Department Of Human Development Research Articles

P/Reviewing the Class

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsJ. Eugene KnottJ. Eugene Knott is an associate professor in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of Rhode Island.

GETTING THE STORY STRAIGHT: GROUNDED THEORY, HERMENEUTICS, AND THE PRACTICE OF FIELDWORK ON THE PLAINS OF SOUTH DAKOTA

This article explores ways in grounded theory methodology of Anselm Strauss provided context for discovering relationship between aspects of Mead's theory of self in symbolic action and aspects of Heidegger's phenomenology of being and practice. Through grounded theory process of analyzing data gathered in a cross-cultural context, specific tensions between epistemology and ontology emerged that directed inquiry to centrality of as a means of understanding world of other. The findings of research point to ways in Heidegger's hermeneutics extends Mead's construct of self and as such enhances general understandings of symbolic interactionist theory of Chicago tradition. This work also illustrates methodological salience of integrating analytic ontology grounded theory analysis , particularly in context of postcolonial cross-cultural studies. Anselm Strauss' s work is situated within intersecting arenas of sociology, social psychology, symbolic interactionism, pragmatism, and humanism. These influences are apparent in his prolific substantive, methodological, and theoretic writings. His practice as a teacher-mentor was an ongoing study in dynamics of interaction a careful eye toward conceptualizing the conditions under which things happen and then with what consequences and for whom. Those consequences then became conditions for further investigation and inquiry and strategy for elaborating complexities of social world. The process led to further coding, integrative memos and theoretical sampling, more discussion and lengthy, productive analytic sessions. What was particularly helpful in analysis of my fieldwork data was focus on my role as fieldworker, particularly problematic nature of cross-cultural research, and variations in degrees to one can come to know other. These methodological and epistemologi* Direct all correspondence to: Katarin Jurich, Department of Human Development, California State University at Hayward, Hayward, CA 94570; e-mail : kjurich@csuhayward.edu. Sociological Perspectives, Volume 43, Number 4, pages S149-S162. Copyright © 2000 by Pacific Sociological Association. All rights reserved. Send requests for permission to reprint to: Rights and Permissions, University of California Press, Journals Division, 2000 Center St., Ste. 303, Berkeley, CA 94704-1223.

Twenty-Eighth Annual National Council on Family Relations Media Awards Competition

Twenty-eight Annual National Council on Family Relations Media Awards Competition* Francisco A. Villarruel,** Gloria Gonzalez-Kruger, Daniel F. Perkins, Yolanda Sanchez, June Pierce Youatt, Esther Onaga, Marsha Carolan, Beverly Schroeder, and Marjorie J. Kostelnik The 1996 Annual National Council on Family Relations (NCFR) Media Competition was hosted by the Department of Family and Child Ecology and the College of Human Ecology, Michigan State University, during May and June of 1996. The purpose of the annual competition is to evaluate the quality and conceptual content of videos, endorse excellence in the production of films with themes relevant to family issues, to promote the effective use of these resources, to encourage high standards in the development of creative learning opportunities, and to disseminate media competition results. Entries solicited were placed in one of the following 15 categories: Addiction/Substance Abuse; Health Issues: Infancy, Adolescence, & Adult; Contemporary Social Issues; Families with Special Needs; Family Violence/Abuse; Human Development Across the Life Span; Human Reproduction & Family Planning; Marital & Family Issues & Communications; Mental Health, Stress, Transition, & Crisis Management; Diverse Family Systems; Parenting Issues; Sexuality & Sex Role Development; Teenage Pregnancy & Sexuality; STD/AIDS; and Other (e.g., PSAs). Guidelines for submission required that all videos be first-time entries to the competition, carry a release date of no earlier than January 1, 1994, and be available for purchase, rental, or loan on a nation-wide distribution basis. Each producer/distributor could submit only one entry per category. All entries, which were to be 1/2 videocassette recordings, were to be received by April 15,1996. A total of 100 entries (videotapes) were received. The judging panels included university faculty, graduate, and undergraduate students from several academic departments at Michigan State University, Michigan State University Extension, and faculty and students from the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of Nevada-Reno. Individuals from various community based organizations in East Lansing, MI also participated in this year's review panels. No entries were received for the Human Reproduction and Family Planning category. Following the viewing of each entry, judges were asked to independently make both quantitative (79 possible points) and qualitative assessments. The evaluation form consisted of four major quantitative categories designed to measure the entries based on: (1) content (30 possible points); (2) general issues (9 possible points), which included length, pacing, and flow of the media entry; (3) artistic quality (20 possible points); and (4) ability to meet stated goals (20 possible points). This was followed by an overall rating that was the sum of the four categories and a qualitative section that asked judges for comments on the major strengths and weaknesses, as well as suggestions for improvement. Each video was reviewed by at least two judges. In the event of a tie, the videos were evaluated by an independent third reviewer. If a duplicate score was awarded, the videos were honored with a duplicate award. The following list identifies the Winner, Runner Up, and Honorable Mention recipients for each of the fifteen categories. The synopsis, goals and objectives of each entry was provided by the producer/director and does not necessarily reflect the opinion of NCFR, the competition coordinators, or the judges. Purchase and rental prices are provided courtesy of the producer. Intended audiences are noted in the following manner: PG for primary grades, JH for junior high, HS for high school, C for college, G for general, P for parents, and PRO for professionals. An additional category is other, as specified by the entrant. 1. …

