Department Of Plant Protection Research Articles

The Harmfulness of Common Root Rot in Winter Wheat Varieties in Kazakhstan

One of the main drawbacks of winter wheat varieties cultivated in Kazakhstan is their lack of resistance to common root rot. In 2020-2022, samples affected by root rot were taken in the earing phase in stationary experiments of the department of field crops and plant protection of the Kazakh research institute of agriculture and plant growing in the Almaty region. The research aimed to study the harmfulness of common root rot in commercial varieties of winter wheat. The weather did not significantly affect the harmfulness of common root rot. The harmfulness of the disease depended on the variety and degree of disease infestation. These indicators correlated with indicators of plant height, spike length, number of spikelets, and number and weight of grains (p<0.05). All varieties were affected by the disease to a low and moderate degree. In the varieties Almaly and Steklovidnaya 24, yield losses from the disease were 6.4-6.8%; in Farabi, Azharly, and Zhetysu 8.8-9.4%; and in Naz 13.0%. A total of 32-41% of plants were affected by the disease to a low degree and 10-21% to moderate and severe degrees. With a low degree of infestation, yield decreased by 2.4-7.1%, and with moderate and severe degrees by 4.5-12.1%. Factors of the degree of plant infestation and variety correlated (p<0.05) with dependent variables of productive business, stem length, spike length, number of spikelets, and weight of 1,000 grains. Using the method of linear regression, the authors concluded that the winter wheat spikelet number variable was significantly influenced by the variables of stem number (medium correlation) and spikelet length (strong correlation).

Development of diseases and pests in winter wheat crops depending on agrotechnical measures

Aim. To identify the most effective agrotechnical measures to control the number of pests in winter wheat crops. Methods. Field, laboratory, and analytical research methods. We conducted field research as monitoring surveys. Results. The article presents the results of long-term studies of the phytosanitary state of winter wheat crops under various agrotechnical and immunological activities. Conclusions. According to the results of the Department of Plant protection from pests and diseases of the NSC «Institute of Agriculture of NAAS», the timely and high-quality application of agrotechnical measures within 4-5 years allows to reduce the species diversity and the number of populations of pests and pathogens to the threshold level. According to the results of long-term studies, a satisfactory phytosanitary condition of winter wheat crops is provided by late sowing dates (I-II decades of October); the introduction of perennial grasses into the crop rotation as a precursor of winter wheat significantly reduces damage to plants by pests and diseases; introduction of sugar beets in four-field and three-field crop rotation instead of corn, oat, and barley; extension of crop rotation due to the introduction of an additional field of sunflower in the four-field crop rotation; with saturation of crop rotation with cereals up to 40%; under alternative fertilization systems and at moderate doses of mineral fertilizers, in particular nitrogen N30; the development and prevalence of root rot, and damage to stems by cereal flies decreased on the unfertilized background under no-till farming. We identified varieties with group resistance to diseases and pests Polisyanka (to powdery mildew, leaf septoria, root rot, cereal aphid, and wheat thrips) and Pamiati Hirka (to powdery mildew, spikelet septoria, olive mold, and bread sawfly).

SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE SHORT-TERM LEASE OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

He paper presents a scientific and practical justification of the possibilities of short-term lease (rental) of agricultural machinery. (Research purpose) The research purpose is analyzing the provision of agricultural machinery to the agro-industrial complex and to reveal the essence of the problem of organizing a mechanism for short-term rental of agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods) Indicated that the technical equipment of the agro-industrial complex remains at the level of 60-65 percent of the regulatory requirement to date. According to the Department of Crop Production, Mechanization, Chemicalization and Plant Protection of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, as of January 1, 2020, the need to purchase only energy-saturated agricultural machinery is: tractors 70 thousand, combine harvesters 38 thousand, forage harvesters 3 thousand. The use of the mechanism of short-term lease of agricultural machinery will improve the provision of equipment, especially during periods of intense agricultural work (sowing, harvesting). (Results and discussion) The analysis and calculations of economic efficiency have shown the possibility of using this type of replenishment of the machine and tractor fleet for all categories of agricultural producers. It will be of interest in terms of financial costs (rent), tax and depreciation benefits during the operation of short-term lease of agricultural machinery. (Conclusions) As a result of the conducted research, it was concluded that the organization of short-term rental (rental) of agricultural machinery in the agro-industrial complex of Russia, especially in the face of large-scale economic sanctions from the EC countries, the USA and Canada, will serve as an effective measure to ensure the machine and tractor fleet.

