alami parasitoid nyamuk ganjur alang-alang belum banyak diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, mendeskripsikan karakter morfologi dan morfometri parasitoid nyamuk ganjur alang-alang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari bulan Juli 2018 sampai Juni 2019. Ganjur alang-alang diambil dari pematang sawah di Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Pemeliharaan ganjur alang-alang dan pengukuran morfometri dilakukan di Laboratorium Biosistematika Serangga, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Tiga spesies parasitoid ditemukan pada ganjur tumbuhan alang-alang yang terparasit, yaitu Platygaster orseoliae Buhl (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae), Aprostocetus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), dan Propicroscytus mirificus (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Hasil Pengukuran morfometri parasitoid ganjur alang-alang menunjukkan ukuran panjang tubuh betina P. orseoliae sebesar 0,65–0,98 mm, dan panjang tubuh jantan adalah 0,69–1,07 mm. Panjang tubuh betina Aprostocetus sp. sebesar 1,51–2,02 mm dan panjang tubuh jantan adalah 1,13–1,29 mm. Panjang tubuh betina P. mirificus adalah 4,14–4,46 mm. Analisis komponen utama (principal component analysis) menunjukkan parasitoid P. orseoliae tidak memiliki perbedaan antara jantan dan betina, Aprotocetus sp. betina memiliki ukuran tubuh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan jantan, dan P. mirificus memiliki ukuran tubuh paling besar dibandingkan dengan parasitoid lainnya.

Efficacy of Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae), Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae) and soft soap for controlling Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

The toxicity of bulb extract of garlic, Allium sativum L. (Amaryllidaceae), the leaf extract of tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae), soft soap and the mixtures of soft soap with the garlic and tobacco extracts on Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) were investigated in the Plant Protection Department of Ordu University between 2014 and 2018 under controlled conditions. The ovicidal and adulticidal effects were tested against 0-24-h-old eggs and newly emerged adult females (1-2 days old) of P. latus, respectively at five concentrations of each extract. The efficacies of the same solutions in controlling the P. latus population were investigated on potted Barbunia bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., 1753 cv. Barbunia (Fabaceae) plants in a climatic room as well. The results demonstrated that the soft soap and the garlic bulb extract+soft soap mixture are promising for controlling P. latus. The ovicidal effects of soap at 10% and garlic+soap mixture at 20% were 100% and 97.8%, respectively. Additionally, the adulticidal effects of soap at 7.5 and 10% and garlic+soap mixture at 10% were not significantly different and ranged between 90-100%. Also, the soap (10%) and garlic+soap (20%) treatments were able to keep the mite population on bean plants below the economic threshold for 1 week.

Standardized Organic Fertilizer Formulations and their Effectiveness in Enhancing the Role of Biological Agents to Increase Disease Resistance and Maize Productivity in Marginal Lands

Background: The importance of standardized organic fertilizers with relatively balanced levels of NPK elements, in order to increase the role of organic fertilizers as a source of nutrition for plants which at the same time can improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties and can increase the role of organic fertilizers as a medium for growth and development of biological agents so that they can increase its role as a biopesticide and biofertilizer, thereby simultaneously increasing crop productivity on marginal land. Methods: This research was conducted in the period June-November 2019 at South Konawe Regency Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia and in the Integrated Laboratory of Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kendari Halu Oleo University. Assessing and formulating organic fertilizers by taking into account the composition of the ingredients which include; C/N ratio of the total material, elemental content of NPK, C-Organic content, moisture content and pH, to produce standardized organic fertilizers, with relatively balanced levels of NPK elements. The field research was arranged in a randomized block design consisting of 3 treatments including B0 = Inorganic fertilizer (control); B1 = Organic fertilizer formula A + agens hayati Biofresh; B2 = Organic fertilizer formula B + agens hayati biofresh. Each treatment was repeated 3 times, which in total there were 9 experimental units. Result: The formulation of organic fertilizers by taking into account the composition of the ingredients can produce organic fertilizers of a standard quality, with relatively balanced levels of NPK elements, effectively increasing the ability of biofresh biological agents, so as to increase the disease suppression index by 30.12%, with an increase in productivity of 14.31% of non-standard organic fertilizer treatments. And with the efficiency of using biofresh biological agents of 70.6%.