How Much Is a Program Worth?

Kingston, Rhode Island—With coffers draining faster than they could be filled, administrators at the University of Rhode Island (URI) needed to find all their financial leaks and caulk them. The caulking gun: URI's Program Contribution Analysis. Although complex in details, the analysis had the single goal of determining whether faculty time was being spent efficiently. Here's how it worked for one professor in the Department of Human Development, Counseling, and Family Studies.

The Young and the Reckless: Adolescent Reckless Behavior

In Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, they surf on the tops of trains, standing with arms outstretched as the trains rush along. The surfers—adolescents, girls as well as boys—are undeterred by the death of 150 fellow surfers per year and the injury of 400 more, from falling off trains or from hitting the 3,000-volt electric cable that runs above. On Truk Island in the South Pacific, drunkenness, fighting, and sexual experiences with a variety of lovers are all part of typical development for young men in their late teens and early 20s. They also go spearfishing where large sharks are common, and seek out other daredevil risks with life and limb.^ In urban New Jersey in the United States, adolescent boys steal automobiles, then drive them wildly for a few hours before crashing or abandoning them. Why do many adolescents seek out experiences that involve physical, psychological, or legal risks? What blend of developmental and socialization factors leads to reckless behavior among adolescents? Researchers and theorists have offered a number of explanations, focusing on such behavior as driving an automobile at high speeds or while intoxicated, having sex without conJeffrey Arnett is Associate Professor of Human Development and Family Studies at the University of Missouri-Columbia. His research interests include adolescent reckless behavior, socialization, adolescents' uses of media, and the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. Address correspondence to Jeffrey Arnett, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 31 Stanley Hall, Columbia, MO 65211. traception or with someone not known well, using illegal drugs, and committing crimes. Richard Jessor, for example, has suggested that the developmental motivation for such behavior is the desire of adolescents to achieve adult status.^ His theory also includes personality characteristics (such as self-esteem and value placed on achievement), family environment, and religiosity. Charles Irwin, Jr., presents a model that emphasizes pubertal timing and its effects on risk perception and peergroup association.^ My own focus is on three developmental predispositions for reckless behavior in adolescence—sensation seeking, egocentrism, and aggressiveness—and their interaction with the cultural socialization environment.

A consumption model for measuring poverty: An exploratory exercise

The general purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate a consumption model to estimate poverty level of paddy farmers in Malaysia. The consumption model was based on four selected domains of life, namely quality of housing and local facilities, durable ownership, health status, and food intake. The data for this study were taken from the Level of Living Study (1986–1990) conducted by the Department of Human Development, Agriculture University of Malaysia. The sample consisted of 600 paddy farmers, selected randomly. Two consumption models — orthogonal and oblique — were tested using confirmatory factor analysis. The findings revealed that the oblique model was better fitted to the data than the orthogonal model.