The Effect of Sex Ratio and Population Density on Adult and Female Egg-Laying Behavior and Female Longevity of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of sex ratio and population density on Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) adult and female egg laying behavior. This study was conducted to determine the effects of sex ratio and population density on Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) adult and female egg laying behavior. The studies were carried out in the laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection of the Faculty of Agriculture of Selçuk University and in the climate room at 28±1ºC, 70±5% relative humidity and dark environment. Experiments were carried out in 1 Liter jars with 4 replications. Seven for the sex ratio in the trials (1/1.2/1.3/1.4/1.5/1.6/1.7/1 Male/Female), five for the population density (2/1.4/2) .6/3.8/4.10/5 Male/Female) (in a fixed sex ratio of 2 male/female) different parameters were used. According to the results obtained, an increase was observed in the number of eggs laid by a female from the early stages to the intermediate levels in the sex ratio and population density. When we look at the effect of the sex ratio, the number of eggs laid by the female in the ratio of 5 males / 1 females reached the highest level with 312 eggs. In the population density, the female left the largest number of eggs (360 eggs) at a density of 9 adults. In mass production of P. interpunctella, the highest number of eggs will be obtained from females if the adult population density is 9, the sex ratio is 5 males / 1 female and adult food is provided.

Effect of farmer's behavior in cocoa management on insect diversity in Salayo Cocoa Plantation, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Rosalia S, Yonariza, Syahrawati M. 2022. Effect of farmer's behavior in cocoa management on insect diversity in Salayo Cocoa Plantation, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 5064-5073. The behavior of farmers in cocoa cultivation will affect the cocoa (Theobroma cacao) plantation environment and all living things in it, including insects. Disruption of insect diversity will also affect the ecosystem services insects provide, especially those related to improving the quality and quantity of agricultural products, especially cocoa. This study aimed to determine and analyze the diversity of insects in cocoa plantations and the role of insects in the ecosystem. This research was carried out at the Salayo Cocoa Plantation, a small-scale farmers' cocoa plantation in Nagari Salayo, Kubung District, Solok Regency, and the Bioecology Laboratory, Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, from July to October 2021. Insect collection was carried out using pitfall traps, yellow sticky traps, light traps, and spraying with insecticides. Insect sampling was carried out three times. The results showed that in cocoa plantations in Nagari Salayo, Kubung District, Solok Regency, insects from 12 orders, 31 families, and 58 species with a total number of 750 individuals were found, and insect diversity was in the range of 1-3322. Based on their role, the collected insects can be divided into pests, decomposers, pollinators, predators, parasitoids, and neutral insects. The richness and abundance of herbivores were lower than carnivores (predators and parasitoids). The predators with the highest number were Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Good farmer behavior in managing the cocoa plantation can maintain insect diversity and the sustainability of ecosystem services provided by insects.

Acetamiprid Resistance in the Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Selection, Cross-Resistance, Biochemical and Molecular Resistance Mechanisms

Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a polyphagous pest that causes significant losses in many crops. In the present study, the biochemical and molecular mechanism of acetamiprid resistance in a laboratory-selected Myzus persicae population of which the resistance ratios reached 57.5-fold were investigated. This study was conducted in the Isparta University of Applied Sciences, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Plant Protection in 2018 and 2020. Synergism, biochemical and molecular assays showed the absence of increased P450 activity in selected population. In addition, no point mutation in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), the target-site of neonicotinoids including acetamiprid, was detected in the selected population. These results suggests that high level of acetamiprid resistance might be developed via the mechanisms other than well-known mechanisms, such as increased P450 activity and target-site mutations. The population selected with acetamiprid showed decreased susceptibility to imidacloprid, sulfaxaflor, beta-cyfluthrin, and tau-fluvanite ranging from 1.54 to 4.76. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to support cross-resistance by Myzus persicae populations having different genetic backgrounds.

A New Exploration of Practical Teaching Reform in the Department of Plant Protection of Hebei North University

In view of the existing problems in the practical teaching of Plant Protection majors, such as more teaching contents, less comprehensive and innovative contents, disorganized practical teaching system, lenient assessment, insufficient experimental teaching facilities, insufficient practical teaching sites, and lack of continuity of practical teaching contents. The practical teaching of plant protection majors should adopt “open” practice teaching methods in terms of laboratory construction, innovative ability cultivation, practical teaching content highlighting comprehensive and innovative, and practical teaching time. The results of the survey on college graduates and enterprises show that under the “open” practice mode, Plant Protection students will have better overall performance.