К юбилею ФНЦ «ВИК им. В. Р. Вильямса»: об отделе защиты растений

The main directions of research on chemical means of protecting fodder crops from diseases, pests and weeds in the field fodder production of the All-Russian Fodder Research Institute are given. Studies on toxicological assessment of feed and soil are given. Plant Protection Department included three laboratories: the Herbicide Laboratory, the Plant Protection Laboratory and the Feed Toxicological Evaluation Laboratory. The Laboratory of Herbicides was established in 1967 to conduct research on the chemical method of controlling weeds on fodder crops, hayfields and pastures. Research on the study of pests of fodder crops was started in 1939 in the newly created laboratory for the protection of fodder crops from pests and diseases. The Feed Toxicology Assessment Laboratory was established in 1980 to assess pesticide residues in crop and soil. As a result of the studies, a system of measures for clover from pests has been developed; alfalfa diseases and pests and measures to combat them in the Non-Chernozem zone were studied. Pests and pathogens of corn, root crops, peas, lupine and other fodder crops were identified; their biology, ecology and harmfulness have been studied. A set of protective measures has been developed to combat the main pests and diseases of fodder crops, including soil cultivation techniques, early sowing dates, the use of resistant varieties, micro- and macrofertilizers, pre-sowing treatment of seeds with combined preparations, etc. Plant Protection Department carried out work with herbicides. As a result of research begun in 1950, a method was developed to clean the meadows from weedy herbaceous vegetation with the help of preparations 2,4-D and 2M-4X. A chemical method for the destruction of woody and shrubby vegetation with the help of the same preparations in the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of the USSR has been developed. Methods of using herbicides on crops of almost all fodder crops have been developed: perennial and annual legumes and cereal grasses for green mass and seeds, corn, fodder beets, rapeseed, etc. The theoretical issues of the mutual influence of fodder crops and weeds are studied, the substantiation of the effectiveness of the use of herbicides on different types of soils is given.

Efficiency of the Fungi Baeuveria Bassiana, Lecanicillum Muscarium, Metarhizium Acridum, ISARIA Fumorovosea to Control the Lace Bug

The laboratory study was conducted in the laboratories of the Department of Plant Protection / Integrated Management of Production and Plant Protection projects. The study aimed to determine and the effectiveness of some biological factors (pathogenic fungi) on the nymphs and adults of the Stephanitis Pyri (Fabricius). The results of the study showed the variation in the rates of killing of fungi on the different stages of the insect S. pyri, as its nymphs were affected for a shorter period of time than the adults. The Metarhizium acridum at a concentration of 1 x 710 spores/ml was superior in its effect on nymphs, so the killing rate was 100%, While the killing rate of Beauveria bassiana was 93.8%, while that of Isaria fumosorosea was 87.5%, and the fungus Lecanicillum muscarium had a killing rate of 75%, with the same concentration as before. As for its effect on the adult role at the same concentration and time period, the killing rate was 70.6, 64.7, 52.9 and 58.8%, respectively, for the mentioned preparations.

Several local food plants with the potential as hosts for Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract. Nelly N, Hamid H, Lina EC, Yunisman, Hidrayani, Widyasari DM. 2022. Several local food plants with the potential as hosts for Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Biodiversitas 23: 1693-1699. Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) or abbreviated as FAW is a major invasive pest of corn crops in America, its native country. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of several plant types as hosts on FAW biology and reproduction. It was conducted at the Insect Bioecology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Andalas University using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 4 replications. The FAW larvae from the field were fed with different plant leaves, namely corn (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), soybeans (Glycine max), and reared until the second generation. Meanwhile, the larvae in the second generation were used as test insects with different feed treatments. Observations were made on the morphology and life parameters of FAW, including the length of the stadia, egg, larvae, pupae, and adult, as well as the laying time and pattern, with the number of eggs produced. The results showed that there were no morphological differences in S. frugiperda, except for the size. Moreover, the body size of the adult-derived from larvae fed with soybean leaves, namely 25.95 mm, was the smallest compared to corn and rice, while the shortest time for larvae development from instar I to VI was obtained with corn leaf feed for 13.55 days. The life span of females derived from larvae fed on soybean leaves was shorter than the others. Larvae fed on soybeans, female life span was 26.00, rice was 34.00 and corn was 31.44 days. Adult females of larvae given soybean leaves produced the highest number of eggs (879.44 eggs) compared to rice (505.00 eggs) and maize (546.33 eggs). Local food crops other than corn, namely rice and soybeans, can be potential hosts for S. frugiperda.