A BRIEF, SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY LIFE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS: THE EARLY YEARS

A BRIEF, SELECTIVE HISTORY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY LIFE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS: THE EARLY YEARS

Maternal Age and Transition to Motherhood: Prenatal and Perinatal Assessments

Department of Human Development, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, St Goran's Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Department of Human Development and Family Ecology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana. Illinois 61801. U.S.A

Department of Human Development and Family Ecology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana. Illinois 61801. U.S.A

Female Adolescence: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Literature by Katherine Dalsimer (review)

94Rocky Mountain Review and a determination to believe in false stereotypes of impossible purity as the standard for normal healthy people" (149). By contrast, Carter lauds Swinburne for his courage in exploring passion, even "deviancy," with psychological depth and compassion. The final six essays are more diverse. His discursiveness undermines Mark Spilka's contention that Dickens is the first to guide us into the complexities of early childhood sexual conflict. The title itself indicates the verbal pomposity of the essay: "On the Enrichment of Poor Monkeys by Myth and Dream: or How Dickens Rousseauisticized and Pre-Freudianized Victorian Views of Childhood." However, the next essay by Sara M. Putzell-Korab on "Passion between Women in the Victorian Novel" gives an intelligent overview of the few explicit novels dealing with lesbianism before the nineteenth century. She then examines Charlotte Bronte's Villette as a work that explores the bisexual options of a mature female heroine. The reading is provocative and insightful. Wendell Stacy Johnson turns our attention to Wilde. In "Fallen Women, Lost Children: Wilde and the Theatre of the Nineties" he contrasts Pinero, Shaw, and Wilde to illustrate Wilde's superior comedy in revealing false pride and false judgment to his audience. The next essay, Thomas F. Boyle's " 'Morbid Depression Alternating with Excitement': Sex in Victorian Newspapers" will surprise many readers for Boyle has very effectively used excerpts from police and trial accounts in daily newspapers to illustrate how explicit they were about violent crimes, "seduction, rape, adultery, transvestitism, illegal abortion, prostitution, bigamy, sadism, and indecent exposure" (213). Such material, drawn on by potboiler novelists themselves, was problematic. It at once acknowledged sexuality as a force in one's daily life and made certain manifestations talkable subject matter, yet still reduced sexual activity "to some quantifiable malfunction of the human organism" (228). Lest we smile too broadly at this Victorian quandary, Howard W. Fulweiler in his essay, " 'Here a Captive Heart Busted': From Victorian Sentimentality to Modern Sexuality," does an historical and literary review of sentimentality in the novel from mid-eighteenth century forward, and effectively argues that we have not integrated mind, heart, and body any more successfully than the Victorians we tend to ridicule. The final essay, John Maynard's "The Worlds of Victorian Sexuality: Work in Progress" is an exceptionally good bibliographic overview of Victorian sexuality. This is an excellent collection with interesting articles for the general reader and major research articles for the historian and literary critic. ALANNA KATHLEEN BROWN Montana State University KATHERINE DALSIMER. Female Adolescence: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Literature. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986. 149 p. Dalsimer is a clinical psychologist and teacher in the Department of Human Development at Columbia University. She is wise enough to read literature for insights into human character and to hope that her writing about literary texts "may deepen the reader's experience and pleasure in returning to the works themselves" (141). Her introduction states her promising subject: inquiry into distinctly female adolescence, Book Reviews95 using five well known literary works featuring adolescent girls. She starts with twelveyear -old Frankie Addams in Carson McCullers' The Member of the Wedding and proceeds chronologically according to the ages of the protagonists: the early adolescent girls in Muriel Spark's The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, Anne Frank in The Diary ofAnne Frank, Juliet in Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, and finally the late adolescence recalled by Anne Elliot in Jane Austen's Persuasion. Dalsimer cites numerous passages in these texts that indeed illustrate familiar aspects of female experience. She sees these aspects as developmental processes, psychological processes, stages. This is where the problem of her interpretation begins. As she herself notes in a different context, "description inevitably shades into prescription" (10). While she notes that the five works are from different periods and cultures, she basically ignores class, race, culture, historical circumstances, and individual reactions and pro-actions in her schema of the stages and passages of girlhood. Common patterns of development are not so easily applied to individuals. Even more disturbing is the psychoanalytic premise Dalsimer uses as her framework. She states as one purpose of the book "to make more accessible to those outside the profession...