Screening of the nematicidal potential of some spice extracts against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae)

Experiments were conducted in the laboratories and greenhouses of Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Faculty, Ondokuz Mayıs University in 2018 and 2019 to investigate the nematicidal effects of aqueous extracts of 13 spices on Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae). Spice extract concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2% were tested in laboratory experiments for inhibition of egg hatching, mortality and immobility of second-stage juveniles (J2s). When used at a concentration of 2%, clove, Syzygium aromaticum L. (Myrtales: Myrtaceae) caused the greatest immobility and mortality of J2s. The extracts had a lesser effect on J2s than the egg hatching. For the pot experiment, five effective spices extracts were selected based on the laboratory experiments. These extracts were applied at 2% to 200 g of soil inoculated with 3,000 nematode eggs then susceptible tomato seedlings were transplanted into the soil. Forty-five days after inoculation, the gall index and the quantity of nematode eggs on roots were determined and reproduction factor of nematode calculated. All extracts, except cumin, Cuminum cyminum L. (Apiales: Apiaceae), reduced root gall index and the reproduction factor when compared to control. Basil, Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) extract reduced nematode reproduction the greatest degree, followed by turmeric, Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberales: Zingiberaceae) and clove extracts.

Effect of calcium chloride on reducing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. infection on post-harvest fruits of Carica papaya L. ​

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is one of the significant post-harvest diseases in fruit crops such as papaya (Carica papaya, L.). calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration potentially reduces the infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in papaya fruit coating, the design used in this study was Complete Randomized Design (CRD) using 5 treatments of CaCl2 (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) with 5 replications. The study was conducted at the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, from April to July 2020. different concentrations of calcium chloride were sprayed on the surface of papayas with anthracnose symptoms. The symptoms, signs of the disease, and the intensity of the disease were observed after treatment. The intensity of the disease attack on the tenth day after the application showed non-significant results. The in vivo trial showed that the calcium chloride concentration of 8% could inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides by up to 20.93%. The papayas treated with CaCl2 at a concentration of 8% were entirely infected on the fifth day after application, while those treated with 2, 4 and 6% CaCl2 and control were infected on the third day. The calcium chloride 8% suppresses the incidence and severity of anthracnose.

Effect of calcium chloride on reducing Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. infection on post-harvest fruits of Carica papaya L. ​

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is one of the significant post-harvest diseases in fruit crops such as papaya (Carica papaya, L.). calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration potentially reduces the infection of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in papaya fruit coating, the design used in this study was Complete Randomized Design (CRD) using 5 treatments of CaCl2 (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8%) with 5 replications. The study was conducted at the Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, from April to July 2020. different concentrations of calcium chloride were sprayed on the surface of papayas with anthracnose symptoms. The symptoms, signs of the disease, and the intensity of the disease were observed after treatment. The intensity of the disease attack on the tenth day after the application showed non-significant results. The in vivo trial showed that the calcium chloride concentration of 8% could inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides by up to 20.93%. The papayas treated with CaCl2 at a concentration of 8% were entirely infected on the fifth day after application, while those treated with 2, 4 and 6% CaCl2 and control were infected on the third day. The calcium chloride 8% suppresses the incidence and severity of anthracnose.

Locust Attack: Managing and Control Strategies by the Government of Pakistan

During outbreaks of Schistocerca gregaria, the desert locust swarms, and plagues known to infest numerous regions across wide areas of Asia and Africa. The locust devours large amounts of crops and rangeland flora. Recently the locust outbreak began in June 2018 in Saudi Arabia’s distant areas and entered in Pakistan March 2019, destroying main crops such as cotton, wheat, rice and maize in many districts across Baluchistan, Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces. On February 1, 2020, a national emergency was proclaimed, and the Plant Protection department countered by launching monitoring and prevention activities with the help of other institutions in Pakistan, as well as global and bilateral organizations. Surveillance and control activities were carried out with the majority of the insecticide formulations being oil-based ultra-low volume, nonconventional and green technology approaches. In addition, the Pakistani government devised a comprehensive phase wised management strategy as well as a National Locust Control Center with fast retort troops deployed in critical areas. Additional surveillance and control measures are needed to stop or alleviate desert locust-related agriculture damages. The unusual characteristics of the desert locust, as well as the size and frequency of swarming events, make developing and implementing IPM measures difficult. The state of prospective integrated measures to control locusts is discussed, as well as proactive and preventive intervention options.