Behavioural Response of Female Melon Fruit Fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Bitter Gourd Accessions/Variety

The biochemical factors can provide a source of resistance and chemical stimuli play a vital role in host plant selection by feeding and oviposition. The development of genotypes/varieties resistant to melon fruit fly is an essential component of Integrated Pest Management. Field experiments were conducted during 2018-19 in farmer’s field at Ellamanam village and laboratory studies were conducted at the Department of Plant Protection, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli District. A screening of 12 accessions/varieties (2 resistant, 6 moderately resistant, 3 susceptible, and 1 highly susceptible) was selected for y- tube olfactometer studies to confirm resistance. The behavioral response of fruit fly, Z. cucurbitae, to kairomone compound emitted from bitter gourd leaves and fruits were extracted using different solvents viz., hexane, dichloromethane, and distilled water. The result concluded that hexane and dichloromethane leaf and fruit extract of TCR 393 showed high duration for fruit fly attraction and lower attractancy, followed by Musiri local-1, MC-10, Ucha small, Bikner -2 , Musiri local-2, and CO-1 and if identified kairomone compound may be useful for monitoring and managing of Z. cucurbitae.

Desert Locust Episode in Pakistan, 2018–2021, and the Current Status of Integrated Desert Locust Management

AbstractDesert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), swarms during outbreaks, and plagues can invade many countries across vast regions of Africa and Asia, consuming substantial quantities of crops and rangeland vegetation. In the most recent desert locust episode, which originated in Saudi Arabia’s remote interior in June 2018, and swarms entered Pakistan in March 2019, devastating important crops, such as cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.; wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; and maize, Zea mays L., in >60 districts of Baluchistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh provinces. A national emergency was declared on 1 February 2020. A national emergency was declared on 1 February 2020 and the Department of Plant Protection responded by conducting surveillance and control operations with the assistance of other Pakistani organizations, and multilateral and bilateral international aid agencies. Surveillance and control operations were performed by ground and by air, applying mostly oil-based ultra-low volume insecticide formulations combined with some nonconventional control tactics. The Pakistan government also established a detailed multi-phased locust control policy and a National Locust Control Center with rapid response units deployed to vulnerable districts. To prevent or mitigate desert locust-associated agricultural damage, additional improvements to surveillance and control approaches are needed. The desert locust’s unique behaviors, and the magnitude and intermittency of swarming episodes, pose challenges to the development and implementation of coherent integrated pest management strategies. The status of a possible integrated approach to desert locust management, including proactive and preventive intervention strategies, is discussed.

THE EFFECT OF THE BACTERIAL IN KILLING BELTHIRUL WP THE THIRD AND FIFTH LARVAL AGES OF GALLERIA MELLONELLA L.

This study was conducted in the laboratory of postgraduate studies in the Department of Plant Protection / College of Agriculture and Forestry for the year 2019 and included a laboratory study to find out the effect of the bacterial Belthirul WP with some other auxiliaries on the percentage killing of larvae of the third and fifth ages of the great wax moth Galleria mellonella L. after different exposure periods. The results showed that the average percentage killing percentage with concentrations (1, 2, 3 gm/ liter) for the bacterial Belthirul WP, the exposure period for the third and fifth larval ages، and the overlap between the biocide concentrations, exposure periods and larval ages exceeded the concentration of 3 gm / liter significantly in the average killing ratios of third and fifth age larvae after 72 hours of treatment, it reached the highest average 100، 95.5% respectively. The results also showed the superiority of myrtle oil in compatibility with the bacterial biocide in increasing mortality percentages, as it reached 100 and 97% and after 72 hours of treatment for larvae of the third and fifth ages of the great wax moth, respectively.

NON-CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF URTICA PILULIFERA OIL EXTRACT ON THE MORTALITY RATES OF WHITE –FLY IMMATURE STAGES BEMISIA TABACI ON CUCUMBER PLANT IN PLASTIC HOUSE

This study conducted in Plant Protection Department College of Agriculture and Forestry Mosul University in 2020 to know the non_cumulative effect of oil extract of Urtica pilulifera on mortality rate of immature stage of White-fly Bemisia tabaci on cucumber plant in plastic house . The results show that the higher rate of mortality in egg was 24.33% at conc.3% after 72 h.of treatment. And the higher rate of mortality of nymph was 46.33% at conc.3% after 72 h. OF treatment.