Reflections on Enjoyment

PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Volume 28 ¦ Number 4 · Summer 1985 REFLECTIONS ON ENJOYMENT MIHALY CSIKSZENTMIHALYI* In a recent account ofthe history ofnuclear warfare, the author, Peter Wyden, questions why people are still developing newer and deadlier weapons, bigger missiles, more effective bombs and delivery systems. Bypassing obvious answers, he concludes that scientists and engineers work on this arsenal of doom "because it's fun"; because the technical challenges are so satisfying to them. In the innocent days before Hiroshima, J. Robert Oppenheimer referred to the bomb as that "technically sweet problem." These days scientists know better than to be so candid, but their motivation might not have changed that much [I]. It would be rather ironic if the human race were to obliterate itself because "it was fun." Yet the possibility is not that remote: the rational irrationality that directs so much of our actions is dangerous precisely because it is pleasurable. W. B. Yeats's World War I pilot who wonders why he is giving up his life in pursuit of enemies against whom he has no grudge cannot find a better reason than: "... A lonely impulse of delight, Drove to this tumult in the clouds" [2]. Vietnam veterans who came through the war unscathed often remember the time on the front lines as the most exhilarating in their lives. The clarity of life-and-death situations where each moment, each movement is meaningful and functional is a powerful stimulant. A large proportion of peacetime crimes are not motivated by want but by the enjoyable experience the criminal derives from the act. "Ifyou can show me something to do that's as much fun as getting into a house at night, and lifting all the loot while the people stay asleep, I'll be glad to switch" says a young burglar, and the records of delinquency are filled with similar testimonials [3]. ?Professor, Department of Human Development and Education, University of Chicago, 5730 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637.©1985 by The University of Chicago. AU rights reserved. 003 1-5982/85/2804-0446$01 .00 Perspectives in Biology andMedicine, 28, 4 ¦ Summer 1985 \ 489 It would be reassuring to condemn these as twisted, inhuman aberrations . It would be satisfying even to admit that such motives are part of our instinctual heritage, provided they are a part we are shedding and shall eventually outgrow. More disturbing is the thought that these dark impulses are closely linked with some ofthe human qualities we are most proud of: curiosity, creativity, the desire to rise to challenges, and progress . Yet after studying the experience of "fun," this is the conclusion one must reach. What goes on in the consciousness of the burglar at the height of his crime is indistinguishable from the "lonely impulse of delight " of the warrior or from the sweet satisfaction of the technician involved in the problem of delivering nuclear megadeath. It is the same experience that the artist has as he works on the canvas, or the athlete during a race. It is how mountain climbers explain why they climb, how scientists describe the process of research, or surgeons those challenging operations that feel "like taking narcotics" [4]. All of these activities provide a common expanded state of consciousness that is so enjoyable that often no other reward than continuing the experience is required to keep it going. That destroying people and saving them can feel the same way does not mean that the two actions are equivalent. Their consequences have opposite implications for the survival of mankind. But the similarity in how these activities "feel" points at an important problem. People will act in a great variety of ways, constructive or destructive, provided the action is intrinsically rewarding. Intrinsic rewards are a form of psychic energy in that they result in work: they make us concentrate our attention and persevere at tasks. Like all forms ofenergy, from fire to nuclear fission, intrinsic rewards can be used to enhance or to destroy human well-being. It is therefore vital to understand how this energy works, to avoid as much as possible misusing its power. The Anatomy ofEnjoyment How does it feel to have fun? And what are...

Taurine in Human Milk

Deficiency of this ubiquitous and abundant small molecule, which is not metabolized under ordinary circumstances, can cause retinal damage not only in the cat but also in the monkey and in man. Its deficiency also is capable of producing growth retardation in the monkey. It seems prudent, therefore, to examine this problem further in order better to understand the role of such growth modulators in infant nutrition. This may be especially so in countries such as India where the vegetarian diet, one which is low in taurine because of the relatively small amounts of taurine in most plants (7), might prove of particular importance.