Semi-artificial diet developed for the successful rearing of red palm weevil: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) in the laboratory

ObjectivesThe red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) is the most destructive insect pest of several palm species, worldwide. The maintaining of RPW laboratory colonies for experimentation has been very challenging. We synthesized a standardized semi-artificial diet which is easy to prepare and economical for the rearing of RPW. MethodsThe effects of semi-artificial diet on biological traits related to RPW development were studied at the Economic Entomology Research Unit (EERU), Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The diet was synthesized by combining shredded date palm petiole tissues, corn flour, wheat flour, ascorbic acid, sodium benzoic, sorbic acid, agar, and distilled water. Three replicates, each containing fifty newly hatched larvae, were reared on the semi-artificial diet. The developmental time of RPWs fed on the newly synthesized diet was compared to the growth rate of conspecifics fed on date palm and previously published artificial diets. ResultsFully-grown larval weight ranged from 4 to 6 g (5 ± 0.19 g), and larval duration ranged from 46 to 57 days (53 ± 0.3 days). Average adult emergence was 58–98 % (78 ± 0.6), with an average weight of 0.90 g for males and 0.97 g for females. Complete life span was between 48 and 98 days (77 ± 0.9 days). On present semi artificial diet, several larvae had 11 larval instars. The diet has a shelf life of at least seven days and can last up to two weeks if properly kept and saved. ConclusionsIn conclusion, the present study proved that semi artificial diet is quite capable for the successful rearing of RPW. The growth and development of RPW larvae reared in this experiment were comparable to those fed on a natural diet.

Creation of the initial breeding material of soft winter wheat with a complex of economically valuable traits

Purpose. Creation of new breeding material of soft winter wheat, highly resistant to diseases of the ear and pest colonization for use in the breeding process. Methods. The studies were carried out in 2017–2020 under conditions of artificial inoculation of wheat plants with pathogens of common bunt and fusariosis of the ear in field infectious nurseries of the Department of Plant Protection of the V. M. Remeslo Institute of Wheat of NAAS. An artificial infectious background of common bunt was created according to the method of A. I. Borggard-Anpilogov, which consists in contamination of seed material with spores several days before sowing. An artificial infectious background of fusarium ear blight was created by spraying soft winter wheat plants in the flowering phase with a suspension of spores isolated from the local pathogen population. Results. According to the results of the conducted research, highly resistant (up to 5% ear dama­ge) combinations of hybrids of the fourth generation of soft wheat were selected against the causative agent of fusarium: ‘Berehynia Myronivska’ / ‘Nobeoka bozu’ had a thrips population of 5.2 ind./ear, and cereal leaf beetle – 35,0 ind./m2 and ‘Horly­tsia myronivska’ / ‘C-Lokia’, the thrips population of which was 5.0 ind./ear, cereal leaf beetle – 2.0 ind./m2. On an artificial infectious background of fourth-generation hybrids, in terms of resistance to common bunt, the crossing combinations ‘Berehynia Myronivska’ / ‘Horianka’, ‘Lehenda Myronivska’ / ‘Nana’ were selected, which were affected by common bunt from 15 to 20%, and thrips population was 2.8–8.6 ind./ear, cereal leaf beetle – 5.0–6.0 ind./m2. The highest indicators of the length of the ear, the number of grains in the ear and the mass of grain from the ear were obtained in the combinations of ‘Oberih Myronivskyi’ / ‘Maris Templer’ and ‘Berehynia Myronivska’ / ‘Horianka’, which were created in accordance with the breeding programs of soft winter wheat for resistance against fusarium head blight and common bunt. Conclusions. The constant lines of soft winter wheat, isolated by complex resistance against diseases and pests, are used in the breeding process of the V. M. Remeslo Institute of Wheat of NAAS and the National Center of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine (The Plant Production Institute named after V. Ya. Yuriev, Kharkiv).

Keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan kumbang daun (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pada empat tipe penggunaan lahan yang berbeda di Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas dan Hutan Harapan, Provinsi Jambi

Deforestrasi memberikan dampak perubahan ekosistem dan biodiversitas. Perubahan tata guna lahan diketahui dapat memberikan dampak perubahan pada keanekaragaman dan populasi serangga, seperti semut dan kumbang di Provinsi Jambi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari keanekaragaman, kelimpahan, dan komposisi kumbang daun di lanskap Taman Nasional Bukit Duabelas (TNBD) dan Hutan Harapan. Koleksi serangga dilakukan menggunakan metode pengasapan. Sebanyak empat plot dipilih dari masing-masing tipe penggunaan lahan dan masing-masing plot ditentukan tiga subplot. Serangga yang jatuh ditampung dalam wadah (1 m x 1 m) yang telah dipasang di bawah kanopi sebelum pengasapan. Sampel serangga disortir dan diidentifikasi di Laboratorium Pengendalian Hayati, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University. Total kumbang daun yang diperoleh adalah 1.040 individu yang terdiri atas 6 subfamili dan 127 morfospesies. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman kumbang daun dipengaruhi oleh tipe penggunaan lahan lahan, tetapi tidak dengan lanskap yang berbeda.

СЕМЕННЫЕ КАЧЕСТВА РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ГЕНОТИПОВ ЯРОВОГО ЯЧМЕНЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРЕДКАМСКОЙ ЗОНЫ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely cultivated as a food, fodder and industrial crop. Agricultural production needs to create a system of complementary varieties that takes into account regional characteristics. In order to select varieties adapted to the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan, the seed qualities of 16 new varieties of different ecological and geographical origin, domestic and foreign selection were studied. The experiments were laid on the Arsk variety plot of the Republic of Tatarstan. The studies were carried out in 2020–2021. at the Department of General Agriculture, Plant Protection and Breeding of the Institute of Agrobiotechnologies and Land Use. The conditions of crop formation had a specific effect on the formation of seed germination, which is probably related to the level of their adaptive potential. According to the complex of morphometric data of seed sprouts, among the best varieties are Endan bred by the Kazan Federal Research Center, Finist - Samara FRC, Orda - Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture, Soratnik - Kurgansemena LLC, Kornet resistant - National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Guzel - bred by a French breeding and seed company. A comparative analysis of the change in the weight of 1000 grains of varieties under the influence of the conditions of a dry 2021 showed that the largest-grained genotypes with a weight of more than 54 g of selection from Germany, France, and the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus in drought conditions reduce grain filling by 7-17%. The varieties of local selection Endan and Tevkech formed larger grains in the dry year 2021, which may be due to a longer grain filling due to the increased drought resistance of plants of these varieties. This indicator was also stable in the varieties Koldun (NAS of Belarus), Eifel France), and varieties of the Ural selection Orda and Soratnik, which may also indicate a higher level of plant homeostasis. The varieties Koldun, Nord 17/2645 and Nord 17/2610 were the most free from seed infection from the harvests of both years of study, which indicates their resistance to these types of fungal infection.

BIOLOGY OF Pentalonia nigronervosa COQUEREL ON VARIOUS ZINGIBERACEOUS CROPS

Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera; Aphididae) is the main vector of banana bunchy top disease caused by Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV). The disease is an important and most damaging disease to the crop because infected bananas fail to produce fruits. As the vector of BBTV, P. nigronervosa is able to lives not only on banana plants but also on others plants, especially those belong to Family Zingiberaceae. The objective of this research was to reveal the biology of P. nigronervosa on banana and other plant species belong to Family Zingiberaceae commonly found around banana cultivation areas. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Entomology, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University from June to December 2021. The research was an experimental research arranged in a Completely Randomized Design using plant species as treatment and was replicated 10 times of replications. Young suckers of banana and zingiberaceous plants were used to rear the banana aphid where all biological aspects of the aphid were observed. P. nigronervosa and the young suckers were placed in a transparent pot covered with transparent plastic with a window made from cheese cloth to facilitate air movement. Room temperature was set to approximately 25oC since the aphid grow and reproduce well under such temperature. The results showed that P. nigronervosa are able to live and reproduce not only on banana but also on seven species of Zingiberaceous plants with little variation of some morphological and biological parameters. The significant different was found between biological characteristics of the aphid lived on torch ginger and cardamom which had longer life cycle but smaller fecundity compared to other experimental hosts used in the research.