Evaluation Efficiency of Different Isolate of Actinomycetes for Control of Cucumber Seedling Damping-off Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Khun)

Fayyadh, M.A. and L.K. Awad. 2021. Evaluation Efficiency of Different Isolate of Actinomycetes for Control of Cucumber Seedling Damping-off Disease Caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Khun). Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 39(4): 281-288. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-39.4.281288 This study was conducted in Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah during the period 2017-2018 aimed to isolate and identify Actinomycetes from different environmental sources and evaluate their efficiency to control cucumber damping off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani. 28 isolates of Actinomycetes were isolated from different sources from the Basrah region. All such isolates were gram positive, amylase and catalase positive and they had branched hyphae. Molecular identification following amplification of 16sRNA confirmed that Actinomycetes isolate No 6 isolated from soil had a similarity of 99% with Streptomyces griseus, whereas the isolate No 66 isolated from date palm roots had a similarity of 99% with Brevibacterium celere. The nucleotide sequence of the two isolates has been deposited at NCBI with Genbank accession number LC501385.1 for S. griseus and LC501386.1 for B. celere. The dual culture technique showed that Actinomycetes isolates S. griseus and B. celere had high antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani, which produced inhibition zones of 7 and 15 mm in dimeter, respectively. On the other hand, volatile compoundsreleased from S. griseus and B. celere inhibited the growth of R. solani by 68 and 81.5%, respectively. Pot experiment showed that all actinomycetes isolates significantly reduced cucumber seedling damping–off incidence caused by R. solani. Keywords: Actinomycetes, Rhizoctonia solani, Cucumber, Biological Control

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME DRY DATE VARIETIES TO INFESTATION WITH THE SAW-TOOTHED GRAIN BEETLE, ORYZAEPHILUS SURINAMENSIS (L.)

ABSTRACT The saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) is considered one of the mostserious insect pests which attack different stored products in all over the world. This study wascarried out in the Laboratory of Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Egypt to study the susceptibility of six dry date, Phoenix dactylifera (L.) varieties (Malkabi, Skooty, Pertomoda, Shamia, Dekina and Gondella) to infestation with the saw-toothed grain beetle under non-choice and free-choice conditions. Parameters of evaluation among the tested varieties as regards resistance were mean complete developmental period, number of F1 emerged adults, susceptibility index and weight loss % after one and three months of storage. Results showed that the shortest mean complete developmental period of the insect was 28.33 days on Skooty variety, while the longest one was 33.67 days on Gondella variety in free–choice bioassay method. Dekina variety was the most preferred variety to the insect since their fruits produced the highest mean insect number of progeny (73.67 adults), whereas Skooty variety recorded the lowest mean (25.67 adults). Values of susceptibility index (SI) ranged between 4.38% for Gondella and 10.69% for Skooty. After one month of storage the percentage of wet weight lossranged between 1.83 in Pertomoda and 10.83% in Malkabi, while after three months of storage the lowest rate was 5.83 % in Gondella variety and the highest one (25.67%) was detected in Malkabi variety. The relative wet weight loss percent reached the highest value (30.80%) in Malkabi variety and the lowest one was 5.20% in Pertomoda after one month of storage. After three months of storage, Malkabi date variety recorded the maximum value of the relative wet weight loss(28.84%), whereas the minimum value (6.55%) was recorded in Gondella variety. The results clear that all tested dry date varieties were infested with O. surinamensis and no immune variety wasfound free from the insect infestation with preferable some tested varieties to the insect.