1982: NCFR Filmstrip--Videotape--Slide Set Awards Competition

The Annual NCFR Filmstrip-VideotapeSlide Set Awards Competition was held at the Department of Human Development, Family Living, and Continuing Educational Services, University of Wisconsin-Stout, in April of 1982, for the second consecutive year. The purpose of the competition is to recognize excellence in the production of filmstrips, videotapes, and slide sets dealing with the subject of the family, to promote their effective use, and to encourage high standards in the development of creative learning opportunities utilizing these media. A total of eleven filmstrips, fifteen videotapes, and one slide set were accepted for entry. The National Council on Family Relations extended invitations to producers to submit entries for appraisal in eleven screening categories. Requirements for acceptance stated that each entry must be nationally distributed and available for rental, purchase, or free loan, and that the date of release should be no earlier than January, 1980. Entries were judged by an inter-disciplinary group of professionals representing child and family development, cooperative extension, family counseling, psychology, sociology, and media and library specialties. Executive Board members of the Stout Student Council on Family Relations also participated in the selection process. The evaluation of each entry was based on the following criteria: (a) content-accuracy and continuity of information delivery as well as effectiveness as a stimulus for discussion;

The rural hospice: integrating formal and informal helping systems

Lowell Jenkins, MSW, is Associate Professor, Social Work Division, and Alicia S. Cook, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor, Department of Human De velopment and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Col lins. The authors are grateful to Beau Bohart and Diane Coffelt of Boulder Hospice, Inc., Boulder, and Donna Loopo of Hospice, Inc., Larimer County, for their comments on an ear lier version of this article. This article is a revised version of a paper presented at the Colorado Social Work Confer ence, Denver, Colo., March 1978. the hospice philosophy of death with urban dwellers are moving to such dignity has the potential to promote areas.1 effective interaction between formal No clear, universally accepted defi and informal helping systems in nition of rural exists, because areas. The hospice concept is based on there is a great deal of variation among the recognition of the rights and needs of communities.2 They differ in people with life-threatening illnesses, style, customs, economic situation, Hospice care assumes the right of population density, geographic loca the patient to be involved in decisions tion, and topography. People in regarding his or her care and well-being areas are more similar to people in non and takes a holistic approach in an atrural areas than they are different, tempt to meet the social, physical, However, certain values and traditions emotional, and spiritual needs of the are maintained in environments dying person and his or her family, that tend to differentiate these areas Providing a warm, supportive atmosfrom more populous areas. These atti phere in the midst of family and friends tudes include a high value placed on the is a primary goal of the hospice land, a closeness to the earth, a belief in philosophy. the work ethic, a strong tendency This philosophy is carried out toward insularity, a belief in the princi through a variety of organizational pie of self-help, an emphasis on family structures that provide direct care and loyalty, and a tolerance for idiosyncra support to terminally ill persons and tic behavior in members of the commu their families. These structures usually nity. These traits, which characterize include a formal staffing arrangement, a residents, have shaped their views policymaking body such as a board of of helping and have facilitated the de directors, and a formalized system of velopment of strong helping networks, case referral and management. Hospice This article discusses the integration of programs emphasize the use of trained such networks with more formal help lay volunteers to deliver services. Hosing systems in hospice programs, pice care does not terminate with the

The media exchange

OVER THEIR DEAD BODIES, by Thomas Mann and Janet Creme, Brattleboro, Vermont: The Stephen Crecne Press, 1962, hardbound, $5.95. ISBN 0-8289-001 7-5. Reviewed by Sandra L Bertman, University of Massachusetts Medical School.THE JEWISH WAY IN DEATH AND MOURNING, by Maurice Lamm, New York: Jonathan David Publishers, 1969 (rev. ed., 1972), + 285 pages, hardbound, $6.95; paperbound, $3.95, ISBN 0-8246-0041-X hardbound; 0-8246-01 26-2 softbound. Reviewed by Paul K. Chafetz, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Florida.DYING AND DEATH: A Clinical Guide for Caregivers, edited by David Barton, M.D. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1977, 256 pages, soft cover, $14.95, ISBN 0-683-00440-9. Reviewed by Ruth Reko. Continuing Care Unit, Lutheran Medical Center, St. Louis.YOU CANNOT DIE, by Ian Currie, Toronto: Methuen, 1978,288 pages, $9.95. hardbound, ISBN 0458-95750-0. Reviewed by Richard Lonetto. University of GuelphAudiovisual Reviews: COMING TO TERMS WITH LOSS A SERIES OF INTERVIEWSDEATH NOTIFICATION, Film, 23 min, color (rental $65/dc $395). Harper & Row Publishing Company. 2350 Via Avenue, Hagerstown, MD 21740. Reviewed by J. Eugene Knotr, Ph.D., Department of Human Development, Counseling, and Family Studies, University of Rhode IslandAFTER OUR BABY DIED, Film, 20 min, color (rental-free loan by Modem Talking Pictures Service, Inc., 2323 New Hyde Park Road, New Hyde Park, N.Y. 11042/sale $116 from National Audio Visual Center, Order Department, Washington, D.C. 20409). Reviewed by Andrea Parkus Patenuude, Ph.D., Staff Psychologist, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Boston, MA 021 15.THE SYNDROME OF ORDINARY GRIEF, VC. 32 min, color (rental $50/sale $150). Videotape Library of Clinical Psychiatric Syndromes. University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550. Reviewed by Joanne T. Jozefowski, R.N., Ph.D., Director, Thanatology Resource Center of Massachusetts, Worcester.THE LIFE THAT'S LEFT, Film and VC, 29 min, color (rental $25/sale: film $S75, VC $225). Great Plains National Insauctional Television Library, Box 80669, Lincoln, NE 68501. Reviewed by Michael A. Simpson, M.D., B.S., M.R.C., Psychiatry, D.P.M. Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Temple University, Philadelphia; Convener, International Task Force on Death and Dying.