Adana İlinde pamukta zararlı Çiğit emici böceği, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) ile birlikte saptanan avcı arthropoda türleri ve popülasyon değişimleri

Bu çalışma ile Adana ili Balcalı yöresinde pamuk tarlasında 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında Çiğit emici böceği, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) birlikte bulunan avcı arthropoda türleri ve popülasyon değişimleri incelenmiştir. Tarla denemeleri, Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü Araştırma ve Uygulama Alanında yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmada; Coleoptera takımından 9 tür, Hemiptera takımından 3 tür ve 2 cins, Neuroptera takımından bir cins ve Araneae (örümcekler) takımından 4 tür olmak üzere toplam 16 tür ve cins düzeyinde 3 avcı tür saptanmıştır. Avcı arthropoda popülasyon yoğunluğu O. hyalinipennis’e göre daha düşük olmuş, zararlı tür ile bulunan avcı arthropoda türlerinin popülasyon yoğunlukları arasında dikkate alınabilir spesifik ilişkiler görülmemiştir.

Genetic Variability of Some Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Isolates and the Effect of the Virus on the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicom L.) Plant Content of Some Mineral Elements

This study was conducted to isolate and identify three isolates of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), infecting tomato, using polymerase chain reaction technology (PCR) and determining the nucleotide sequences produced by PCR- amplified products to determine the genetic similarity and differences amongst the virus isolates. It also aimed to analyze the plant content of mineral elements: magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium to determine the effect of the virus on the plant content of these elements. The laboratory experiments mentioned in this study were carried out in the Plant Virology Laboratory of the Plant Protection Department at the College of Agriculture/ Karbala University. Analysis of the mineral elements was carried out in the Soil Laboratory, College of Agriculture/ University of Kufa. A greenhouse experiment was also carried out to investigate the response of some tomato genotypes against TYLCV during the agricultural season 2018-2019. Results of PCR amplification by the CP-F and CP-R primer pair revealed the possibility of amplifying a 789bp product from each TYLCV isolate isolated from some farms located in some desert areas in Najaf and Karbala governorates. Analysis of the sequences resulting from the PCR-amplified products obtained from the viral isolates (5, 8, and 10) by BLAST Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) indicated that all these viral isolates diagnosed in this study belong to TYLCV. TYLCV isolates 5 and 8 obtained from Najaf province had a 100% similarity in the sequences of PCR-amplified products amplified from the TYLCV coat protein. These isolates gave a difference (96%) in the coat protein nucleotide sequence of the virus isolate 10. Furthermore, analysis of some mineral elements in plants infected with TYLCV showed a decrease in the concentrations of magnesium and calcium and an increase in the concentrations of elements sodium and potassium with a significant difference from their normal concentrations in the non-infected plants.

Physical control of the Lesser Grain Borer Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) using various microwaves levels

This study was conducted in the year 2022 at the Department of Plant Protection, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, to evaluate the effect of microwave rays on various stages of the R. dominica. Microwaves of 220, 420 and 620 Watts at 30, 60 and 90 seconds effects on eggs, 4th instar larva, Pupas and adults were evaluated. The highest egg mortality was at 620 Watts for 60 seconds. Exposure to 620 Watts for 30 seconds increased the hatching period from 7.0 days for the control to 10 days 4th. Instar mortality was 100% at 620 Watt for 90 seconds. Pupae and adults 100 % mortality achieved at exposure to 620 Watts for 60 and 90 seconds, respectively. Generally, various stages of the R. dominica mortality increase by increasing the wattage and exposure time.

Pengaruh Spesies Tumbuhan Araceae terhadap Efisiensi Penularan Banana Bunchy Top Virus oleh Pentalonia nigronervosa

Araceous plants can serve as alternative host to banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa. Research has been conducted to study the effects of Araceous plant species on the efficiency of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) transmission by P. nigronervosa as the main vector of the virus. The research was an experiment conducted in Experimental Garden, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Sriwijaya University from November 2021 to April 2022. The experiment was conducted using 7 species of Araceous plant and one genotype of banana. The results of the research showed that, when serving as alternataive host of P. nigronervosa , all Araceous plants had no effect on the efficiency of BBTV transmission by the aphid. Viruliverous P. nigronervosa did not lose their virus particles in their body and still had ability to transmit the virus ehen they were transferred from Araceous plant to healthy banana.In cubation period ranged from 25-37,6 days after inoculation and the symptoms appeared mostly on young leaves.