Optimization of in vitro solid culture of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) HBH hybrid strain

Entomopathogenic nematodes are soil-dwelling biocontrol agents. EPNs need an insect host to complete their life cycle, and they kill their host during its development. The major disadvantage of EPNs is the high cost of commercial products. Thus, there are many studies focused on reducing production costs by optimization of mass production. In a previous project, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) HBH hybrid strain was developed from local isolates. This hybrid strain was patented due to superior bioecological characteristics. This study aimed to optimize in vitro solid mass production of hybrid strain. All laboratory trials were performed between 2017 and 2018, in Nematology Laboratory of Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection. For optimization, additional supplementary ingredients (soy lecithin and egg yolk), temperature (24, 28 and 32°C) and medium pH (5, 7 and 9) were selected as production parameters. Optimization was evaluated based on hermaphrodite egg numbers, total infective juveniles (IJs), IJ body length and IJ virulence. Based on results, best production combination was found as agar containing soy lecithin, 28°C and pH 7. Also, agar media with pH 9 markedly reduced production yield. Consequently, optimum values for some important in vitro solid production parameters of HBH hybrid strain were determined.

Effect of Phosphate and Bio Fertilizers (Trichoderma Harizanum) on The Vegetative and Flowering Growth of Clover Plant (Dianthus Caryophyllus)

Plants need an optimum nutrition range as well as a least necessary limit. Below this minimum level, plants start to present nutrient deficiency signs, so the experiment was conducted in a Plastic Greenhouse of the department of plant protection at the College of Agriculture, the University of Al-Anbar from 20/8/2020 to 20/6/2021 to know study the effect of the superphosphate fertilizer four levels (0,1.5,3 and, 4.5) gm/kg soil and Trichoderma harzianum with three levels (0, 5, and 10) gm/kg soil on growth of Clover Plant. Those variables were used, in addition to the interaction between them, to study the effects on the vegetation and flowering characteristics. The best results were obtained when using the at the treatment of Phosphate fertilizer P2O5 with 4.5 gm and biological fungus with 10 gm/kg soil. The result was leaf area was 12 cm2, Chlorophyll 87.18 mg/100gm damp weight, Anthocyanin 40.12 per g dry weight, flower diameter 9.58 cm, and the surface area of roots was 70.74 cm2.

Pengaruh lokasi terhadap serangan lalat puru Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) pada tumbuhan eksotik invasif Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson dan interaksinya dengan komunitas serangga lokal

The gall fly, Cecidochares connexa (Macquart) was first introduced to Indonesia to control the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson or kirinyuh. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of habitat type and location, and the presence of natural enemies associated with gall flies on their level of attack. This research was be conducted in various types of habitat in Bogor and South Lampung from January to December 2019. Thirty plant samples were obtained using the area species curve method. Sampling was conducted to collect gall in each habitat, it was followed by rearing gall for ± 1 month to see insects that came out from the gall at the Biological Control Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University. The results of this study indicate that the location of the observation affects the level of attack on gall flies against kirinyuh and parachitization of gall flies by parasitoid, while the habitat does not affect both. Then there are other insects associated with kirinyuh in addition gall flies in gall, namely Lonchaea sp.

Functional response and egg production of a native Typhlodromus recki Wainstein, 1958 (Acari: Phytoseiidae) population to Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae)

In this study, which was conducted to determine predation potential of Typhlodromus recki Wainstein, 1958 (Acari: Phytoseiidae) at Ege University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection in 2018-2019. Functional response and egg production of the predatory mite, T. recki fed on different biological stages (egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult male) of the two-spotted spider mite (green form), Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) were studied under laboratory conditions (25±1°C, 60±10% RH and 16:8 h L:D photoperiod). In the experiments, seven prey densities (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128) for each biological stage of the prey were offered daily to the predatory mite. The results of logistic regression analysis indicated that T. recki had a Type II functional response on each developmental stage of its prey according to Holling’s models. The attack rate (α) and the handling time (Th) varied based on the biological stages of the prey. The highest α and the lowest Th values were determined as 1.035 and 0.001 when the predator fed on larvae and eggs of its prey, respectively. The highest average daily mean number of the eggs consumed by T. recki was 111 at 128 prey densities. The highest average daily mean number of eggs deposited by the predator were found to be 1.05 when it fed on the eight-prey density of T. urticae protonymphs. In addition, the lowest average daily mean number of eggs deposited by the predator was 0.15 when fed on the two-prey density with T. urticae adult males. The study indicates that T. recki could be effective and promising biological control agent for T. urticae .