Pastoralism and Personality:

CHARLENE BOLTON resides in Claremont, California. RALPH BOLTON is associate professor of anthropology at Pomona College, Claremont, California. LORRAINE GROSS is a graduate of the Department of Anthropology at Pomona College, Claremont, California. AMY KOEL and CAROL MICHELSON were graduated from Pitzer College in psychology; the former is now a doctoral candidate in the Department of Human Development and Family Studies at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; the latter is a graduate student in the Department of Education at the Claremont Graduate School, Claremont, California. ROBERT L. MUNROE is professor of anthropology at Pitzer College, Claremont, California. RUTH H. MUNROE is professor of psychology at Pitzer College, Claremont, California. The data on which this paper is based were gathered by the first five authors between February and June, 1974, as part of the Project on Cultural Adaptation in the Andes, sponsored by Pomona College in cooperation with the San Antonio Abad National University of Cuzco, Peru, and with the support of the Peruvian Institute for Educational Development (I.P.F.E.) of Lima, Peru. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Professor Jorge A. Flores Ochoa, Carmen Rosa Araoz, Corinne Bybee, Zaida Oviedo, Margarita Molina, and Percy Paz Flores, as well as the collaboration of the mothers and children of Santa Barbara and Tucsa, Peru.

A REVIEW OF ACADEMIC PERMANENT‐PRODUCT DATA COLLECTION AND RELIABILITY PROCEDURES IN APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS RESEARCH1

Three publication sources were reviewed to determine the recent conventions for collecting, and assessing the reliability of, academic permanent‐product data (handwriting, examination papers, etc in applied behavior analysis. The primary source was the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (1968–1974). Secondary sources included conference proceedings titled, A new direction in education: behavior analysis (E. Ramp and B. L. Hopkins, Eds., Lawrence, Kansas: Support and Development Center for Follow Through, Department of Human Development, University of Kansas, 1971), and Behavior Analysis and Education (G. Semb, Ed., Lawrence, Kansas: Support and Development Center for Follow Through, Department of Human Development, University of Kansas, 1972). Finally, as a test of the generality of the findings in the two applied behavior analysis sources, the current issue of each of 14 psychological and/or educational journals was reviewed. Thirty JABA studies reported academic permanent‐product data, but only 14 reported reliability. Increasingly more product data through 1973 have been reported along with a greater proportion of authors reporting reliability. The review of the two conference proceeding publications revealed the same trend. In 1971, only three studies reported academic product data, none with reliability, while in 1972, 15 reported academic data, nine including reliability assessment. The review of 14 current education/psychology journal issues revealed four studies reporting academic data, none with reliability. Across all sources, about one‐half of the studies reported reliability. Most of the studies reporting reliability described the frequency of reliability assessment, with approximately equal numbers of JABA studies reporting reliability for each paper or reliability for each session. The use of uninformed observers was reported in only three JABA studies and one conference study. Marks made on subjects' papers by either the teacher or the primary observer were reported masked for reliability purposes by only two JABA and two conference studies. Reliability was calculated on a session total basis in two JABA studies. Point‐by‐point agreement was given in nine JABA and three conference studies. Perfect reliability (mean agreement of 100%) was reported in only six JABA and three conference studies. Scores between 90 and 100% were reported in nine JABA and four conference studies. Scores below 80% were reported in three JABA studies. No other percentage agreement scores were reported, although one JABA study reported correlational reliability (Pearson r). In summary, recently more studies have dealt with academic data and, until 1974, a greater proportion of these studies reported reliability assessment, and relatively few studies reported either replicable methods, 100% agreement, or controls for maintaining rater independence.

The Role of Grandmothers in Taiwanese Family Socialization

island of Taiwan (Formosa) was settled in the 17th century by immigrants from the coastal areas of southeastern China, the majority coming from regions near the city of Amoy in Fukien province. families now known as native are descendents of these early migrants, and they continue to speak the Hokkien (Fukienese) language. In 1949, another wave of immigration occurred after the Communist victory on the mainland of China. came from many different provinces, but most speak one or another of the northern dialects, all variants of Mandarin, the national language, which is also taught in the schools. Mainlanders now comprise about 20 percent of the island's inhabitants. Taiwan is small and densely populated. Although it covers 14,000 square miles, about two-thirds of this area is ruggedly mountainous and inhabited primarily by tribes of aboriginal peoples. remaining land is crowded with over 14 million people, and intensively cultivated in rice, sugar cane and tropical fruits. island is undergoing rapid industrialization, and over half the work force is presently engaged in nonagricultural occupations. As is the case elsewhere, industrialization and urbanization are bringing changes in family life. Nonetheless, many traditional values and behaviors endure. Chinese family system is patrilineal and patrilocal, with the ideal domestic grouping being a large joint family of three or four generations. attainment of this ideal as never been very frequent in practice, however. For various economic and sociodynamic reasons, families almost inevitably divide into smaller units upon the death of the oldest male, and many do so prior to this time. most common types of households in present-day Taiwan, as has always been the case in China, are small three-generation stem and two-generation nuclear families. These ordinarily represent different stages in the family life cycle, so that most people have experienced living in both types of families at different times in their lives. Traditionally, marriages were arranged for young people who did not meet until their wedding day. Today there is more participation by the young couple in the mate selection process, but even in urban areas, most matches are heavily influenced by the wishes of the two sets of parents. bride and groom begin their married life with the groom's parents, and may continue this arrangement for many years. younger *The research on which this paper is based was supported by NIMH Predoctoral Fellowship MH-33,218, and by research grants from the London-Cornell Project and the Cornell China Program. Greater detail concerning the methodology of the study, problems of field work, etc., may be found in my Ph.D. thesis, The effect of household composition in the child rearing practices of Taiwanese families, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Cornell Uniiversity, 1971. Melvin Kohn, Joseph DeMartini and Stephen Olsen helped to improve this paper by offering critical comments on an earlier draft.

Supportive nursing care for the mother and newborn who are separated from each other.

MS. BARNARD, R.N., M.N.,is a nurse clinician in pediatrics and a faculty member of the School of Nursing and Human Ecology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas. She is also a doctoral student in the Department of Human Development and Child Psychology. She has personal insight into the situation described here since she was separated from her own daughter at birth.

STATISTICAL INFERENCE FOR INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM RESEARCH: SOME REACTIONS TO A SUGGESTION BY GENTILE, RODEN, AND KLEIN1

Journal of Applied Behavior AnalysisVolume 7, Issue 4 p. 627-628 STATISTICAL INFERENCE FOR INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM RESEARCH: SOME REACTIONS TO A SUGGESTION BY GENTILE, RODEN, AND KLEIN1 Jack Michael, Jack Michael WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYSearch for more papers by this author Jack Michael, Jack Michael WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITYSearch for more papers by this author First published: Winter 1974 https://doi.org/10.1901/jaba.1974.7-627Citations: 17 † This is one in a series of articles available for $1.50 from the Business Manager, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, Department of Human Development, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045. Ask for Monograph #4. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume7, Issue4Winter 1974Pages 627-628 RelatedInformation