Fruit Scar Incidence and Its Effect on Guava ‘Kristal’ Fruit Quality (Psidium guajava L.) at Low- and Middle-altitude Orchards in Bogor, Indonesia

Information on scar incidence and its effect on fruit quality of ‘Kristal’ guava (Psidium guajava L.) grown on different altitudes is currently limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fruit scar incidence and fruit quality of 'Kristal' guava var. grown on low- and middle-altitude orchards. The research was conducted by collecting 50 samples of fruit harvested from each orchard from January to June 2019. Fruit quality evaluation was carried out at Postharvest Laboratory, Department of the Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, whereas scarring pest observation was conducted at Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, IPB University. Our results showed that the low-altitude orchard produced more fruits with medium, high, and very high scar intensity, while the middle-altitude orchard produced more fruits with low and very low scar intensity. Fruit scar was caused by fruit scarring pests, especially thrips and mites. Fruit tissue damage only occurred on the epidermis of fruit pericarps where the tissue turned brownish and thickened. Additionally, there was no expansion of the damage into the pulp. The peel damage did not affect the fruit taste as indicated in the level of total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), TSS/TA ratio, vitamin C, and total flavonoids content. Fruit external quality was varied in response to altitude, where middle-altitude orchard produced a heavier, a bigger and a lower fruit softness than low-altitude ones. Present findings could be the baseline information for determine the best growth site and adjustment of pest control to maintain fruit quality.

Seasonal quantity dynamics of ground beetles on spring wheat under different fertilization systems

Goal. Determine the dominant species of ground beetles in crops of spring wheat with different fertilization systems and study the seasonal dynamics of the number of ground beetles.
 Methods. The research was conducted in 2017—2019 years on the experimental field of NSC «Institute of Agriculture of NAAS of Ukraine» in department of plant protection from pests and diseases. Accounting of carabids fauna in accordance with the generally accepted methodology, mainly using Barber soil traps. The ecological characteristics are given using literature data.
 Results. Specified species composition of the dominant species of carabids in spring wheat crops under different fertilization systems. Represented the seasonal quantity dynamics of mass species of carabids (Bembidion properans S., Harpalus affinis S., Harpalus rufipes D., Poecilus cupreus L., Harpalus distinguendus D.) with mineral (N90P60K90) and organic (with plowing of by-products of the predecessor) fertilizer systems. Population peaks on spring wheat reached maximums in May due to an increase in the activity of species of the spring-summer group of ground beetles (Bembidion properans S., Harpalus distinguendus D., Poecilus cupreus L.), in June — July — due to the summer-autumn group (Harpalus rufipes D. and Harpalus affinis S).
 Conclusions. The peak activity of carabids in different areas is due to the peculiarities of the biology of each species during the growing season of spring wheat and weather conditions. Of the dominant, the most widespread species with mineral fertilizers was Bembidion properans S., with organic — Harpalus affinis S. There is a difference in the trophic specialization of beetles. In the areas with mineral fertilizer, the number of zoophages and myxophytophages was almost at the same level — 33.4 and 36.6 %, respectively. Organic fertilizer was dominated by myxophytophagous carabids (44%) with a mixed type of diet due to the largest number of species and the number of the genus Harpalus, the percentage of zoophagous was 14.5 %.

Labroratoryuse of some insecticides and microwave technology in the control of red flour beetle castaneum (Herbst ) (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera) Tribolium

The study was carried out to effect of some pesticidesand microwave in red flour beetle in plant protection Department of Agriculture, Basrah University. it was observed that there was a significant difference between the exposure of chemical pesticides and the treatment of control ,as the effect of the larvae death was Deltamethrin pesticide affected the percentage of the destruction of the last larva age and adults stage . The percentage of larval 88.66% compared with the Alpha-cypermethrin and Vapcocidinwere their percentage in which the rate 72.2%and 64.2% respectively. The effect of exposure on the percentage of adult mortality 85.0, 68.8 .53.9% for both Deltamethrin, Alpha-cypermethrin and Vapcocidin respectively. Was superior to the Deltamethrin the mortality rate for larvae and adults 93.53% and 91.5% respectively. The study showed that percentage of mortality of larval and adult increased with increase exposure time and increase intensity of microwave and the highest percentage was at exposure time 20 second, where the mortality rate 100% for the last larva age and adults when the intensity of 800 watts, and did not affect the levels of microwave in the proportion of germination of wheat grain treated as the results of the statistical analysis showed no significant different between treatments and control.